This document describes an experimental study that aims to optimize weld bead geometry for gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of AISI 446 steel. The study uses a Taguchi design of experiments approach combined with Grey relational analysis to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. Welding voltage, speed, wire feed rate, and gas flow rate were selected as input parameters, with bead width, height, and penetration as the output quality targets. Experiments were conducted according to an L9 orthogonal array, and the bead geometry measurements were analyzed using Grey relational grade to determine the optimal welding conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
APPLICATION OF GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR MULTI VARIABLE OPTIMIZATION OF PR...IAEME Publication
The present work deals with a simple approach which predicts the optimum setting
of process parameters of drilling operation on Polymer Based Glass Fiber (PBGF)
composite. The process parameters selected are drill angle (DA), Drill diameter (DD),
Material Thickness (MT), Speed (N) and Feed (f). The output parameters are Thrust,
Torque, Surface Roughness and Delamination. Three levels of each input parameters
are considered. Taguchi’s L27 array is used to set the process parameters. Gray
relational analysis (GRA) is used to find the optimum value of process parameters.
Conduction of ANOVA on GRA shown the significance of each factor on the process
output. A conformation test conducted revealed that the setting of parameters ensures
optimum output
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
APPLICATION OF GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR MULTI VARIABLE OPTIMIZATION OF PR...IAEME Publication
The present work deals with a simple approach which predicts the optimum setting
of process parameters of drilling operation on Polymer Based Glass Fiber (PBGF)
composite. The process parameters selected are drill angle (DA), Drill diameter (DD),
Material Thickness (MT), Speed (N) and Feed (f). The output parameters are Thrust,
Torque, Surface Roughness and Delamination. Three levels of each input parameters
are considered. Taguchi’s L27 array is used to set the process parameters. Gray
relational analysis (GRA) is used to find the optimum value of process parameters.
Conduction of ANOVA on GRA shown the significance of each factor on the process
output. A conformation test conducted revealed that the setting of parameters ensures
optimum output
Application of Taguchi Method to Study the Effect of Saw Parameters on Nickel...IJERA Editor
Submerged arc welding is most widely used in industries and research organizations. In this work the effect of of various parameters on Nickel element transfer was studied. L9 Orthogonal array was used & three factors Welding Current, Arc Voltage, Welding Speed were taken. Test material was AISI SS 304 plates. It is concluded that welding current is the most significant factor for the transfer of Nickel element to the weld metal. It is also concluded that with an increase in the value of arc voltage & welding speed Nickel element shows a decreasing trend
Estimation Of Optimum Dilution In The GMAW Process Using Integrated ANN-SAIJRES Journal
To improve the corrosion resistant properties of carbon steel usually cladding process is used. It is a process of depositing a thick layer of corrosion resistant material over carbon steel plate. Most of the engineering applications require high strength and corrosion resistant materials for long term reliability and performance. By cladding these properties can be achieved with minimum cost. The main problem faced on cladding is the selection of optimum combinations of process parameters for achieving quality clad and hence good clad bead geometry. This paper highlights an experimental study to optimize various input process parameters (welding current, welding speed, gun angle, contact tip to work distance and pinch) to get optimum dilution in stainless steel cladding of low carbon structural steel plates using Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). Experiments were conducted based on central composite rotatable design with full replication technique and mathematical models were developed using multiple regression method. The developed models have been checked for adequacy and significance. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Simulated Annealing Algorithm (SA) techniques were integrated labels as integrated ANN-SA to estimate optimal process parameters in GMAW to get optimum dilution.
Optimization of the Superfinishing Process Using Different Types of StonesIDES Editor
Super finishing is a micro-finishing process that
produces a controlled surface condition on circular parts. It is
not primarily a sizing operation and its major purpose is to
produce a surface on a work piece capable of sustaining uneven
distribution of a load by improving the geometrical accuracy.
