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Large optical telescopes on the Moon
U Arizona, U British Columbia, U Houston, U Laval, NASA, ESA, CSA, ComDev
R. Angel
E. Borra
J. Burge
D. Eisenstein
B. Foing
C. Gosselin
P. Hickson
J-L. Josset
P. Klimas
K. Ma
N. Rowlands
E. Seddiki
K. Seddon
S. Sivanadam
P. van Sussante
S. Thibault
S. Worden
No absorption of light by the atmosphere
No blurring of images by the atmosphere
Night sky is about 1,000,000 times fainter from space, in the infrared
Why space?
Space Telescope
Science Institute
Liquid-mirror telescopes on the Moon Paul Hickson RASC 2006-03-14 Page 8
Hubble Space Telescope (2.4-meter)
NASA
Liquid-mirror telescopes on the Moon Paul Hickson RASC 2006-03-14 Page 9
James Webb Space Telescope (6-metre)
NASA
Why large telescopes?
HST 2.4m JWST 6m Lunar 30m
NASA
Liquid mirror
telescopes on the
Moon?
NASA study, 2003-2006
CSA study, 2008
The surface of a
rotating liquid is a
paraboloid
Exactly what is needed
to focus light
Lightweight
Accurate
Low cost
The Economist
Liquid-mirror telescopes on Earth
NASA Orbital Debris Observatory (3-m) UBC Large Zenith Telescope (6-m)
P. K. ChenChip Simons
Galaxies imaged
with the LZT
Image moves continuously across CCD due to
Earth’s rotation
Charge being generated by photons is shifted
electronically along the CCD columns at the same
rate
This prevents image smearing
Data are read continuously all night long
Time-delay integration (drift scan)
LZT
Initial lunar telescope concept
Telescoping structure
Deployable secondary mirror
Inflatable sunshield
Superconducting magnetic
levitation bearing
Low-temperature ionic liquid
coated with metal film
Polar location (track by
rotating the camera)
Tom Connors
Optical design
Three-mirror
anastigmat
F/1.5 20m liquid
primary
2.4 m convex
secondary
26 m above
primary
4 m concave
tertiary
20-arcmin field
of view
Diffraction-
limited
resolution
Telescope structure technologies
Inflatable Truss
Umbrella + tower system
Assembly from modular
units (truss+membrane)
Telescope structural analysis
Lightweight structura elements
Deployable panels assembled by robot arm
Membrane seals surface
Superconducting magnetic levitation bearings
Low power
Passively cooled
Active stabilization
Low-temperature liquids
Base liquid
Liquid eutectic (Na-K or other)
Ionic liquid
Lithium Ammonia
Coated for higher reflectivity
Interface layers (Cr, PEN)
Vacuum deposition on large
rotating mirrors
Polar location
Allows “tracking” by
rotating the camera
South pole has
permanently-shadowed
craters
This allows the telescope
to cool to 80K passively
Some peaks are
permanently sunlit
Place solar collectors
here and send power to
the telescope Permanently shadowed craters at Lunar
South Pole (Shevchenko et al.)
The North Pole in winter
15 km transmission
line needed to bring
power from sunlit
areas to telescope
Which pole?
The south pole field contains the Large Magellanic Cloud
The north pole field is less crowded
Observing strategy
18-year precession of Lunar axis
sweeps out a 3.1-degree diameter
circle
Total area accessible to the
telescope is ~3 square degrees
Available exposure time is ~6000
hours
Study galaxies, black holes at any
distance (>30 million galaxies)
Detect Earth-like planets to a
distance of ~150 parsec (~1000
planetary systems)
Conclusions
20-metre liquid-mirror
telescope is feasible
100-meter might be possible
Can make use of lunar base /
outpost infrastructure for
assembly
Assembly primarily by robotic
means with on-site human
supervision
Total Mass: 9400 kg
Single Altair cargo lander
Smaller wide-field precursor
telescope as first step?
Thank you!
More information:
Borra, E. F., Seddiki, O., Angel, R., Eisenstein, D., Hickson, P., Seddon, K. R. and
Worden, S. P., Deposition of metal films on an ionic liquid as a basis for a lunar
telescope, Nature, 447, 979-981 (2007).
Angel, R., Worden, S. P., Borra, E. F., Eisenstein, D., J., Foing, B., Hickson, P.,
Josset, J.-L., Ma, K. B., Seddiki, O., Sivanandam, S., Thibault, S., van Sussante, P.,
A cryogenic liquid-mirror telescope on the moon to study the early Universe,
Astrophys. J., 680, 1582-1594 (2008).
Klimas, P., Rowlands, N., Hickson, P., Borra, E. and Thibault, S., Lunar liquid mirror
telescope: structural concepts, Proc SPIE, 7732, 77322U-77322U-12 (2010).

