"""Program and planning at ISAS/JAXA space science"" The 50th anniversary of the Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences HQ, 30 Sep. - 2 Oct. 2015 "

1. Program and planning
at ISAS/JAXA space science
The 50th anniversary of the Space Research Institute
Russian Academy of Sciences HQ, 30 Sep. – 2 Oct. 2015
Saku Tsuneta
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/iki50.htm

2. Introduction of ISAS/JAXA
• As a national center of space science & engineering
research, ISAS carries out development (including vehicle
development), launch and in-orbit operation of space
science missions (scientific satellites, probes, sounding
rockets, balloons and instruments on ISS).
• As an inter-university research institute, these activities are
intimately carried out with universities and research
institutes inside and outside Japan.
• ISAS always seeks for international collaborations.
• Bottom-up process for mission selection: Space science
missions proposed by researchers are reviewed and
incubated by ISAS.
• ISAS is in a process of major reform for sustainable
excellence as a part of JAXA.

3. Technology driven
Leads and creates space
science programs
Science driven
Stimulates and encourages
new technology development
ISAS uniqueness#1: Close ties between
space science and space technology
Space Science Divisions
Space Astronomy Astrophysics
Solar System Science
Interdisciplinary Space Science
Space Technology Divisions
Space Flight Systems
Spacecraft Engineering

4. Recent accomplishments
HAYABUSA & IKAROS

5. [Tech. Demo. #1] Solar sail deployment
[Tech. Demo. #3]
Photon propulsion
[Tech. Demo. #4]
Solar sail guidance,
navigation and control
Launch
(21/May/2010)
Venus Flyby
(8/Dec/2010)
[Tech. Demo. #2]
Power generation by sail-mounted thin
film solar cells
Extended operation phase
(Jan/2010 - now)
∼9/June/2010
∼10/June/2010
Nominal operation
phase
(May/2010 - Jan/2010)
IKAROS
Technology Demonstration of Interplanetary Solar Power Sail
Thin film solar cell
Solar sail Diagonal
20m

6. 2003 HAYABUSA-1
2014 HAYABUSA-2
2022 Phobos/
Deimos SR
Various missions related to sample return and/or
atmospheric-entry are being discussed and
proposed.
Phobos/Deimos SR Trojan SR with Solarsail Mars EDL mission
Deployable Aeroshell
w/U. Tokyo
HTV-R capsule(JAXA)
Systems for 12km/s (Mpeak=40) reentry speed
Thermal durability and
response in high
aerodynamics heating
environment are evaluated
with various materials in
ISAS arc wind tunnel.

7. ISAS uniqueness #2:
Close ties between ISAS and universities
• Strong connection with
– Graduate University for Advanced Studies
– University of Tokyo
– Other universities
• Approx. 200 resident students
• Produce annually approx. 20 PhD and 60 MSc
• Provide hands-on education/training for space science
and engineering
• Provide access to big space programs and smaller
balloon & sounding rocket projects

8. HAYABUSA 2003-2010
Asteroid Explorer
AKARI(ASTRO-F)2006-2011
Infrared Astronomy
KAGUYA（SELENE)2007-2009
Lunar Exploration
SUZAKU(ASTRO-E2)2005-
X-Ray Astronomy
M-V Rocket
AKATSUKI 2010-
Venus Meteorogy
Hisaki 2013
Planetary atmosphere
HINODE(SOLAR-B)2006-
Solar Observation
IKAROS 2010
Solar Sail
JAXA recent science missions
HAYABUSA2 2014-2020
Asteroid Explorer

9. Fiscal
Year
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Operating/ConcludedUnderDevelopmentSounding
BeingconsideredRocket
ASTRO-EII（SUZAKU）’05
GEOTAIL’92
SOLAR-B（HINODE）’06
MUSES-C（HAYABUSA）’03
ASTRO-H ’15
ASTRO-H
HAYABUSA SUZAKU
HINODE
Daytime Dynamo ’11,’13▼▼
CLASP ’15▼
MMS ’14▼
Space Science Cooperation with NASA and ESA
ASTRO-F（AKARI）’05
PLANET-C（AKATSUKI） ’10
BepiColombo ’16
SPICA ’27-28
JUICE ’22
▼
SPICA
Bepi Colombo
cooperation with NASA cooperation with ESA
HAYABUSA2 ’14▼
▼
▼
▼
▼

