This document provides information about isometric drawings and projections. It begins by explaining that 3D drawings can be drawn in various ways, including isometrically where the three axes are equally inclined at 120 degrees. It then discusses the construction of isometric scales and various techniques for drawing isometric views of plane figures, solids, and assemblies of objects. Examples are provided to illustrate how to draw isometric views when given orthographic projections of an object. The purpose of isometric drawings is to show the overall size, shape, and appearance of an object prior to production.
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Development of surfaces of solids -ENGINEERING DRAWING - RGPV,BHOPALAbhishek Kandare
Development of surfaces of solids
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
This lecture contains the detail of isometric projections of an object. This will improve your skills to draw isometric views which is the major part of engineering drawings.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Intersection OF SOLIDES
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
Section of solids - ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICSAbhishek Kandare
Section of solids
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
Development of surfaces of solids -ENGINEERING DRAWING - RGPV,BHOPALAbhishek Kandare
Development of surfaces of solids
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
This lecture contains the detail of isometric projections of an object. This will improve your skills to draw isometric views which is the major part of engineering drawings.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Intersection OF SOLIDES
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
Section of solids - ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICSAbhishek Kandare
Section of solids
THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
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In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Governing Equations for Fundamental Aerodynamics_Anderson2010.pdf
Isometric Projection
1. H
3-D DRAWINGS CAN BE DRAWN
IN NUMEROUS WAYS AS SHOWN BELOW.
ALL THESE DRAWINGS MAY BE CALLED
3-DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS,
OR PHOTOGRAPHIC
OR PICTORIAL DRAWINGS.
HERE NO SPECIFIC RELATION
AMONG H, L & D AXES IS MENTAINED.
H
NOW OBSERVE BELOW GIVEN DRAWINGS.
ONE CAN NOTE SPECIFIC INCLINATION
AMONG H, L & D AXES.
ISO MEANS SAME, SIMILAR OR EQUAL.
HERE ONE CAN FIND
EQUAL INCLINATION AMONG H, L & D AXES.
EACH IS 1200
INCLINED WITH OTHER TWO.
HENCE IT IS CALLED ISOMETRIC DRAWING
H
L
IT IS A TYPE OF PICTORIAL PROJECTION
IN WHICH ALL THREE DIMENSIONS OF
AN OBJECT ARE SHOWN IN ONE VIEW AND
IF REQUIRED, THEIR ACTUAL SIZES CAN BE
MEASURED DIRECTLY FROM IT.
IN THIS 3-D DRAWING, AN OBJECT IS SO PLACED
THAT, ITS THREE MUTUALLY PERPENDICULAR
EDGES ARE EQUALLY INCLINED WITH THE PLANE
OF PROJECTION. SO ALL THREE DIMENSIONAL
AXES APPEAR AT EQUAL INCLINATIONS WITH
EACH OTHER.( 1200
)
PURPOSE OF ISOMETRIC DRAWING IS TO UNDERSTAND
OVERALL SHAPE, SIZE & APPEARANCE OF AN OBJECT PRIOR TO IT’S PRODUCTION.
ISOMETRIC DRAWING TYPICAL CONDITION.
2. ISOMETRIC AXES, LINES AND PLANES:
The three lines AL, AD and AH, meeting at point A and making
1200
angles with each other are termed Isometric Axes.
The lines parallel to these axes are called Isometric Lines.
The planes representing the faces of of the cube as well as
other planes parallel to these planes are called Isometric Planes.
ISOMETRIC SCALE:
When one holds the object in such a way that all three dimensions
are visible then in the process all dimensions become proportionally
inclined to observer’s eye sight and hence appear apparent in lengths.
This reduction is 0.815 or 9 / 11 ( approx.) It forms a reducing scale which
Is used to draw isometric drawings and is called Isometric scale.
In practice, while drawing isometric projection, it is necessary to convert
true lengths into isometric lengths for measuring and marking the sizes.
This is conveniently done by constructing an isometric scale as described
on next page.
H
A
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS:
3. X
b 2
c 3
d 4
a 1
a’ d’ c’b’
a’
d’
c’
b’
p’
p’
3’3’1’ 2’ 4’
2’ 4’
1’
Y
a1
b1
c1
d1
11
21
31
41
b1
c1
d1
11
21
41
c1’
b1’ d1’
31’
11’
a1’
21’ 41’
Problem 13.23: A cube of 25 mm
long edges is so placed on HP on one
corner that a body diagonal is
parallel to HP and perpendicular to
VP Draw it’s projections.
