A summary of key findings from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report by Anne Hollowed, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, USA
SICCME open session, 17 September 2014, ICES Annual Science Conference, A Coruña, Spain
impactos del cambio climatico en ecosistemas costerosXin San
Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine
ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The
relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well
understood, and much climate-related research has focused on potential shifts in
distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has
revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be
substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more
important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many
organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with
important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one
or a few leverage species may result in sweeping community-level changes. Finally,
synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing
pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Efforts to manage and conserve
living marine systems in the face of climate change will require improvements to the
existing predictive framework. Key directions for future research include identifying key
demographic transitions that influence population dynamics, predicting changes in the
community-level impacts of ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations
ability to evolve (adapt), and understanding the scales over which climate will change and
living systems will respond.
Modelling climate change impacts on nutrients and primary production in coast...Marco Pesce
There is high confidence that the anthropogenic increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) is causing modifications in the Earth's climate. Coastal waterbodies such as estuaries, bays and lagoons are among those most affected by the ongoing changes in climate. Being located at the land-sea interface, such waterbodies are subjected to the combined changes in the physical-chemical processes of atmosphere, upstream land and coastal waters. Particularly, climate change is expected to alter phytoplankton communities by changing their environmental drivers (especially climate-related), thus exacerbating the symptoms of eutrophication events, such as hypoxia, harmful algal blooms (HAB) and loss of habitat. A better understanding of the links between climate related drivers and phytoplankton is therefore necessary for projecting climate change impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Here we present the case study of the Zero river basin in Italy, one of the main contributors of freshwater and nutrient to the salt-marsh Palude di Cona, a coastal water body belonging to the lagoon of Venice. To project the impacts of climate change on freshwater inputs, nutrient loadings and their effects on the phytoplankton community of the receiving waterbody, we formulated and applied an integrated modelling approach made of: climate simulations derived by coupling a General Circulation Model (GCM) and a Regional Climate Model (RCM) under alternative emission scenarios, the hydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the ecological model AQUATOX. Climate projections point out an increase of precipitations in the winter period and a decrease in the summer months, while temperature shows a significant increase over the whole year. Water discharge and nutrient loads simulated by SWAT show a tendency to increase (decrease) in the winter (summer) period. AQUATOX projects changes in the concentration of nutrients in the salt-marsh Palude di Cona, and variations in the biomass and species of the phytoplankton community.
Presented by Dr. Shailesh Nayak Key-note Address at Achieving Sustainable Development Goals and Strengthening Science of Climate Resilience, Multi-Stakeholders
impactos del cambio climatico en ecosistemas costerosXin San
Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine
ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The
relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well
understood, and much climate-related research has focused on potential shifts in
distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has
revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be
substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more
important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many
organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with
important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one
or a few leverage species may result in sweeping community-level changes. Finally,
synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing
pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Efforts to manage and conserve
living marine systems in the face of climate change will require improvements to the
existing predictive framework. Key directions for future research include identifying key
demographic transitions that influence population dynamics, predicting changes in the
community-level impacts of ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations
ability to evolve (adapt), and understanding the scales over which climate will change and
living systems will respond.
Modelling climate change impacts on nutrients and primary production in coast...Marco Pesce
There is high confidence that the anthropogenic increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) is causing modifications in the Earth's climate. Coastal waterbodies such as estuaries, bays and lagoons are among those most affected by the ongoing changes in climate. Being located at the land-sea interface, such waterbodies are subjected to the combined changes in the physical-chemical processes of atmosphere, upstream land and coastal waters. Particularly, climate change is expected to alter phytoplankton communities by changing their environmental drivers (especially climate-related), thus exacerbating the symptoms of eutrophication events, such as hypoxia, harmful algal blooms (HAB) and loss of habitat. A better understanding of the links between climate related drivers and phytoplankton is therefore necessary for projecting climate change impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Here we present the case study of the Zero river basin in Italy, one of the main contributors of freshwater and nutrient to the salt-marsh Palude di Cona, a coastal water body belonging to the lagoon of Venice. To project the impacts of climate change on freshwater inputs, nutrient loadings and their effects on the phytoplankton community of the receiving waterbody, we formulated and applied an integrated modelling approach made of: climate simulations derived by coupling a General Circulation Model (GCM) and a Regional Climate Model (RCM) under alternative emission scenarios, the hydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the ecological model AQUATOX. Climate projections point out an increase of precipitations in the winter period and a decrease in the summer months, while temperature shows a significant increase over the whole year. Water discharge and nutrient loads simulated by SWAT show a tendency to increase (decrease) in the winter (summer) period. AQUATOX projects changes in the concentration of nutrients in the salt-marsh Palude di Cona, and variations in the biomass and species of the phytoplankton community.