The wear life of the parts micro finished to maximum
smoothness is extended considerably. Super finishing is a
slow speed, low temperature, high precision abrasive
machining operation for removing minute amounts of surface
material In this paper critical parameters which affects surface
roughness are determined. According to the design of
experimentation, mathematical model for four different types
of abrasive stones used is proposed. In order to get minimum
values of the surface roughness, optimization of the
mathematical model is done and optimal values of the
examined factors are determined. The obtained results are,
according to the experiment plan, valid for the testing of
material MS12.
Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Operating Parameters for Multiobjective Mul...IDES Editor
Genetic Algorithm are capable of handling a large
number of design parameters and work for optimization
problems that have discontinues or non-differentiable
multidimensional solution spaces, making them ideal for
optimization of machining parameters. Current paper is based
on Genetic Algorithm (GA) for optimization of process
parameters (e.g. feed and speed) for multi-objective multi pass
end milling. GA has been implemented using the MATLAB
environment on the objective function, which is a hybrid
function of cost and time, feed and speed. The results of
optimum cost, feed and speed have been calculated after GA
based implementation with PSO based implementation and
conventional results. The GA results are found better in terms
of the objective function as compared with PSO results for
the multi-objective multipass end milling process.
“Gray Relational Based Analysis of Al-6351”iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
ANALYSIS OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN DRY MACHINING OF EN-31 STEEL by GREY RELATI...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth o f cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presents work of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF MACHINING PARAMETERSFOR C-65 MATERIAL USING TA...AVINASH JURIANI
CNC machines lead a major in a manufacturing industry, machining comprises of wide variety of operations with turning operation being the most important one. In turning operation performance specifications of concern include surface
finish, material removal rate& tolerance which are mostly affected by different
machining parameters like machining condition, work piece, tool geometry and
operating parameters. Among all of them operating parameter and tool
geometry is the most important parameter for better surface finish. This
project presents the optimization of various operating parameters as velocity,
feed and depth of cut for proper selection of tool inserts for surface finish. The
experiment was conducted on CNC lathe with C-65 shaft material. Taguchi’s
statistical analysis was employed for single optimization as it provides an
effective method for product designing which operate continuously over
varying conditions surface roughness and depth of cut is the most effective
parameter for material removal rate. Best parameter combinations for
optimum surface roughness are speed (A) at level 2 (191 m/min), feed (B)
at level 1 (0.2 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm), for optimum
material removal rate are speed (A) at level 3 (254 m/min), feed (B) at level 3
(0.3 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm). GRG optimum
parameters for SR and MRR are Speed (A) at level 2 (191 m/min), feed (B)
at level 1 (0.2 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm)
Application of Taguchi Method to Study the Effect of Saw Parameters on Nickel...IJERA Editor
Submerged arc welding is most widely used in industries and research organizations. In this work the effect of of various parameters on Nickel element transfer was studied. L9 Orthogonal array was used & three factors Welding Current, Arc Voltage, Welding Speed were taken. Test material was AISI SS 304 plates. It is concluded that welding current is the most significant factor for the transfer of Nickel element to the weld metal. It is also concluded that with an increase in the value of arc voltage & welding speed Nickel element shows a decreasing trend
Estimation Of Optimum Dilution In The GMAW Process Using Integrated ANN-SAIJRES Journal
To improve the corrosion resistant properties of carbon steel usually cladding process is used. It is a process of depositing a thick layer of corrosion resistant material over carbon steel plate. Most of the engineering applications require high strength and corrosion resistant materials for long term reliability and performance. By cladding these properties can be achieved with minimum cost. The main problem faced on cladding is the selection of optimum combinations of process parameters for achieving quality clad and hence good clad bead geometry. This paper highlights an experimental study to optimize various input process parameters (welding current, welding speed, gun angle, contact tip to work distance and pinch) to get optimum dilution in stainless steel cladding of low carbon structural steel plates using Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). Experiments were conducted based on central composite rotatable design with full replication technique and mathematical models were developed using multiple regression method. The developed models have been checked for adequacy and significance. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Simulated Annealing Algorithm (SA) techniques were integrated labels as integrated ANN-SA to estimate optimal process parameters in GMAW to get optimum dilution.