10. ISAS/NAOJ-NASA-UK-ESA Hinode

11. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Japan
USA
UK
Norway
Spain
France
Italy
Belgium
Germany
Ireland
Czech
China
India
Korea
Russia
Austria
Australia
Netherlands
Greece
Slovakia
Brazil
Switzland
Sweeden
Iran
Colombia
Latvia
Argentina
グラフ タイトル
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Hinode refereed papers: 842 papers for 9 years
Immediate release of just-taken data
with analysis software & latest calibration info.
p Approx.100 papers per year
p Data used by 23 countries
p Top US, Second Japan, third UK
p One-third of papers come from US
p Same contribution from Asia, US, Europe
Curator: Dr. Shimojo (NAOJ)
Whole Asia
Whole Europe

12. Itokawa S-type asteriod falcon
hayabusa
Led by JAXA Lunar & Planetary
Exploration Program Group

13. ISAS/JAXA Astromaterials Science Research Center

14. LL chondrite
Parent body (>20 km)
formation
Thermal
metamorphism
4.562 Gyr ago
Catastrophic
destruction (Large-
scale collision)
Reaccumulation
Formation of Itokawa
Rubble-pile
Micro
meteorite
Solar
wind Cosmic ray
Space
weathering
Resurfacing
(∼10’s cm/My)
regolith gardening
(150 y -3 My)
Astonishing pieces of information
Derived from 30-micron sample!
falcon
hayabusa
Planetesimal

15. Hayabusa 2 mission
1/5
falcon
hayabusa
JAXA Hayabusa2 vs
NASA OSIRIS-REx
ISAS/JAXA HAYABUSA2 mission
• Launched: 2014, arrival:2018, departure: 2019,
return: 2020
• Target: 1999 JU3 C-type asteroid
NASA OSIRIS-Rex mission
• Launch: 2016, arrival:2018, departure: 2021,
return: 2023
• Target: 101955 BENNU D-type asteroid

16. Launch
Dec.3, 2014
Earth Swing-by
Dec.3, 2015
Asteroid (1999JU3)
Arrival Jun.-Jul. 2018
Earth Return
Dec. 2020
Hayabusa2 Mission Outline
•asteroid remote sensing
•small rovers and lander release
•multiple samplings
Departure
Dec. 2019
Impactor release
sampling from artificial crater
Crater forming

17. Hayabusa2 Current Status
Sun
Launch
(Dec. 3, 2014)
Earth swing-by
(Dec. 2015)
1999 JU3 arrival
(Jul. 2018)
1999 JU3 orbit
Hayabusa2 trajectory
Earth orbit
We are here!
(Oct. 1,2015)
• Launched by H2A on Dec.3, 2014.
• Commissioning phase completed on Mar.
2, 2015.
• 524hr of the ion engine powered cruise
completed to be ready for the Earth
gravity assist.
• Earth gravity assist on Dec.3, 2015.
μ10 Ion Engine
Deployed
Sampler horn
Launch from Tanegashima
Earth to asteroid trajectory

18. Alt.20km
Alt.100m
Alt.30m
Alt.0m
Reference
Path
TruePath
①Leaving HP.
Starting GCP-NAV
(Ground/Onboard
Hybrid Navigation)
②Entering
Autonomous Mode
③Deploying Target
Marker
④Aligning Attitude to
Local Surface
⑤Touch Down
⑥Escape ΔV
18
Touch Down &
Sampling Operation Sequence
“GCP” Landmark
based navigation
ONC LIDAR
Target
Markers
& FLASH
LRF

19. The First Interplanetary Micro-Spacecraft
PROCYONLaunched on Dec 3rd, 2014
Development
Spacecraft-System
Weight 65 kg
Size 550 mm×550 mm×670 mm
Components
Power SAP×4
Attitude RW×4, NSAS×5, FOG×3, STT×1
Communication XTRP (X-Band Transponder),
GaN SSPA (Soid State Power Amplifier)
VLBITX (Tone Signal Generator for VLBI Navigation)
Propulsion Ion Thruster×1 (for Deep Space Maneuver)
Cold-Gas Thruster×8
(for Reaction Control System and Trajectory Correction Maneuver)
Mission Telescope×2
(for Asteroid Observation and Geocorona Observation)
Mission
Achievements
Demonstration of 50 kg-Class Deep Space Exploration Micro-Spacecraft Bus System Success
Miniature Ion Thruster and Cold-Gas Thrusters System Success
High-Effieciency GaN SSPA Success
VLBI Navigation Technology Success
Geocorona Observation Success
Address : funase@space.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp (Ryu FUNASE)
The University of Tokyo and JAXA
Demonstration of 50 kg-Class Deep Space Exploration Micro-Spacecraft Bus System
Miniature Ion Thruster and Cold-Gas Thrusters System
High-Effieciency GaN SSPA
VLBI Navigation Technology
Geocorona Observation
Close Flyby Observation of Near Earth Asteroid
CG by Go MIyazaki

