the presentation includes a definition of oral contraceptives, type of oral contraceptives, detail description of both types with its mode of action and potential beneficial and unwanted effects also include pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives and knowledge of emergency contraceptives
Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are prescription medications that prevent pregnancy.
Birth control (contraceptive) medications contain hormones (estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone alone).
the presentation includes a definition of oral contraceptives, type of oral contraceptives, detail description of both types with its mode of action and potential beneficial and unwanted effects also include pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives and knowledge of emergency contraceptives
Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are prescription medications that prevent pregnancy.
Birth control (contraceptive) medications contain hormones (estrogen and progesterone, or progesterone alone).
These slides contain the information about Estrogen, its basic pharmacology, its synthesis in human body, Functions of estrogen, role in female puberty, Agonists of estrogen and antagonists of estrogen, also contain detail of the receptors associated with the estrogen functioning.
progestins pharmacology and different forms of it............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Combined pill ,phased pill, post cotal pilla and mini pill.
Advantages and disadvantages with a note on adverse effects and contraindications of oral contraceptives with a note synthetic agents.
Presentation for Progesterone Amp. 100 mg/ml and Progesterone pessaries 400mg for treatment of PTB, Recurrent miscarriage, Threatened abortion, Post-natal psychosis.
These slides contain the information about Estrogen, its basic pharmacology, its synthesis in human body, Functions of estrogen, role in female puberty, Agonists of estrogen and antagonists of estrogen, also contain detail of the receptors associated with the estrogen functioning.
progestins pharmacology and different forms of it............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Combined pill ,phased pill, post cotal pilla and mini pill.
Advantages and disadvantages with a note on adverse effects and contraindications of oral contraceptives with a note synthetic agents.
Presentation for Progesterone Amp. 100 mg/ml and Progesterone pessaries 400mg for treatment of PTB, Recurrent miscarriage, Threatened abortion, Post-natal psychosis.
Micronized Progesterone Capsules for Prevention of Endometrial Hyperplasia & ...The Swiss Pharmacy
Micronized Progesterone Soft Gelatin Capsules (Endogest 100 mg and 200 mg) are used in the prevention of endometrial hyperplasia in nonhysterectomized postmenopausal women who are receiving conjugated estrogens tablets. They are also used to treat secondary amenorrhea as well as to maintain pregnancy.
Primolut N Tablets for Treatment of Menstrual ProblemsThe Swiss Pharmacy
Primolut N is used to treat dysfunctional bleeding, primary and secondary amenorrhoea, premenstrual syndrome, delay of menstrual period, in combination with estrogen hormone replacement therapy and endometriosis.
The Management (mainly the treatment aspect) of Female Infertility is described in brief here (as much as the limit of 55 slides permitted me to discuss!). References from:
Berek and Novak's Gynecology 15th editon
Speroff's Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility 8th edition
And of course, Slideshare itself!
Pharmacological control of reproduction in dog and catAbdul Rehman
Pharmacological control of reproduction in dog and cat. This presentation consists of the use of different hormones, their agonists and their antagonists to deal with different physiological and pathological conditions in dogs and cats.
Based on the BPH curriculum of TU and maternal health program of Nepal. All the drugs have not been discussed and remaining drugs will be discussed in subsequent classes
Animal birth control in canines non-surgical interventionsDrDushyant Yadav
Animal birth control in canines non-surgical interventions By
Dr Dushyant Yadav Assistant Professor cum Jr. Scientist Department of Livestock Farm Complex (VGO) Bihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna-800014
Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) is indicated in menopausal women to overcome the short-term and long-term consequences of estrogen deficiency.HRT can be administered orally( in pill form), vaginally( as a cream), or transdermally ( in patch form) because it replaces female hormones produced by the ovaries, hormone replacement therapy minimize menopause symptoms. It can be used before, during and after menopause.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. INTRODUCTION
• These are substances which convert estrogen primed
endometrium to secretory and maintain pregnancy
• In addition to estrogens, progestin's are important
female sex hormones. Progesterone is main
hormone produced in the ovaries, testes and the
adrenal glands.
