International collaboration is important for ISAS/JAXA's space science missions. JAXA leads strategic large missions costing hundreds of millions of dollars, as well as competitively selected medium missions every two years costing less than $150 million. JAXA also participates in missions led by other space agencies. Recent examples include collaborations between JAXA's HAYABUSA2 mission and NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission to asteroids, as well as cooperation between JAXA and ESA on missions like BepiColombo and JUICE. International partnerships are vital for a smaller space agency like JAXA to accomplish ambitious science goals.

1. ISAS and
International collaboration
IAU Focus meeting 11
Hawaii, 6-7 August 2015
Saku Tsuneta
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

2. 2006年3月16日 プロジェクトマネジメント学会講演 2
観測ロケットの開発チーム
Importance of International collaboration
from personal perspective
Soft X-ray telescope for Yohkoh (1991)
Palo Alto 1989
Sky & Telescope

3. Hinode refereed papers: 810 papers for 7 years
Immediate release of just-taken data
with analysis software & latest calibration info.
p Approx.90-120 papers per year
p Data used by 23 countries
p Top US, Second Japan, third UK
p One-third of papers come from US
p Same contribution from Asia, US, Europe
Curator: Dr. Shimojo (NAOJ)
Whole Asia
Whole Europe

4. HAYABUSA 2003-2010
Asteroid Explorer
AKARI(ASTRO-F)2006-2011
Infrared Astronomy
KAGUYA（SELENE)2007-2009
Lunar Exploration
SUZAKU(ASTRO-E2)2005-
X-Ray Astronomy
M-V Rocket
AKATSUKI 2010-
Venus Meteorogy
Hisaki 2013
Planetary atmosphere
HINODE(SOLAR-B)2006-
Solar Observation
IKAROS 2010
Solar Sail
JAXA recent science missions
HAYABUSA2 2014-2020
Asteroid Explorer

5. Number of Referred Papers
Satellite Objective Start of
Operation
End of
Operation
Counting
Period
Number
AKATSUKI Venus Atmosphere 2010 operating 2011-2012 8
KAGUYA Lunar Exploration 2007 2009 2008-2012 190
HINODE Sun 2006 operating 2007-2012 844
AKARI Infrared Astronomy 2006 2011 2007-2012 222
SUZAKU X-ray Astronomy 2005 operating 2006-2012 681
HAYABUSA Asteroid Sample Return 2003 2010 2004-2012 129
NOZOMI Mars Orbitor 1998 2003 1999-2012 26
HALCA Space VLBI 1997 2005 1998-2012 44
ASCA X-ray Astronomy 1993 2002 1994-2012 2287
GEOTAIL Magnetosphere 1992 operating 1993-2012 1236
YOHKOH Sun 1991 2000 1992-2012 1089
＜reference＞
Subaru
Telescope
Ground based 1999 operating 2000-2012 1031
Red: JAXA-led mission with major NASA participation

6. AKATSUKI(PLANET-C) – 2010-
Venus MeteorogyESA Bepi-Colombo 2017
ERG 2015-
Van Allen belt
ERG 2016
Van Allen belt
M-V Rocket
HAYABUSA2 2014
Asteroid sample&return
SPICA 2025-
Infrared Astronomy
ASTRO-H 2016
X-Ray Astronomy
ESA JUICE 2024
Jupiter Icy moons
High-cadence
Low-cost
focused missions
2022, 2024….
ESA JUICE 2022
Jupiter Icy moons
SPICA 2027
IR Astronomy
SLIM 2020
Moon landing
Phobos/Deimos
Sample Return 2022
LiteBird 2025
CMB polarization
(preliminary)
JAXA missions under development/being considered

7. SLIM
ISAS/JAXA mission categories
Strategic Large Missions
(300M$ class) for JAXA-led
flagship science mission
with HIIA vehicle
(3 in ten years)
Space Policy Commission under cabinet office intends to
guarantee predetermined steady annual budget for space
science and exploration for ISAS/JAXA to maintain its
excellent scientific activities
Competitively-chosen
medium-sized focused
missions (<150M$ class)
with Epsilon rocket
(every 2 year)
Missions of opportunity
(10M$ per year) for foreign
agency-led mission,
sounding rocket, ISS
SPICA
JUICE
#4, #5
AO
ERG
Phobos/Deimos LiteBird
(preliminary)
ATHENA