20. EpsilonH-II BH-II A
• First Flight in 2001
• 27 successful launches/28
• Latest one: government
• GTO 4-6 ton class capability
• First Flight in 2009
• 4 successful flights/4 of
16.5 ton HTV to ISS
• GTO 8 ton class capability
• 1 successful launch/1
• 3 stages Solid Rocket
• LEO 1.2 ton
SSO 0.45 ton
JAXA Launch Vehicles
To be replaced with
H3 in 2020
Launch capability
being improved

21. New Medium-sized
Satellite Program
• Epsilon Launch Vehicle is a solid
propellant rocket capable of launching a
satellite weighing 600kg into SSO.
• With standardized s/c bus, ISAS intend
to implement low-cost, high-cadence
focused missions.

22. Launch of Hisaki
22

23. Hisaki Successfully launched on 14 Sep. 2013
by the Epsilon launch vehicle
EUV spectrograph for dedicated planetary observations
(Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Mercury, Saturn) S/C weight：340kg
S/C power：900W
S/C size: 7m x 4m x 1m
Orbit：950∼1150km
λ：50-150nm (EUV)

24. Hisaki Successfully launched on 14 Sep. 2013
by the Epsilon launch vehicle
EUV spectrograph for dedicated planetary observations
(Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Mercury, Saturn) S/C weight：340kg
S/C power：900W
S/C size: 7m x 4m x 1m
Orbit：950∼1150km
λ：50-150nm (EUV)
Erosion?
Habitable Mars Non-habitable
Mars

25. Hisaki challenges the observation
of the comet 67P/Churyumov–
Gerasimenko this month. Oxygen
atom emission is detected with a
exposure time of 1.3days (under
analysis).
Observation of Comet 67P
←↑
Raw data

26. Venus orbiter Akatsuki
• Objective: Understanding the
atmospheric dynamics and cloud
physics of Venus
• Science instruments
– 1mm Camera (IR1)
– 2mm Camera (IR2)
– Longwave IR Camera (LIR)
– Ultraviolet Imager (UVI)
– Lightning and Airglow Camera (LAC)
– Ultra-stable oscillator (USO)
• Launched in May 2010
• Current status
– The Venus orbit insertion failed
on Dec 7, 2010 due to
malfunction of main engine.
– Another orbit insertion maneuver
will be conducted in Dec. 2015
using small attitude control
thrusters. 3-D observation of
atmosphere from Venus orbit
Equatorial orbit
(S/C 500 kg, Payload: 35 kg)

27. AKATSUKI(PLANET-C) – 2010-
Venus MeteorogyESA Bepi-Colombo 2017
ERG 2015-
Van Allen belt
ERG 2016
Van Allen belt
M-V Rocket
HAYABUSA2 2014
Asteroid sample&return
SPICA 2025-
Infrared Astronomy
ASTRO-H 2016
X-Ray Astronomy
ESA JUICE 2024
Jupiter Icy moons
High-cadence
Low-cost
focused missions
2022, 2024….
ESA JUICE 2022
Jupiter Icy moons
JAXA missions under development
SPICA 2027
IR Astronomy
SLIM 2020
Moon landing
Phobos/Deimos
Sample Return 2022
LiteBird 2025
CMB polarization
(notional)

28. SLIM
ISAS/JAXA mission categories
Strategic Large Missions
(300M$ class) for JAXA-led
flagship science mission
with HIIA vehicle
(3 in ten years)
Space Policy Commission under cabinet office
intends to guarantee predetermined steady
annual budget for space science and exploration
to maintain its scientific activities
Competitively-chosen
medium-sized focused
missions (<150M$ class)
with Epsilon rocket
(every 2 year)
Missions of opportunity
(10M$ per year) for foreign
agency-led mission,
sounding rocket, ISS
SPICA
JUICE
#4, #5
AO
ERG
Phobos/Deimos LiteBird
(preliminary)
ATHENA

29. 2010 2020 2030
Hisaki(2013)
SPICA (2027-28)
Future ISAS science missions
BepiColombo (ESA, 2016)
SLIM(2020)
#4 (2022)
#5(2024)
ERG (2016)
Astro-H (2016)
JUICE (ESA, 2022)
ATHENA(ESA, 2028)
WFIRST(NASA, 2025)
Strategic L-class
(3 missions /10 yrs)
w/ HII-A and H3
Competitive M-class
(1 mission/2 yrs)
w/ Epsilon
S-class
Foreign agency-led
mission
Phobos/Deimos (2022)
LiteBird (2025) preliminary