Presented by Dr. Shailesh Nayak Key-note Address at Achieving Sustainable Development Goals and Strengthening Science of Climate Resilience, Multi-Stakeholders
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladeshihn FreeStyle Corp.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
Dr. Jay Famiglietti - 21st Century Water Security and Implications for Animal...John Blue
21st Century Water Security and Implications for Animal Agriculture - Dr. Jay Famiglietti, Associate Professor at University of California, Irvine and Senior Water Scientist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, from the 2015 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'Water and the Future of Animal Agriculture', March 23 - March 26, 2015, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2015_niaa_water_future_animal_ag
Joseph Shannon (of Michigan Technological University), presented at the Adapting Forested Watersheds to Climate Change Workshop, at The Waters, Minocqua, WI on March 15-16, 2017. The workshop was hosted by the Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science (NIACS), USDA Climate Hubs, and the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts (WICCI).
Is flooding the new normal? Nick Reynard of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology presents at the Flood, Risk & Insurance conference October 2015. For more information, see our Natural Hazards science area: http://www.ceh.ac.uk/our-science/science-areas/natural-hazards
Growing Season Extension & its Impact on Terrestrial Carbon; Gardening Guidebook www.scribd.com/doc/239851313, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Environmental effects on fish populations: Some principles, some examples, and comparisons between large ecosystems from the Mediterranean to the Barents Sea
Impacts of Climate Change in Coastal Aquaculture in Bangladeshihn FreeStyle Corp.
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth. Climate change may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as "global warming" or "anthropogenic global warming”. Climate change has both direct and indirect impacts on fish stocks which are exploited commercially. Direct effects act on physiology and behavior and alter growth, reproductive capacity, mortality and distribution. Indirect effects alter the productivity, structure and composition of the marine ecosystems on which fish depend for food. However, even though the year-on-year rate of anthropogenic climate change may seem slow, this is very rapid compared with previous natural change and the accumulative value produces a significant difference from the "natural" state quite quickly. Climate change impacts such as more frequent and severe floods and droughts will affect the food and water security of many people.
Bangladesh is thought to be one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to climate change and sea level rise (CCSLR). IPCC estimates predict that due to the impact of climate change, sea level in Bangladesh may rise by 14 cm by 2025, 32cm by 2050 and 88 cm by 2100. There are a number of environmental issues and problems that are hindering development of Bangladesh. Salinity is a current problem, which is expected to exacerbate by climate change and sea level rise. Salinity intrusion due to reduction of freshwater flow from upstream, salinization of groundwater and fluctuation of soil salinity are major concern of Bangladesh. Cyclones and tidal surge is adding to the problem. Tidal surge brings in saline water inside the polders in the coastal area. Due to drainage congestion, the area remains waterlogged, increasing the salinity (Abedin, 2010).
Bangladesh in general is highly vulnerable to predicted climate changes that are already occurring and are expected to continue over the next century. Bangladesh is recognized worldwide as one of the most vulnerable to the impact of global warming and climate change.
Dr. Jay Famiglietti - 21st Century Water Security and Implications for Animal...John Blue
21st Century Water Security and Implications for Animal Agriculture - Dr. Jay Famiglietti, Associate Professor at University of California, Irvine and Senior Water Scientist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, from the 2015 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'Water and the Future of Animal Agriculture', March 23 - March 26, 2015, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2015_niaa_water_future_animal_ag
Joseph Shannon (of Michigan Technological University), presented at the Adapting Forested Watersheds to Climate Change Workshop, at The Waters, Minocqua, WI on March 15-16, 2017. The workshop was hosted by the Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science (NIACS), USDA Climate Hubs, and the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts (WICCI).