• Progestin’s are hormones which favors
pregnancy
3. NATURAL PROGESTIN
PROGESTERONE (21 CARBON STEROID) is derived from
cholesterol
It was first isolated in 1929
It is secreted by corpusluteum (10-20mg/day) in later half of
menstrual cycle under influence of LH. If ovum gets fertilized
and implants-the blastocyst immediately starts producing
chorionic gonadotropin which is absorbed and sustains the
corpus luteum in early pregnancy. Secretion of progesterone
starts from placenta from 2nd trimester till term
Males also produce 1-5mg progesterone per day from adrenals
and testes
[BUT ROLE IN MALES IS NOT KNOWN]
5. Synthetic progestin's
Progesterone
derivatives-
These are pure progestins
They have weaker anti-
ouvlatory action and are
used primarily as adjutants
to estrogens for
HRT, threatened
abortions, endometriosis
19-
nortestosterone
derivatives-
they have weak
estrogenic androgenic
and anabolic action but
have potent anti
ovulatory action.they
are mainly used in
combined contraceptive
pills.
Like Desogestrel and
Norgestimate (prodrug)
7. ACTIONS
It prepares uterus for nidation and helps in maintance of
pregnancy by preventing endometrial shedding, decreases
uterine motility and inhibiting immunological rejection of fetus
( T cell function and cell mediated immunity)
Specific actions
• Uterus- secretory changes in estrogen primed endometrium
(hyperemia, tortuocity of glands and increased secretion).
Continued action of progesterone cause decidual changes in
endometrium (stroma enlarges, becomes spongy, glands
atrophy and decreases sensitivity of myometrium to oxytocin)
• Cervix-converts watery secretion (estrogen produced) to
viscid, scanty and cellular which is hostile to sperm penetration
• Vagina- induces pregnancy like changes in the mucosa-
leukocyte infiltration of cornified epithelium
8. Continued…
• Breast - it causes proliferation of acini in the mammary
gland. Acting along with estrogen which prepares the breast
for lactation
• CNS - may have sedative effect
• Body temperature -causes slight (0.5 C) rise in body
temperature.
• Respiration -may stimulate respiration at high doses
• Metabolism -prolonged use of OCP impairs glucose
tolerance. They also tend to raise LDL and lower HDL(ie.19-
nortestoserone derivatives)
• Pitutary -progesterone is a weak inhibitor of Gonadotrophin
secretion
9. Mechanism of action
The progesterone receptors (PR) has limited
distribution in the body confined mainly to the
female genital tract, breast, CNS and pitutary.
Upon hormone binding PR undergoes
dimerization, attaches to progesterone response
element (PRE) of target genes and regulate
transcription through coactivators.
10. AR = Androgen receptor; ER = Estrogen receptor;
GR = Glucocorticoid receptor; MR = Mineralocorticoid receptor;
PR = Progesterone receptor.
11. Pharmacokinetics
Progesterone is orally inactive because of high first pass
metabolism in liver. Hence mostly given by i.m in oily
solution. I.m doses are rapidly cleared from plasma with a
short t1/2 (5-7 mins) and nearly completely degraded in liver
(major product pregnananediol excreted in urine as
glucuronide and sulphate conjugates). However the effects
of progesterone lasts longer
Micronized formulation has been developed for oral
administration which contains micro fine particles of
progesterone suspended in oil and dispensed in gelatin
capsules. Its absorption occurs through lymphatics
Most synthetic progestins are orally active, metabolized
slowly, and have plasma t1/2 btw 8-24hrs
12. Adverse effects
Breast engorgement, head ache, rise in body
temp, edema, esophageal reflex, acne and mood swings
may occur with higher doses
Irregular bleeding (amenorrhoea) may occur if given
continuously
19-nortestosterone derivatives lower plasma HDL level there
by may promote atherogenesis ( not seen in progesterone
and its derivatives)
Long term use in HRT may increase risk of breast cancer
Blood sugar may rise and diabetes may be percipitated by
long term use (levonorgestrel)
Intramuscular injections of progesterone are painful
If given in early pergnancy they can cause masculinization of
female foetus or other congenital abnormalities
13. Uses
I. As contraceptive- postcoital contraceptive (mifepristone-
600mg within 72hrs), once a month contraceptive
(mifepristone- 200mg 2 days after mid cycle)
II. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)-used in non-
hysterectomised post menopausal women estrogen therapy is
supplemented with a progestin for 10-12 days each month to
reduce the risk of endometrial carcinoma
III. DUB ( dysfunctional uterine bleeding)- progestin in large dose
(norethindrone 20-40mg/day) promptly stops the bleeding and
keeps it abeyance as long as thearpy is given . Cyclic treatment
regularizes and normalizes menstrual flow.