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ILOA Galaxy Forum Canada 2015 - Paul Hickson

  • 1. Large optical telescopes on the Moon U Arizona, U British Columbia, U Houston, U Laval, NASA, ESA, CSA, ComDev R. Angel E. Borra J. Burge D. Eisenstein B. Foing C. Gosselin P. Hickson J-L. Josset P. Klimas K. Ma N. Rowlands E. Seddiki K. Seddon S. Sivanadam P. van Sussante S. Thibault S. Worden
  • 2. No absorption of light by the atmosphere No blurring of images by the atmosphere Night sky is about 1,000,000 times fainter from space, in the infrared Why space? Space Telescope Science Institute
  • 3. Liquid-mirror telescopes on the Moon Paul Hickson RASC 2006-03-14 Page 8 Hubble Space Telescope (2.4-meter) NASA
  • 4. Liquid-mirror telescopes on the Moon Paul Hickson RASC 2006-03-14 Page 9 James Webb Space Telescope (6-metre) NASA
  • 5. Why large telescopes? HST 2.4m JWST 6m Lunar 30m NASA
  • 6. Liquid mirror telescopes on the Moon? NASA study, 2003-2006 CSA study, 2008 The surface of a rotating liquid is a paraboloid Exactly what is needed to focus light Lightweight Accurate Low cost The Economist
  • 7. Liquid-mirror telescopes on Earth NASA Orbital Debris Observatory (3-m) UBC Large Zenith Telescope (6-m) P. K. ChenChip Simons
  • 9. Image moves continuously across CCD due to Earth’s rotation Charge being generated by photons is shifted electronically along the CCD columns at the same rate This prevents image smearing Data are read continuously all night long Time-delay integration (drift scan) LZT
  • 10. Initial lunar telescope concept Telescoping structure Deployable secondary mirror Inflatable sunshield Superconducting magnetic levitation bearing Low-temperature ionic liquid coated with metal film Polar location (track by rotating the camera) Tom Connors
  • 11. Optical design Three-mirror anastigmat F/1.5 20m liquid primary 2.4 m convex secondary 26 m above primary 4 m concave tertiary 20-arcmin field of view Diffraction- limited resolution
  • 12.
  • 13. Telescope structure technologies Inflatable Truss Umbrella + tower system Assembly from modular units (truss+membrane)
  • 14. Telescope structural analysis Lightweight structura elements Deployable panels assembled by robot arm Membrane seals surface
  • 15. Superconducting magnetic levitation bearings Low power Passively cooled Active stabilization
  • 16. Low-temperature liquids Base liquid Liquid eutectic (Na-K or other) Ionic liquid Lithium Ammonia Coated for higher reflectivity Interface layers (Cr, PEN) Vacuum deposition on large rotating mirrors
  • 17. Polar location Allows “tracking” by rotating the camera South pole has permanently-shadowed craters This allows the telescope to cool to 80K passively Some peaks are permanently sunlit Place solar collectors here and send power to the telescope Permanently shadowed craters at Lunar South Pole (Shevchenko et al.)
  • 18. The North Pole in winter 15 km transmission line needed to bring power from sunlit areas to telescope
  • 19. Which pole? The south pole field contains the Large Magellanic Cloud The north pole field is less crowded
  • 20. Observing strategy 18-year precession of Lunar axis sweeps out a 3.1-degree diameter circle Total area accessible to the telescope is ~3 square degrees Available exposure time is ~6000 hours Study galaxies, black holes at any distance (>30 million galaxies) Detect Earth-like planets to a distance of ~150 parsec (~1000 planetary systems)
  • 21. Conclusions 20-metre liquid-mirror telescope is feasible 100-meter might be possible Can make use of lunar base / outpost infrastructure for assembly Assembly primarily by robotic means with on-site human supervision Total Mass: 9400 kg Single Altair cargo lander Smaller wide-field precursor telescope as first step?
  • 22. Thank you! More information: Borra, E. F., Seddiki, O., Angel, R., Eisenstein, D., Hickson, P., Seddon, K. R. and Worden, S. P., Deposition of metal films on an ionic liquid as a basis for a lunar telescope, Nature, 447, 979-981 (2007). Angel, R., Worden, S. P., Borra, E. F., Eisenstein, D., J., Foing, B., Hickson, P., Josset, J.-L., Ma, K. B., Seddiki, O., Sivanandam, S., Thibault, S., van Sussante, P., A cryogenic liquid-mirror telescope on the moon to study the early Universe, Astrophys. J., 680, 1582-1594 (2008). Klimas, P., Rowlands, N., Hickson, P., Borra, E. and Thibault, S., Lunar liquid mirror telescope: structural concepts, Proc SPIE, 7732, 77322U-77322U-12 (2010).