30. ISAS Astrophysics and fundamental physics 2020s
Lead cryogenic astrophysics missions
30
Hot and Energetic Universe
Redshift(z)
Wavelength (m)
10-12-10-8 m 10-5-10-4 m 10-3-10-2 m
z=0.5
z=3
z>>10
Galaxy Evolution
Formation of Solar Systems
SPICA(ESA-led)
ATHENA(ESA-led)
Cosmic Microwave Background
and Inflation
(X-ray) (IR) (Milli-wave)
LiteBIRD (JAXA-led)
under assessment

31. SPICALarge Cooled Space Telescope for Mid-IR/Far-IR astronomy
SPICA:
Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics
Telescope:
2.5 m, <8K
Wavelength:
12–230micron
Scientific Purpose: To
elucidate processes in
the enrichment of the
Universe with metal and
dust, leading to the
formation of habitable
worlds.

32. H2O ice
Calcite CaCO3
Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
20 40 60 mm
Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4
Pyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO3
20 40 60 mm
SPICA will detect zodiacal disk analogues
and their IR spectra which contain key
information on their thermal histories
reflecting formation of solar/planetary
systems.
High-temperature minerals
Low-temperature minerals
formed by aqueous mineral
alteration or alternate process
Changes of mineral and ice properties
in debris disks
Debris Disks/Rings
Zodiacal Dust
Kuiper Belt Dust
Thermal
History?
Dust evolution in planet-forming disks
to solar system analogues

33. ISAS Engineering: Small lunar-lander
(SLIM) for pinpoint landing technology
demonstration

34. • Technology demonstration with Small Spacecraft
• Image-based Navigation utilizing Lunar Terrain
• Autonomous Obstacle Detection
• Robust Pin-point Guidance
• Landing Shock Absorber
• High-performance Propulsion
• Exploration using Tiny Rovers (option)
• Frequent trials of lunar/planetary surface exploration technology
• Precursor of future full-scale lunar or planetary missions
SLIM (Smart Lander for Investigation of the Moon)
SLIM is a mission to demonstrate the
technology for pin-point soft landing
on lunar or planetary surface.
The 3rd Small Satellite Mission: proceeding to implementation phase
34

35. BepiColombo
MMO(ESA-led)
Phobos/Deimos
Sample Return
(JAXA-led)
Asteroid Sample Return
Hayabusa, Hayabusa2
(JAXA-led)
JUICE
(ESA -led)
35
SLIM Moon landing
(JAXA-led)
ISAS Planetary science 2020s
Lead sample & return

36. 36

37. ISAS/JAXA Phobos or Deimos
Sample Return
Science case
• Reveal the origin of a Mars moon (Phobos
or Deimos):
(A) Captured D-type asteroid, or
(B) piled fragments by a giant impact
• Only sample analysis will give the end to
the ever-lasting-argument.
• Be it (A) or (B), there are subsequent steps
in the sample analysis that will decipher
rich information on the planet.
• Being in close proximity of the planet, the
moons are showered by impact-ejected
ancient Mars surface material: A possible
channel to decipher the Mars surface
transition via sample analysis.
System Design ongoing
(Chemical – Electric Case)
Launch in 2022, Return in 2027
Outward: chemical propulsion
Homeward: electric propulsion
Launch Mass : 2300kg
Two stage modules:
Exploration & return: 900kg
Chemical propulsion : 1400kg

38. ① Mars arrival
② Quasi-orbit #1
③ Descent #1
④ Landing #1
⑤ Ascent #1
⑥ Quasi-orbit #2
⑦ Descent #2
⑧ Landing #2
⑨ Ascent #2
⑩ Quasi-orbit #3
⑪ Mars departure
Mission Profile Example in the Proximity of Martian Moon
System Design &
Engineering Challenges
• A Round Trip to a Martian System
• Proximity Operation around a Martian Moon
• Sample Retrieval Mechanism

39. Summary
• We do complex international collaboration for
the sake of the maximum science.
• International collaboration is essential for JAXA-
led L and M class missions . ISAS/JAXA is eager to
participate in large missions led by foreign
agencies that JAXA cannot afford.
• Similar missions are usually proposed to other
space agencies almost simultaneously, meaning
redundant pursuit. Early and careful agency-level
dialog is important not to kill a science discipline
in one sector of the world and not to waste
young people’s efforts.