Is flooding the new normal? Nick Reynard of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology presents at the Flood, Risk & Insurance conference October 2015. For more information, see our Natural Hazards science area: http://www.ceh.ac.uk/our-science/science-areas/natural-hazards
Growing Season Extension & its Impact on Terrestrial Carbon; Gardening Guidebook www.scribd.com/doc/239851313, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Environmental effects on fish populations: Some principles, some examples, and comparisons between large ecosystems from the Mediterranean to the Barents Sea
This is a pdf. due to file size we are not able to upload the PowerPoint presentation you can email info@thecccw.org.uk for a copy which includes video clips
Keith Nislow (Forest Service and Northeast Climate Science Center) presented at the Adapting Forested Watersheds to Climate Change Workshop, at Antioch University New England, Keene, NH on April 4-5, 2017. The workshop was hosted by the Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science (NIACS), USDA Climate Hubs, and Trout Unlimited.
Psychrophilic (cold-adapted) microorganisms make a major contribution
to Earth’s biomass and perform critical roles in global biogeochemical cycles.
The vast extent and environmental diversity of Earth’s cold biosphere
has selected for equally diverse microbial assemblages that can include archaea,
bacteria, eucarya, and viruses. Underpinning the important ecological
roles of psychrophiles are exquisite mechanisms of physiological adaptation.
Evolution has also selected for cold-active traits at the level of molecular
adaptation, and enzymes from psychrophiles are characterized by specific
structural, functional, and stability properties. These characteristics of enzymes
from psychrophiles not only manifest in efficient low-temperature
activity, but also result in a flexible protein structure that enables biocatalysis
in nonaqueous solvents. In this review, we examine the ecology of Antarctic
psychrophiles, physiological adaptation of psychrophiles, and properties of
cold-adapted proteins, and we provide a view of how these characteristics
inform studies of astrobiology.
Scientific talk on effects of climate variation and young fish
- general ideas about climate effects on marine ecosystems
- variations in temperature-zooplankton-North Sea cod
- spatial population structure and detecting climate effects
Behavioral responses to annual temperature variationalter th.docxtaitcandie
Behavioral responses to annual temperature variation
alter the dominant energy pathway, growth, and
condition of a cold-water predator
Matthew M. Guzzoa,1, Paul J. Blanchfielda,b, and Michael D. Renniea,c,d
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; bFreshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg,
MB R3T 2N6, Canada; cDepartment of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; and dIISD Experimental Lakes Area Inc., Winnipeg,
MB R3B 0T4, Canada
Edited by Mary E. Power, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved July 11, 2017 (received for review February 17, 2017)
There is a pressing need to understand how ecosystems will
respond to climate change. To date, no long-term empirical studies
have confirmed that fish populations exhibit adaptive foraging
behavior in response to temperature variation and the potential
implications this has on fitness. Here, we use an unparalleled 11-y
acoustic telemetry, stable isotope, and mark–recapture dataset to
test if a population of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), a cold-
water stenotherm, adjusted its use of habitat and energy sources
in response to annual variations in lake temperatures during the
open-water season and how these changes translated to the
growth and condition of individual fish. We found that climate
influenced access to littoral regions in spring (data from teleme-
try), which in turn influenced energy acquisition (data from iso-
topes), and growth (mark–recapture data). In more stressful years,
those with shorter springs and longer summers, lake trout had
reduced access to littoral habitat and assimilated less littoral en-
ergy, resulting in reduced growth and condition. Annual variation
in prey abundance influenced lake trout foraging tactics (i.e., the
balance of the number and duration of forays) but not the overall
time spent in littoral regions. Lake trout greatly reduced their
use of littoral habitat and occupied deep pelagic waters during
the summer. Together, our results provide clear evidence that
climate-mediated behavior can influence the dominant energy
pathways of top predators, with implications ranging from indi-
vidual fitness to food web stability.
food web | climate change | habitat coupling | lake trout |
north-temperate lake
There is growing urgency to understand how ecosystems areresponding to climate change (1, 2). Recent work, using
latitudinal gradients as proxies to warming, has argued that the
behavioral responses of mobile top predators to changing tem-
peratures can drive fundamental shifts in aquatic food webs by
altering the coupling of major energy pathways (3, 4). Although
this work is intriguing, no one has yet examined long-term em-
pirical data that have explicitly tested if populations of top
predators can shift their foraging behavior in response to annual
changes in temperature or has evaluated what implications this
might have for individual fitness. Tempor.