8. 2010 2020 2030
Hisaki(2013)
SPICA (2027-28)
Future ISAS science missions
BepiColombo (ESA, 2016)
SLIM(2020)
#4 (2022)
#5(2024)
ERG (2016)
Astro-H (2016)
JUICE (ESA, 2022)
ATHENA(ESA, 2028)
WFIRST(NASA, 2025)
Strategic L-class
(3 missions /10 yrs)
w/ HII-A and H3
Competitive M-class
(1 mission/2 yrs)
w/ Epsilon
S-class
Foreign agency-led
mission
Phobos/Deimos (2022)
LiteBird (2025) preliminary

9. ISAS Astrophysics and fundamental physics 2020s
Lead cryogenic astrophysics missions
9
Hot and Energetic Universe
Redshift(z)
Wavelength (m)
10-12-10-8 m 10-5-10-4 m 10-3-10-2 m
z=0.5
z=3
z>>10
Galaxy Evolution
Formation of Solar Systems
SPICA(ESA-led)
ATHENA(ESA-led)
LiteBIRD (JAXA-led)
Cosmic Microwave Background
and Inflation
(X-ray) (IR) (Milli-wave)

10. BepiColombo
MMO(ESA-led)
Phobos/Deimos
Sample Return
(JAXA-led)
Asteroid Sample Return
Hayabusa, Hayabusa2
(JAXA-led)
JUICE
(ESA -led)
10
SLIM Moon landing
(JAXA-led)
ISAS Planetary science 2020s
Lead sample & return

11. Hayabusa 2 mission
1/5
falcon
hayabusa
Hayabusa2-OSIRIS-REx
collaboration in operation

12. Hayabusa 2 mission
1/5
falcon
hayabusa
Hayabusa2-OSIRIS-REx
collaboration in operation
ISAS/JAXA HAYABUSA2 mission
• Launched: 2014, arrival:2018, departure: 2019,
return: 2020
• Target: 1999 JU3
NASA OSIRIS-Rex mission
• Launch: 2016, arrival:2018, departure: 2021,
return: 2023
• Target: 101955 BENNU
Sample & return is regarded as a high-risk mission and
the collaboration including sample-exchange serves as
a means for insurance for both science teams.

13. Fiscal
Year
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Operating/ConcludedUnderDevelopmentSounding
BeingconsideredRocket
ASTRO-EII（SUZAKU）’05
GEOTAIL’92
SOLAR-B（HINODE）’06
MUSES-C（HAYABUSA）’03
ASTRO-H ’15
ASTRO-H
HAYABUSA SUZAKU
HINODE
Daytime Dynamo ’11,’13▼▼
CLASP ’15▼
MMS ’14▼
Space Science Cooperation with NASA and ESA
ASTRO-F（AKARI）’05
PLANET-C（AKATSUKI） ’10
BepiColombo ’16
SPICA ’25
JUICE ’22
▼
SPICA
Bepi Colombo
cooperation with NASA cooperation with ESA
HAYABUSA2 ’14▼
▼
▼
▼
▼

14. A Sounding Rocket Experiment Chromospheric
Lyman-Alpha Spectro-Polarimeter (CLASP) to infer
magnetic fields in the solar transition zone
NAOJ/MSFC 2015
This autumn

15. TMT 30m (2021)
ALMA
Similarity and difference
between ground and space
• Equal partnership: No lead
agency in ground-based
programs?
• Japan is always invited to
large ground-based programs.
• Budgetary difference is
smaller in ground-based
programs.

16. US decadal process
and international collaboration
• Are international missions less competitive or
visible in the US decadal prioritization process
simply due to not-enough advocacy for those
missions?
• Is NASA not afforded the flexibility to take
advantage of these international partnerships
due to the strong adherence to the priorities
listed in the Decadal Survey?
• International collaboration is vitally important for
ISAS/JAXA. Smaller agency like ISAS has larger
dependence on international collaboration, and
is more vulnerable.

17. Summary
• We do complex international collaboration for
the sake of the maximum science.
• International collaboration is essential for JAXA-
led L and M class missions . ISAS/JAXA is eager to
participate in the NASA-led and ESA-led large
missions that JAXA cannot afford.
• Similar missions are usually proposed to NASA,
ESA and ISAS/JAXA almost simultaneously,
meaning a lot of redundancy. Early and careful
agency-level dialog is important not to kill a
science discipline on the continent and not to
waste young people’s efforts.