Optimization of the Superfinishing Process Using Different Types of StonesIDES Editor
Super finishing is a micro-finishing process that
produces a controlled surface condition on circular parts. It is
not primarily a sizing operation and its major purpose is to
produce a surface on a work piece capable of sustaining uneven
distribution of a load by improving the geometrical accuracy.
The wear life of the parts micro finished to maximum
smoothness is extended considerably. Super finishing is a
slow speed, low temperature, high precision abrasive
machining operation for removing minute amounts of surface
material In this paper critical parameters which affects surface
roughness are determined. According to the design of
experimentation, mathematical model for four different types
of abrasive stones used is proposed. In order to get minimum
values of the surface roughness, optimization of the
mathematical model is done and optimal values of the
examined factors are determined. The obtained results are,
according to the experiment plan, valid for the testing of
material MS12.
Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Operating Parameters for Multiobjective Mul...IDES Editor
Genetic Algorithm are capable of handling a large
number of design parameters and work for optimization
problems that have discontinues or non-differentiable
multidimensional solution spaces, making them ideal for
optimization of machining parameters. Current paper is based
on Genetic Algorithm (GA) for optimization of process
parameters (e.g. feed and speed) for multi-objective multi pass
end milling. GA has been implemented using the MATLAB
environment on the objective function, which is a hybrid
function of cost and time, feed and speed. The results of
optimum cost, feed and speed have been calculated after GA
based implementation with PSO based implementation and
conventional results. The GA results are found better in terms
of the objective function as compared with PSO results for
the multi-objective multipass end milling process.
“Gray Relational Based Analysis of Al-6351”iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
ANALYSIS OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN DRY MACHINING OF EN-31 STEEL by GREY RELATI...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth o f cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presents work of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF MACHINING PARAMETERSFOR C-65 MATERIAL USING TA...AVINASH JURIANI
CNC machines lead a major in a manufacturing industry, machining comprises of wide variety of operations with turning operation being the most important one. In turning operation performance specifications of concern include surface
finish, material removal rate& tolerance which are mostly affected by different
machining parameters like machining condition, work piece, tool geometry and
operating parameters. Among all of them operating parameter and tool
geometry is the most important parameter for better surface finish. This
project presents the optimization of various operating parameters as velocity,
feed and depth of cut for proper selection of tool inserts for surface finish. The
experiment was conducted on CNC lathe with C-65 shaft material. Taguchi’s
statistical analysis was employed for single optimization as it provides an
effective method for product designing which operate continuously over
varying conditions surface roughness and depth of cut is the most effective
parameter for material removal rate. Best parameter combinations for
optimum surface roughness are speed (A) at level 2 (191 m/min), feed (B)
at level 1 (0.2 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm), for optimum
material removal rate are speed (A) at level 3 (254 m/min), feed (B) at level 3
(0.3 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm). GRG optimum
parameters for SR and MRR are Speed (A) at level 2 (191 m/min), feed (B)
at level 1 (0.2 mm/rev), depth of cut (C) at level 3 (1.5 mm)
OPTIMIZATION OF MACHINING PARAMETERS WITH TOOL INSERT SELECTION FOR S355J2G3 ...AVINASH JURIANI
The key goal of modern manufacturing industries is increased productivity & high quality
Surface Roughness is major concern for quality aspects affecting performance.
