The document discusses solid waste management in Bengaluru, India. It begins with definitions of solid waste and management. It then discusses Bengaluru's current waste generation rates, transportation and disposal practices, and issues related to collection and transport. The document proposes adopting plasma gasification technology as a more environmentally friendly alternative to current landfill and incineration practices for managing Bengaluru's municipal solid waste. Plasma gasification would allow waste processing at scale, reduce environmental impacts, and produce syngas and slag byproducts that can be utilized.

2. BY
KAVIN G J
ULLAS NAIK
AJAYKUMAR
KENNETH S J

3. PRESENTED BY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
YELLAMMA DASAPPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BENGALURU-560062

4. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE :
 Solid waste management is discipline associated with the
control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and
transport, processing and disposal of solid waste in a
systematic manner. That is in accordance with best
principle of public health, economic engineering,
conservation and aesthetic.
 The waste generation rates are increasing and the
characteristics are changing with increase in population
explosion, Industrial development, and living standards,
particularly in growing cities such as Bengaluru.

6. Bengaluru Scenario
.

7. Dimension of Solid Waste Problem
 Bengaluru city is facing
serious problems due to the
existing disposable practices
of generated waste. Due to
the lack of proper
infrastructure. Thus we are
incurring high cost.
The open dumping yard in
the expanding zone of the city
poses serious problems to the
structures constructed,
environment , in addition to
this even the groundwater
quality is contaminated and
even due to improper
lachate management.

8. With an increasing population the local authorities are struggling to provide a
proper solid waste management system even at a satisfactory level.
Bengaluru city being a historical city has several narrow streets and gulley's,
high population density and has pockets of rural area which have been
amalgamated with developed areas, posing serious problems for collection and
transport of Municipal waste.

9. Solid Waste Generation

10. Present Waste Management Scenario

11. Transportation
 Hauled Container System:

12.  Stationary Container System:

13. Major issues in transporting waste

14. Disposal Practices in Bengaluru
 Presently, Bengaluru does not have any scientific treatment method facilities for
solid waste.
 This has led to the development of several illegal and unauthorized dump sites in
Bengaluru.
 The bulk waste produced by the such as hotels, Markets and etc., is being directly
collected and transported to the existing treatment facilities.
 Such un-scientific facilities have been developed around the city.

15. Sl.No Zone Existing Disposal Site/Facility
1 South Bingipura, Mavallipura, KCDC
2 WestTerra firma, Mavallipura, KCDC
3 East MSGP Mavallipura, KCDC
4 Bommanahalli Bingipura,
5 Yelahanka Mavallipura, Terrafirma
6 Mahadevapura Terrafirma
7 Dasarahalli MSGP
8 Raja Rajeshwari Nagar MSGP/ Terrafirma

16. Illegal Dump Sites
 There were more than 60 dump sites which consists of both municipal
and industrial waste existing in and around Bengaluru city.
 The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) and the Karnataka
State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) have closed these sites.
 While the waste should be ideally segregated at the source, which is not
been practised at present.

17. General Issues in Collection and
Transport
 Poor garbage storage/discharge.
 Inappropriate waste transfer from handcarts to tractor-trailers
 Inappropriate waste transfer from hand tractors to four-wheel tractors.
 Collection costs are high and service levels are low.
 Poor labour management and supervision.
 Inadequate cooperation from citizens with the collection schedules
and methods.
 Inappropriate type and size of collection vehicles.
 Non-rational routes for collection service.
 Failure to optimize vehicle productivity by selecting the appropriate
crew size and shift duration.
 Inadequate container capacity at the communal collection points.
 Long vehicle down-times from poor equipment maintenance/repair.
 Harsh driving conditions at disposal sites causing vehicle and tyre
damage.

18. Options For Effective Management Of
MSW
 Effective segregation of waste at source itself, and send the
recyclable separately to the respective processing units.
 Better to concentration on energy production through anaerobic
digestion
 Sweepers colonies were the first to be cleaned. It aimed to have an
administration with a human face.
 Identification of black spots and removal.
 If not possible , installing huge dustbins with a labour
 The worst problems and worst areas were decided collectively by all
the senior staff and inspectors.
 Field work was a must all morning for all staff. There were daily
review meetings by the top city officer every afternoon from 3- 4 PM,
with all departments present so that problems could be aired,
discussed and solved on the spot.