Solution Steps:
1.Assuming standing on HP, begin with TV,a square with all sides
equally inclined to XY. Project FV and name all points of FV & TV.
2.Draw a body-diagonal joining c’ with 1’( This can become // to xy)
3.From 3’ drop a perpendicular on this and name it p’
4.Draw 2nd
Fv in which 3’p’ line is vertical means c’-1’ diagonal
must be horizontal. .Now as usual project TV..
6.In final TV draw same diagonal is perpendicular to VP as said in problem.
Then as usual project final FV.
4. ISOMETRIC VIEW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
H H
TYPES OF ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
Drawn by using Isometric scale
( Reduced dimensions )
Drawn by using True scale
( True dimensions )
450
300
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
TRUE
LENG
THS
ISOM. LENGTHS
Isometric scale [ Line AC ]
required for Isometric Projection
A B
C
D
CONSTRUCTION OF ISOM.SCALE.
From point A, with line AB draw 300
and
450
inclined lines AC & AD resp on AD.
Mark divisions of true length and from
each division-point draw vertical lines
upto AC line.
The divisions thus obtained on AC
give lengths on isometric scale.
5. SHAPE Isometric view if the Shape is
F.V. or T.V.
TRIANGLE
A
B
RECTANGLE
D
C
H
L
D
A
B
C D
A
B
D
C
L
H
L
D
L
1
2
3
A
B
3
1
2
A
B
3
1
2
A
B
H
L
D L
1
2 3
4
PENTAGON
A
B C
D
E 1
2
3
4
A
B
C
D
E
1
2
3
4
A
B
C
D
E
ISOMETRIC
OF
PLANE FIGURES
AS THESE ALL ARE
2-D FIGURES
WE REQUIRE ONLY
TWO ISOMETRIC
AXES.
IF THE FIGURE IS
FRONT VIEW, H & L
AXES ARE REQUIRED.
IF THE FIGURE IS TOP
VIEW, D & L AXES
ARE REQUIRED.
Shapes containing
Inclined lines should
be enclosed in a
rectangle as shown.
Then first draw isom.
of that rectangle and
then inscribe that
shape as it is.
1
6. 1
4
2
3
A B
D C
1
4
2
3
A
BD
C
Z
STUDY
ILLUSTRATIONS
DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A
CIRCLE IF IT IS A TV OR FV.
FIRST ENCLOSE IT IN A SQUARE.
IT’S ISOMETRIC IS A RHOMBUS WITH
D & L AXES FOR TOP VIEW.
THEN USE H & L AXES FOR ISOMETRIC
WHEN IT IS FRONT VIEW.
FOR CONSTRUCTION USE RHOMBUS
METHOD SHOWN HERE. STUDY IT.
2
7. 25 R
100 MM
50 MM
Z
STUDY
ILLUSTRATIONS
DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE FIGURE
SHOWN WITH DIMENTIONS (ON RIGHT SIDE)
CONSIDERING IT FIRST AS F.V. AND THEN T.V.
IF TOP VIEW
IF FRONT VIEW
3
8. CIRCLE
HEXAGON
SEMI CIRCLE
ISOMETRIC
OF
PLANE FIGURES
AS THESE ALL ARE
2-D FIGURES
WE REQUIRE ONLY
TWO ISOMETRIC
AXES.
IF THE FIGURE IS
FRONT VIEW, H & L
AXES ARE
REQUIRED.
IF THE FIGURE IS
TOP VIEW, D & L
AXES ARE
REQUIRED.
SHAPE IF F.V. IF T.V.
For Isometric of Circle/Semicircle use Rhombus method. Construct Rhombus
of sides equal to Diameter of circle always. ( Ref. topic ENGG. CURVES.)
For Isometric of
Circle/Semicircle
use Rhombus method.
Construct it of sides equal
to diameter of circle always.
( Ref. Previous two pages.)
4
14. ISOMETRIC VIEW
OF
FRUSTOM OF PENTAGONAL PYRAMID
40
20
60
STUDY
ILLUSTRATION
1
2 3
4
y
A
B
C
D
E
40 20
60
x
FV
TV
PROJECTIONS OF FRUSTOM OF
PENTAGONAL PYRAMID ARE GIVEN.