Speed, Feed & Depth of cut mainly influences SR & MRR in Turning
Taguchi & Grey Relational Technique is used for optimization followed by ANOVA for contribution
MADM is the need for better Tool Insert Selection to get requisite surface finish
OPTIMIZATIONS OF MACHINING PARAMETER IN WIRE EDM FOR 316L STAINLESS STEEL BY ...IAEME Publication
WEDM is one of the non-traditional method used for the machining complex shape structure and components made up of hard material like composites and HSS. This is an experimental investigation of wire electro-discharge machining (WEDM) of 316L SS. The outstanding characteristics of stainless steel 316L such as their compatibility and noticeable physical, mechanical and biological performance has led to increased application of them in various industries especially in biomedical industries over the last 50 years.316L SS is used extensively for weldments where its immunity to carbide precipitation due to welding assures optimal corrosion resistance. There are some difficulties in machining of stainless steel by conventional machining. On the other hand, unconventional machining process especially Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) are more appropriate techniques for machining difficult to machine materials such as stainless steel.
Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Definitions of quality 6
1.2.1 Traditional and Taguchi definition of Quality 7
1.3 Taguchi’s quality philosophy 8
1.4 Objective of Taguchi Methods 10
1.5 8-Steps in Taguchi Methodology 10
Chapter 2 (Loss Function)
2.1 Taguchi Loss Function 11
2.2 Variation of Quadratic Loss function 17 Chapter 3 (Analysis of Variation)
3.1 Understanding Variation 19
3.2 What is ANOVA 19
3.2.1 No Way ANOVA 19
3.2. 1.1 Degree of Freedom 20
3.2.2 One Way ANOVA 24
3.2.3 Two Way ANOVA 30
3.3 Example of ANOVA 36
Chapter 4 (Orthogonal Array)
4.1 What is Array 46
4.2 History of Array 46
4.3 Introduction of Orthogonal Array 47
4.3.1 Intersecting many factor- A case study 49
4.3.1.1 Example of Orthogonal Array 50
4.3.2 A Full factorial Experiment 58
4.4 Steps in developing Orthogonal Array 60
4.4.1 Selection of factors and/or interactions to be evaluated 60
4.4.2 Selection of number of levels for the factors 60
4.4.3 Selection of the appropriate OA 62
4.4.4 Assignment of factors and/or interactions to columns 63
4.4.5 Conduct tests 65
4.4.6 Analyze results 66
4.4.7 Confirmation experiment 69
4.5 Example Experimental Procedure
Taguchi Method is a new engineering design optimisation methodology that improves the quality of existing products and processes and simultaneously reduces their costs very rapidly, with minimum engineering resources and development man-hours
Multiple Optimization of Wire EDM Machining Parameters Using Grey Based Taguc...IJMER
Wire EDM is a non conventional machining process, which is used when the precision is prime importance. Multiple optimization (Grey based Taguchi) technique is used to find out the optimum machining setup for input parameter. This paper investigate the optimal set of process parameter such as Ton, Toff, Wp, Wf in wire EDM machining process to find out the variation in two output parameter such as material removal rate (MRR), and surface roughness (Ra) on material high chromium high carbon steel (HCHCr) using wire Brass/super alloy (coated).Experimentation was conducted on orthogonal array L-9 based on DOE. Analysis of experiment has been carried out using GRA. All the experimental data are fed into Minitab software, through which various tables, graphs & optimum values are obtained. The experimental result reveals that the optimum setting of input parameters significantly improves Wire EDM process.
Optimization of Turning Parameters Using Taguchi MethodIJMER
Today in manufacturing and metal industries customer satisfaction is very important to
make own place in competitive market and also to make mirror image with faith in the heart of
customer, because customer gives preference to buy good quality product. In the metal and
manufacturing industries for the product low surface roughness is very important. Lowest surface
roughness assures not only good quality but also reduces manufacturing cost. In this paper the main
objective is to study effect of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on surface roughness of mild steel
in turning operation and as a result of that the combination of optimum level of factors was obtained to
get lowest surface roughness. Experiments have been conducted using Taguchi’s experimental design
technique. An orthogonal array, signal to noise ratio, and analysis of variance are employed to
investigate cutting characteristics of mild steel using high speed steel. Experimental results show that
among the cutting parameter cutting speed is the most significant machining parameter for surface
roughness followed by feed rate and depth of cut.