Aspects of the Geomorphology and Limnology of some molluscinhabited freshwate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Climate change ,adaptation and mitigation in fisheriesSWAGATIKA SAHOO
Climate change impacts on aquatic and marine ecosystems and associated livelihoods are growing, and the purpose of this circular is to provide a brief overview of potential impacts and details of ongoing and completed adaptation activities. Sharing examples will aid planning and development of adaptation in fisheries and aquaculture, and this compilation is intended to provide a starting point for planners, policy-makers, and practitioners who are involved in sectors related to fisheries and aquaculture around the globe. This introduction provides an overview of climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. The presentation reviews potential mitigation and adaptation options for fisheries and aquaculture at various scales. This is followed by an overview of selected adaptation activities at various scales to demonstrate the types of activities underway or completed around the world, primarily in developing countries. This is not a comprehensive review of adaptation actions – there are other resources that provide more in-depth reviews of adaptation. However, this circular aims to provide examples of the kinds of adaptation activities specifically addressing fisheries and/or aquaculture.
Presentation by ICES Advisory Committee Chair Mark Dickey-Collas at the discussion panel of the fifteenth round of informal consultations of the review of the UN Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.
ICES ASC 2016, Riga
Skills workshop, focus on how to get your work noticed once it has been published.
Line Reeh, Communications Officer, DTU Aqua, Denmark
ICES ASC 2016, Riga
Skills workshop on getting your scientific work published.
Jacob Carstensen, Professor, Institut for Bioscience - Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
At MSEAS 2016, Mark Dickey-Collas introduces the ecosystem approach to the management of marine activities and how to make it operational.
http://www.ices.dk/news-and-events/symposia/MSEAS/Pages/MSEAS.aspx
ICES Benthos Ecology Working Group (BEWG) focuses primarily on long-term series and climate change, benthic indicators and EU directives, and species distribution modelling.
Keynote speech by Mark Dickey-Collas at ICES symposium "Marine Ecosystem Acoustics - Observing the ocean interior across scales in support of integrated management", 28 May 2015, Nantes, France
Presentation at ‘Marine environment and fisheries – applying the new CFP and environment policy together’ workshop at the European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 21 May 2015
Summary of key findings of "Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Working Group I contribution to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report" by Matt Collins, University of Exeter, UK
SICCME open session, 17 September 2014, ICES Annual Science Conference, A Coruña, Spain
Summary of key findings of Working Group III contribution to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report by Jake Rice, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
SICCME open session, 17 September 2014, ICES Annual Science Conference, A Coruña, Spain
Extraction from the ocean chapters of IPCC Working Group II contribution to 5th Assessment Report by Svein Sundby, Institute of Marine Research, Norway
SICCME open session, 17 September 2014, ICES Annual Science Conference, A Coruña, Spain
"Integrated science for integrated management: fairy tale or finally here?" by Phillip Levin, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, USA
ICES ASC Plenary lecture Thursday 18 September 2014
Ana Parma, Centro Nacional Patagónico, Argentina
Plenary lecture on 16 September 2014 at ICES Annual Science Conference
15-21 September 2014, A Coruña, Spain
"Prospects and opportunities in a changing marine science and policy landscape" - lecture by Dr Luis Valdés, Head Ocean Sciences, IOC-UNESCO
15 September 2014
ICES Annual Science Conference, A Coruña, Spain
More from ICES - International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (20)
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Projected impacts of climate change on Arctic marine ecosystems: a summary of key findings from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report
1. Projected impacts of climate change on Arctic
marine ecosystems: a summary of key findings
from the IPCC 5th Assessment Report
Anne Hollowed
Alaska Fisheries Science Center
September 2014: SICCME Open Science Meeting
Larsen, J.N., O.A. Anisimov, A. Constable, A.B. Hollowed, N. Maynard, P. Prestrud, T.D. Prowse,
and J.M.R. Stone, 2014: Polar regions. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and
Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken,
M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova,
B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)].
Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. XXX-YYY.
3. Photo credit NOAA.
(http://marinesciencetoday.com)
What do we expect
in the future? – See IPCC WG 1
• Increased ocean temperature
• Increased stratification of Arctic Ocean and the SE
Bering Sea in summer
• Reduced sea ice extent in Arctic Ocean in summer
• Reduced cold pool extent in the Bering Sea
• Changes in timing of sea ice breakup and set-up
• Naturally occurring interannual, decadal, and multi-decadal
variations in climate will continue to influence the Arctic
Ocean and its neighboring high latitude seas.