IV. Threatened habitual abortion- a pure progestin without
estrogenic or androgenic activity may show efficacy in
preventing premature delivery in high risk pregnancy
14. V. Endometriosis- mainly manifests as dysmenorrhea, painful
pelvic swellings and infertility. Progestin's induce anovulatory
hypoestogenic state by suppressing Gn release . Direct action
on endometrium prevents bleeding from the ectopic sites by
suppressing menstruation. Treatment is usually given for a
few months which causes atrophy and regression of the
ectopic mass and the therapy is usually withdrawn within 6
mths
VI. Premenstrual syndrome- manifested as
headache,irritability,fluid retention, distension and breast
tenderness a few days preceding menstruation . Fluoxetine
and other SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) can
be given symptomatically. if sever PMS then suppression of
ovulation by combined estrogen progesterone treatment
given cyclically
VII. Endometrial carcinoma – progestin's are palliative in about
50 % cases of advanced or metastatic endometrial carcinoma
17. Progestin-only hormone implant (Implanon)
The progestin-only hormone implant releases hormones
that prevent pregnancy for 3 years. It must be inserted and
removed by a trained health professional. The actual
implant is about the size of a matchstick and is inserted
under the skin on the inside of the upper arm
18. ANTIPROGESTIN
Progestational antagonists
What would happen if during pregnancy we introduce a
progesterone antagonist?
The antagonist will bind the receptor with high affinity.
It will exclude progesterone from the binding site and
hence eliminate its agonist activity.
Thus pregnancy which is dependent on the progesterone
activity will no longer be able to sustain. The fetus will
hence be aborted.
This is the function of Mifepristone
Mifepristone is a progesterone antagonist.
19. Mifepristone
It is a 19-nonsteroid with potent competitive anti-
progestational, anti-glucocorticoid and anti-androgenic activity.
Mifeprestone is a partial agonist and competitive antagonist of
both A and B forms of PR. In absence of progesterone it exerts
weak progestational activity.
20. Mifepristone is administered during:
Follicular phase : its anti progestin action causes attenuation
of mid-cycle gonadotrophin surge from pituitary there by
slowing follicular development and delay or failure of ovulation.
Luteal phase : it prevents secretory changes caused by
progesterone .
Later in the cycle : blocks progesterone support to the
endometrium , unrestraint PG release from it there by
stimulating uterine contraction. It also sensitizes myometrium to
PG’s inducing menstruation.
Implantation phase : blocks decidualization causing the
dislodgement of conceptus , fall in HCG production and
secondary luteolysis .
21. Pharmacokinetics
Mifeprestone is orally active with a bioavailability of
25 %.
Mainly metabolized in the liver and excreted in bile .
It has a t ½ of 20-36hrs .
It interacts with CYP3A4 inhibitors (
erythromycin, ketoconazole ) and inducer of
(rifampin and anti-convulsants)
22. Uses
1. Termination of pregnancy : upto seven weeks- 600mg oral causes
complete abortion in 60-85% cases . To improve success rate a
single 400mg oral dose of misoprostol can be given 48hrs later. In
place of misoprostol 1mg gemeprostpessary can be inserted intra-
vaginally.
{side effects :prolonged bleeding ,failed
abortion, anorexia, nausea, tiredness, abdominal
discomfort, uterine cramps etc }
2. Cervical ripening: 600mg administered 24-30 hrs before
attempting surgical abortion or induction of labour
3. Post-coital contraceptive : 600mg within 72 hrs of intercourse
prevents implantation
4. Once a month contraceptive: 200mg administered 2days after
mid cycle each month prevents conception
5. Induction of labour : action by blocking the relaxant effect of
progestrone on uterus of late pregnancy it induces labour in cases
of intra uterine fetal death and abnormal fetus
6. Cushing’s syndrome : pallative effect due to its glucocorticoid
receptor blocking property
23. MTP Kit COMPOSITION
Each pack contains 5 tablets -
1 tablet of Mifepristone…200 mg
4 tablets of Misoprostol, each containing
Misoprostol…200 mcg