Artificial Intelligence based optimization of weld bead geometry in laser wel...IJMER
This paper reports on a modeling and optimization of laser welding of aluminum-magnesium alloy thickness of 1.7mm. Regression analysis is used for modeling and Genetic algorithm is used for optimize the process parameters.The input values for the regression methods is taken according the Taguchi based orthogonal array. A software named Computer aided Robust Parameter Genetic Algorithm CARPGA has been developed in MATLAB 2013 which combine all of these methodologies. This software has been validated with some published paper.
Optimization of Cutting Parameters Using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swar...IJMER
In machining operations, achieving desired surface quality features of the machined product,
is really a challenging job. Because, these quality features are highly correlated and are expected to be
influenced directly or indirectly by the direct effect of process parameters or their interactive effects
(i.e. on process environment). However, the extents of significant influence of the process parameters
are different for different responses. Therefore, optimization of surface roughness is a multi-factor,
multi-objective optimization problem. Therefore, to solve such a multi-objective optimization problem, it
is felt necessary to identify the optimal parametric combination, following which all objectives could be
optimized simultaneously. In this context, it is essential to convert all the objective functions into an
equivalent single objective function or overall representative function to meet desired multi-quality
features of the machined surface. The required multi-quality features may or may not be conflicting in
nature. The representative single objective function, thus calculated, would be optimized finally. In the
present work, Design of Experiment (DOE) with Design of Expect software, Mini Tab & optimized
using genetic algorithm by MAT Lab and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) by “C” program in
straight turning operation. Collected data related to surface roughness have been utilized for
optimization. Due to complexity of this machining optimization problem, a genetic algorithm (GA) and
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are applied to resolve the problem and the results obtained from
GA and PSO are compared
A Comparison of Optimization Methods in Cutting Parameters Using Non-dominate...Waqas Tariq
Since cutting conditions have an influence on reducing the production cost and time and deciding the quality of a final product the determination of optimal cutting parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and tool geometry is one of vital modules in process planning of metal parts. With use of experimental results and subsequently, with exploitation of main effects plot, importance of each parameter is studied. In this investigation these parameters was considered as input in order to optimized the surface finish and tool life criteria, two conflicting objectives, as the process performance simultaneously. In this study, micro genetic algorithm (MGA) and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) were compared with each other proving the superiority of Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm over micro genetic since Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm results were more satisfactory than micro genetic algorithm in terms of optimizing machining parameters.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Process Parameter Optimization of Bead geometry for AISI 446 in GMAW Process Using Grey-based Taguchi Method
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. II (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 21-29
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12622129 www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
Process Parameter Optimization of Bead geometry for AISI 446
in GMAW Process Using Grey-based Taguchi Method
U. V. Patil1
, Prof. G. R. Naik 2
1
PG. Student, Department of Production Engineering, KIT’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur
Shivaji University, Kolhapur (India)
2
Asso.Professor
Department of Production Engineering, KIT’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur
Shivaji University, Kolhapur (India)
Abstract : Gas metal arc welding is process is becoming widespread in the welding industries as it can easily
be applied to variety of metals. Quality of weldment depends upon welding input parameters. This experimental
study aims at developing a multi-objective optimization problem to achieve desired weld bead geometry of
GMAW. Objective functions optimized by Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array design and S/N ratio. Welding
voltage, welding speed, wire feed rate and gas flow rate have been selected as the input process parameters.
Quality targets are bead width, bead height and depth of penetration for AISI 446. The Grey relational analysis
in combination with Taguchi approach is used to solve this multi-objective optimization problem. Additionally
the most significant factor identified by using ANOVA.
Keywords -Bead Geometry, Gas Metal Arc Welding, Grey Relational Analysis,Taguchi Orthogonal Array
I. Introduction
The Gas metal arc welding processes are quickly replacing the shield arc stick electrode process
because the GMAW process can easily be applied to both ferrous and nonferrous metals. GMAW processes are
also popular as they can deposit a large quantity of weld metal in a relatively short period of time. GMAW plays
a significant role in many industries. Welding is mainly important in heavy fabrication industry, which includes
machinery, farming equipment, process tools for manufacturing and mining, and infrastructure for petroleum
refining and distribution. During the welding process, input parameters influenced the weldment quality.