19.  Landfills are sites designated for dumping rubbish, garbage, or other sorts of
solid wastes.
 Landfill is a common phenomenon around the world, especially due to the
increased number of wastes from our homes, schools, offices, hospitals, and
markets.
 Some landfills are well managed and designed as part of integrated waste
management.
 Solid waste is the number one contributor of landfill waste disposal. Homes,
schools, restaurants, public places, markets, offices and so on produce a great
deal of rubbish, garbage and used materials.
 The bulk of these wastes eventually end up in the landfills. Examples of the
solid waste materials include wood, paper, plastic, broken furniture, glass,
grounded cars, obsolete electronic products, and hospital and market waste.

20. PLASMA GASIFICATION PLANT

21. iv) Furnace: A furnace or direct fired heater, is an equipment used to provide heat for a
process or can serve as reactor which provides heats of reaction. Furnace designs vary as
to its function, heating duty, type of fuel and method of introducing combustion air.
However, most process furnaces have some common features.
a) Air Feeding system: Feeding is normally from the top of the gasifier for majority of the
gasifier systems. Suitable feeding system has to be arranged based on the nature of materials, size of
feed, bulk density of feed etc. For higher capacity gasifiers, mechanical system of feeding may be
arranged. Air flow is calculated based on the air requirement for specific feed materials. The
equivalence ratio between 0.2 to 0.4 will be assessed for better gasification yield. For the uniform
supply of required air to the oxidation zone, suitable air distribution systems such as tubers may be
used and hence the oxygen supply can be assured for better gasification.

22. i) Tipping yard: This municipal solid waste (MSW) includes “trash” such as
kitchen waste, electronics, light bulbs, plastics, used tires and old paint, and yard
waste. But these traditional methods of waste disposal are increasingly becoming
less viable.
ii) Segregation: Dividing waste into dry and wet. Dry waste includes wood and
related products, metals and glass. Wet waste, typically refers to organic waste
usually generated by eating establishments and are heavy in weight due to
dampness. Waste can also be segregated on basis of biodegradable or non-
biodegradable waste.
iii) Drying: Drying is what removes the moisture in the biomass before it enters.
All the moisture needs to be (or will be) removed from the fuel before any above
100°C processes happen. All of the water in the biomass will get vaporized out of
the fuel at some point in the higher temp processes.

23. b) Plasma torch: As the plasma is produced outside of the water-cooled body of the torch, is
allows very high thermal fluxes. This device is more efficient than the non-transferred arc
torch as radiant heat transfer losses to the cold torch body are minimized. In fact the cathode
can be constructed by either a water-cooled metal or, more usually, by a refractory material
that is consumed slowly by sublimation. The anode is made from metal with high thermal
conductivities and the key aspect is to provide sufficient water cooling on the back face of
the anode to prevent melting as it is the receiver of all the heat.

24. Renewable energy and fuels
v) Syngas
vi) Slag
v) What is Syngas ?
 Syngas is an abbreviation for synthesis gas, which is a mixture comprising
of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. The syngas is produced
by gasification of a carbon containing fuel to a gaseous product that has
some heating value.
 Some of the examples of syngas production include gasification of coal
emissions, waste emissions to energy gasification, and steam reforming of
coke.
 It is a gas that can be used to synthesize other chemicals, hence the name
synthesis gas, which was shortened to syngas. Syngas is also an intermediate
in creating synthetic petroleum to use as a lubricant or fuel.

25. Syngas Cleanup
 Syngas typically requires some level of cleanup in order to meet specific
requirements for downstream processes. This includes removal of particulate matter,
sulfur compounds, chlorine compounds, nitrogen compounds, unreacted
hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. These contaminants can plug up reactors, cause
corrosion, poison downstream catalysts, or prevent the plant from complying with
environmental permits. Syngas cleanup can also be used to selectively remove and
concentrate specific gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) removal for compression
and transportation by pipeline for either permanent underground storage or for use in
enhanced oil recovery.
 Several of the most common syngas cleanup processes are described below:-
 Particulate Removal Processes
 Tar Removal Processes
 Mercury Removal
 Sulfur and CO2 Removal Processes
 Generation Process

26. vi) Slag : The solid by product from the gasification process is called slag. The
weight and volume of the original waste material is dramatically reduced
 The weight of the slag is about 20 percent of the weight of the original waste
 The volume of the slag is about 5 percent that of the original waste''s volume
 The slag can take different forms depending on how you cool it.
Water-cooled slag forms sand
 If slag is air-cooled, it forms black, glassy rocks that look and feel like obsidian,
which can be used in concrete or asphalt. Molten slag can be funneled into brick or
paving stone moulds and then air cool into ready-to-use construction material.