• Changes in bio-chemical properties of Arctic Ocean and
eastern Bering Sea (including ocean acidification)
• Changes in the size distribution and abundance of
selected phytoplankton and zooplankton
5. Record Low Sea Ice Extent in September,
2012
Source: National Snow and Ice Data
Center, Boulder CO.
From http://nsidc.org/
Projected Seasonal – Sea Ice
Extent Over Chukchi Sea AR4
Wang, Overland and Stabeno 2012
DSR II 65-70: 46-57
Red – Observed; Blue – Ensemble means under A1B
scenario
Pink – Ensemble mean under A2 scenario
Gray curve – one realization of one model
6. Projected EBS July bottom temperatures in SE Bering Sea ( Al Hermann JISAO)
CGCM3
MIROC
ECHOG
} “warm”
} “medium”
} “cold”
7. Regional Heterogeneity: Larsen et al. 2014
• “The impacts of climate change, and the
adaptations to it, exhibit strong spatial
heterogeneity in the polar regions
because of the high diversity of social
systems, biophysical regions, and
associated drivers of change (high
confidence). {28.2.2}”
8. Major Currents
Danielson et al. 2011. J. Geophys. Res.116:
C120341
Sea ice 0 m
100 m
200 m
300 m
Sea ice
0 m
100 m
200 m
300 m
McBride et al. 2014. ICES J. Mar.
Sci. Courtesy of Jack Cook: Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution
Winter Present Future?
9. Importance of latitude
Ji et al. 2012 Prog. Oceanog. 40-56
Growth Season Start Date
Seawifs-derived Chla
Growth Season length
Onset of snow melt
Seasonal ice zone
10. Local Response
Rates Differ
Arrigo and van Dijken
2011 J. Geophys. Res.,
Vol. 116, C09011,
doi:10.1029/2011JC007151
11. “Some marine species will shift their ranges in
response to changing ocean and sea ice
conditions in the polar regions (medium
confidence).
• The response rate and the spatial extent of the shifts will
differ by species based on their vulnerability to change
and their life history. {28.2.2, 28.3.2}
• Loss of sea ice in summer and increased ocean
temperatures are expected to impact secondary pelagic
production in some regions of the Arctic Ocean, with
associated changes in the energy pathways within the
marine ecosystem (medium confidence).
• These changes are expected to alter the species
composition of zooplankton in some regions, with
associated impacts on some fish and shellfish
populations (medium confidence). {28.2.2.1}”
12. One Example of Evidence of Spatial Shift
Detecting temporal trends and environmentally-driven changes in the
spatial distribution of bottom fishes and crabs on the eastern Bering Sea
shelf.
Stan Kotwicki and Robert R. Lauth
• Data: Eastern Bering Sea (EBS) bottom trawl survey 1982 – 2011
• First study that included cold years 2006 – 2010
• Used GAMs and indices of co-location
• Tested effects of time lag, population abundance and cold pool area using three
isothermal boundaries - 0°, 1°, and 2°C.
13. Ecosystem context: Larsen et al.
2014
• “The physical, biological, and
socioeconomic impacts of climate
change in the Arctic have to be seen in
the context of often interconnected
factors that include not only
environmental changes caused by
drivers other than climate change but
also demography, culture, and economic
development.”
14. Future Fisheries
• Demand for protein
• World markets
• Range expansion to north uncertain
• Infra-structure
• Bio-economic considerations (fuel, risk)
• Sustainable fisheries – Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management
• International cooperation
Photo Credit: Sam Zmolek, NOAA Fisheries.
Photo of Dutch Harbor, Alaska
16. Other issues: Larsen et al. 2014
• “Shifts in the timing and magnitude of seasonal
biomass production could disrupt matched
phenologies in the food webs, leading to
decreased survival of dependent species
(medium confidence).”
• “Ocean acidification has the potential to inhibit
embryo development and shell formation of
some zooplankton and krill in the polar regions,
with potentially far-reaching consequences to
food webs in these regions (medium
confidence).”
17. Core research questions
• Future stratification – impedes nutrient exchange
• Future storm frequency and intensity – nutrient
pulses
• Role of spatial distribution and timing of ice algal
blooms
• Vulnerability to shifts in onset of growing season
(onset and duration)
• Grazing impacts
• Pelagic – Benthic coupling
• Vulnerability to Ocean Acidification
• Population level impacts of Ocean Acidification