Therefore, welding becomes as a multi-input multi-output process. To catch the preferred weld quality in
GMAW process it is necessary to study input and output process parameters interrelationships. The optimization
and prediction of process parameters is a significant aspect in welding process. This experimental study aims at
developing a multi-objective optimization problem to achieve preferred weld bead geometry for AISI 446 grade
of steel of 8 mm thickness in GMAW process by using grey-based Taguchi method. It is necessary to control
shape of weld bead geometry in determining mechanical properties as it is affected by weld bead geometry
shape. Therefore, proper selection of process parameter is necessary. It is not easy task to developed
mathematical models which gives relationship between input and output process parameters of GMAW process
because there were some unknown nonlinear process parameters [1]. Therefore, it is better to solve this problem
by experimental models. Multiple regression technique was used to found the empirical models for various
welding processes [2, 3]. Datta et at [4] planned multiple regression model and predicted the bead geometry
volume of SAW process. Gunaraj et al [5-6] used five-level factorial techniques to developed mathematical
models for prediction and optimization of weld bead for the SAW process. Kim et al [7] used multiple
regression and neural network to develop an intelligent system for GMAW process. Li et al [8] used Self-
Adaptive Offset Network to know the non-linear relationship between the geometry variables and process
parameters of SAW process. Tang et al [9] examined the correlation between process parameters and bead
geometry for TIG welding process using a back propagation neural network. Thao et al [10] using SPSS
window software developed correlation between process parameters and bead geometry parameters for GTAW
process.
.
II. Grey-Based Taguchi Method
For the design of high quality manufacturing system Taguchi’s philosophy is an effective method. Dr.
Genichi Taguchi has investigated a method based on orthogonal array experiments, which offers much-reduced
variance for the experiment with optimum setting of process control parameters. The combination of design of
experiments with parametric optimization of process to obtain the desired target is achieved in the Taguchi
method. Orthogonal array (OA) offers a set of balanced experimentations and signal-to-noise ratios, which are
the logarithmic functions of desired output serves as objective functions for optimization. This technique aids in
data analysis and prediction of optimum results. Taguchi method uses a statistical measure of performance
2. Process Parameter Optimization of Bead geometry for AISI 446 in GMAW Process Using Grey…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12622129 www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page
called signal-to-noise ratio to evaluate optimal parameters settings. The S/N ratio takes both the mean and the
variability into account which is the ratio of the mean to the standard deviation. The quality characteristic of the
process to be optimized defines the ratio. The standard S/N ratio has three criteria’s, Lower the best (LB),
Nominal is best (NB) and higher the better ((HB). The parameter combination, which has the highest S/N ratio,
gives the optimal setting.
In Grey relational analysis, Grey relational generation is the process which normalizes the experimental
data range from zero to one and it transferring the original data into comparability Sequences. Next, Grey
relational coefficient is calculated based on normalized experimental data to represent the relationship between
the actual and desired experimental data. Overall Grey relational grade be an average of the Grey relational
coefficient of selected responses. Grey relational grade gives the overall performance characteristics of the
multiple response process. This method converts a multiple objective problem into single objective with the
objective function as overall Grey relational grade.