27.  If slag is air-cooled, it forms black, glassy rocks that look and feel like obsidian,
which can be used in concrete or asphalt. Molten slag can be funneled into brick or
paving stone molds and then air cool into ready-to-use construction material.
Air-cooled slag forms rocks
 If you were to blow compressed air through a stream of this molten material, you'd
end up with rock wool. Rock wool has the appearance of gray cotton candy. It''s
light and wispy, it has the potential to revolutionize the plasma waste treatment
industry.
Rock wool

28. vii) Stack : A stack or chimney is a structure that provides ventilation for hot
flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside
atmosphere.
 Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that the
gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack,
or chimney effect.
 The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to the external
environment via stack effect.

29. Uses of By-products
Uses of Syngas:
 Independent power supply
 Reduced energy costs, and greater predictability and stability
 Efficient and economic combined heat and electricity supply
 High electrical efficiency compared to other power generation
technology (i.e. steam or gas turbines)
 Best suited for an electrical output range of a few hundred kW
up to 20-30MW
 Low gas pressure required
 Substitute to conventional fuels
 Environmental benefits by greenhouse gas reduction

30. Uses of Slag:
 Ground granulated slag is often used in concrete in combination with
Portland cement as part of a blended cement.
 Ground granulated slag reacts with water to produce cementations
properties.
 Concrete containing ground granulated slag develops strength over a
longer period, leading to reduced permeability and better durability.
 Where its low permeability and greater resistance to chlorides and
sulphates can help to reduce corrosive action and deterioration of the
structure.
 The slag can also be used to create fibres used as an insulation
material called slag wool.

31. Comparison between Landfill, Incineration
and Gasification
INCINERATION GASIFICATION LAND FILL
The process of incineration is
defined as "the act of burning
something completely; reducing it
to ashes."8 An incinerator is a
device that uses controlled flame
combustion to directly "burn"
feedstock, and an incineration unit
is that part of any facility that
processes waste by incineration.
Gasification is a centuries-old
technology. Much of our modern
technical knowledge and corresponding
regulatory framework comes from
usage of gasification for materials
conversion and recovery by the
petroleum industries to separate crude
oil and its myriad refinery-sourced
residuals into the chemical building-
blocks of modern manufacturing
Land filling is a simple solution to
handle waste. However, land filling is
not a sustainable solution, because
often much of the material that could be
reused or recycled is land filled.
Currently in Finland the municipal solid
waste is mainly land filled. In some
other European countries land filling is
not as usual as in Finland, and
municipal waste is sorted and reused in
more effective ways.
A Waste-to-Energy (WtE) facility
applies combustion to solid waste-
sourced feedstock to maximize
and recover thermal energy, or
heat. That heat can then be used
directly for process heat, can
create useful steam, and/or can
drive power generation equipment.
Gasification is a chemical process that
converts carbon-containing material
into a synthesis gas that can be used for
energy production or as a building
block for other chemical manufacturing
process. Gasifiers operate at high
temperatures and pressure in an oxygen
limited environment. Gasification is a
chemical process, not a combustion
process.
Landfills have many environmental
problems. The most important is that
the waste is piling up, and polluting the
environment nearby. Landfills are a
source of methane emissions. There is
also a danger that the groundwater is
contaminated by the emission from a
landfill. In a sparsely populated area,
such as Finland, building a landfill is
not a problem.

33. Conclusions
 Thermal plasma technology is a mature, reliable, and proven method for generating high
temperatures at atmospheric pressure, which is not achievable by burning fuels.
 In consideration of economic factor the budget estimation of gasification plant will not
exceed the BBMP Annual Budget Plan.
 The vitrified slag can be used as construction materials. In addition, NOx and SOx are
not emitted due to O2-starved conditions inside the thermal plasma furnace. The
concentrations of dioxins are also very low compared to conventional incinerators for
MSW treatment due to the high temperature of the integrated furnace.
 Therefore, thermal plasma processes are an environmentally friendly alternative for the
landfill and incineration. A commercial thermal plasma gasification plant for MSW was
constructed at a 10 TPD scale was successful. Similarly using an integrated furnace
equipped with four non-transferred thermal plasma torches, and has operated for 3.5
years without any problems.
 It is most suitable to adopt Plasma Gasification for municipal solid waste (MSW)
processing in Bengaluru.