DRAW IT’S ISOMETRIC VIEW.
SOLUTION STEPS:
FIRST DRAW ISOMETRIC
OF IT’S BASE.
THEN DRAWSAME SHAPE
AS TOP, 60 MM ABOVE THE
BASE PENTAGON CENTER.
THEN REDUCE THE TOP TO
20 MM SIDES AND JOIN WITH
THE PROPER BASE CORNERS.
10
16. 50
Z
STUDY
ILLUSTRATIONS
PROBLEM: A SQUARE PYRAMID OF 30 MM BASE SIDES AND
50 MM LONG AXIS, IS CENTRALLY PLACED ON THE TOP OF A
CUBE OF 50 MM LONG EDGES.DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE PAIR.
50
30
12
17. a
b
co
p
p
a
b
c
o
Z
STUDY
ILLUSTRATIONS
PROBLEM: A TRIANGULAR PYRAMID
OF 30 MM BASE SIDES AND 50 MM
LONG AXIS, IS CENTRALLY PLACED
ON THE TOP OF A CUBE OF 50 MM
LONG EDGES.
DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE PAIR.
SOLUTION HINTS.
TO DRAW ISOMETRIC OF A CUBE IS SIMPLE. DRAW IT AS USUAL.
BUT FOR PYRAMID AS IT’S BASE IS AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE,
IT CAN NOT BE DRAWN DIRECTLY.SUPPORT OF IT’S TV IS REQUIRED.
SO DRAW TRIANGLE AS A TV, SEPARATELY AND NAME VARIOUS POINTS AS SHOWN.
AFTER THIS PLACE IT ON THE TOP OF CUBE AS SHOWN.
THEN ADD HEIGHT FROM IT’S CENTER AND COMPLETE IT’S ISOMETRIC AS SHOWN.
13
21. P
r
R
R
r
P
C
C = Center of Sphere.
P = Point of contact
R = True Radius of Sphere
r = Isometric Radius.
R
r
Iso-Direction
P
r
R
C
r
r
ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS OF SPHERE & HEMISPHERE
r
R
450
300
TO DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
OF A HEMISPHERE
TO DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A SPHERE
1. FIRST DRAW ISOMETRIC OF SQUARE PLATE.
2. LOCATE IT’S CENTER. NAME IT P.
3. FROM PDRAW VERTICAL LINE UPWARD, LENGTH ‘ r mm’
AND LOCATE CENTER OF SPHERE “C”
4. ‘C’ AS CENTER, WITH RADIUS ‘R’ DRAW CIRCLE.
THIS IS ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A SPHERE.
Adopt same procedure.
Draw lower semicircle only.
Then around ‘C’ construct
Rhombus of Sides equal to
Isometric Diameter.
For this use iso-scale.
Then construct ellipse in
this Rhombus as usual
And Complete
Isometric-Projection
of Hemi-sphere.
Z
STUDY
ILLUSTRATIONS
Isom. Scale
17
22. P
r
R
r
r
50 D
30 D
50 D
50
r
R
450
300
PROBLEM:
A HEMI-SPHERE IS CENTRALLY PLACED
ON THE TOP OF A FRUSTOM OF CONE.
DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS OF THE ASSEMBLY.
FIRST CONSTRUCT ISOMETRIC SCALE.
USE THIS SCALE FOR ALL DIMENSIONS
IN THIS PROBLEM.
Z
STUDY
ILLUSTRATIONS
18
28. x y
FV SV
TV
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
40 60
60
40
10
F.V. & T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.
Z
STUDY
ILLUSTRATIONS
25
29. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW
x y
20
20
20
50
20 20 20
20
30
O
O
F.V. & T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.
Z
STUDY
ILLUSTRATIONS
26
38. FV LSV
X Y
10
O
FV LSV
X Y
10 10 15
25
25
1050O
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given.
Draw it’s isometric view.
Z
STUDY
ILLUSTRATIONS
35
36
NOTE THE SMALL CHZNGE IN 2ND
FV & SV.
DRAW ISOMETRIC ACCORDINGLY.
39. YX
F.V. LEFT S.V.
30 20 2010
15
15
15
30
50
10
15
O
O
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given.
Draw it’s isometric view.
Z
STUDY
ILLUSTRATIONS
37