Grey relational grade is the result of the evaluation of the optimal parametric combination. Taguchi method
gives the optimal factor setting for maximizing overall Grey relational grade. [11]
In Grey relational generation, the normalized bead width, bead height, following to lower-the-better (LB)
criterion can be stated as:
xi (k) =
max 𝑦𝑖 𝑘 −𝑦𝑖(𝑘)
max 𝑦𝑖 𝑘 −min 𝑦(𝑖)
(1)
Bead penetration should follow larger-the-better criterion, which can be stated as:
Xi(k) =
𝑦𝑖(𝑘)−min 𝑦𝑖(𝑘)
max 𝑦𝑖(𝑘)−min 𝑦𝑖(𝑘)
(2)
Where, xi(k) = the value after the Grey relational generation, min yi(k) = the smallest value of yi(k) for the kth
response, and max yi(k) = the largest value of yi(k) for the kth
response. The normalized data after Grey relational
generation are tabularized in table 5. An ideal sequence is x0(k) (k=1, 2, 3......,25) for the responses. Grey
relational grade is to reveal the degree of relation between the 9 sequences [x0(k) and xi(k), i=1, 2, 3........9]
(Table 3).
We can calculate the Grey relational coefficient ξi(k) as:
ξi (k)=
∆min +ᴪ∆max
∆𝑜𝑖 (𝐾)+ᴪ∆max
(3)
where, ∆0i = ║x0(k) – xi(k)║ = difference of the absolute value x0(k) and xi(k),
ψ is the distinguishing coefficient 0≤ 𝜓 ≤1
∆min = ∀jmin
∈i∀kmin
║x0(k) – xj(k)║= the smallest value of ∆0i, and
∆max= ∀jmin
∈i∀kmax
║x0(k) – xj(k)║= largest value of ∆0i.
The Grey relational grade γi can be computed after be an average of the Grey relational coefficients as:
γi=
1
𝑛
ξ𝑖 (𝑘)𝑛
𝑘−1 (4)
Fig.1Procedure ofgreyrelational analysis.
3. Process Parameter Optimization of Bead geometry for AISI 446 in GMAW Process Using Grey…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12622129 www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page
where n = number of process responses. The greater value of Grey relational grade relates to extreme
relational degree between the reference sequence x0(k) and the known sequence xi(k). The reference sequence
x0(k) represents the best process sequence; therefore, higher Grey relational grade means that the corresponding
parameter combination is nearer to the optimal. The mean response of the Grey relational grade, its grand mean
and the main effect plot are very significant as optimal process condition may well be evaluated from this plot.
III. Research Methodology
Systematic approach required to develop the mathematical models that predict and control the bead
geometry parameters for GMAW process includes the next steps [12].
3.1 Identification of process parameters plus their limits.
3.2 Development of design matrix
3.3 Conducting the experiments as per design matrix.
3.4 Preparation of specimen
3.5 Measurements of the responses.
3.6 Analysis of experimental data by Grey-based Taguchi method. Following steps are included in analysis.
Determination of Grey relational Generation
Determination of Grey relational coefficient
Determination of Grey relational grade
Determination of response table for Grey relational grade
3.7 S/N ratio plot for overall Grey relational grade
3.8 Confirmation Experiment
3.9 Evaluation of the significance of the factor by analysis of variance (ANOVA)
3.1 Identification of process parameters and their levels in GMAW
The process parameters play very important role to determine the good weld bead. The rough trials are
necessary for a smooth appearance of weld bead and the working ranges of the parameters are found out. If the
functioning ranges are smaller or larger the limits, then proper weld bead will not appear. Therefore, proper
setting with selection of the process parameters is required for good appearance of bead. The four welding input
parameters selected are the welding voltage (V), welding speed (S), wire feed rate (F) and gas flow rate (G) and
the output parameters are bead penetration (BP), bead height (BH) and bead width (BW) as shown in Fig. 2. The
weld bead geometry will influence the mechanical properties of the weldment. These are key controllable
process parameters and it is desirable to have minimum three levels of process parameters to reveal the true
performance of response parameters. The lower and upper limits of parameters are coded as 1 and 3
respectively. Intermediate ranges coded value can be calculated as:
xi = 2(2x-(xmax+ xmin)) / (xmax- xmin) (5)
where, xi = The required coded value of a parameter x; x is any parameter value from xmax to xmin;
xmin = The lower level of the parameter;
xmax = The upper level of the parameter.
The individual process parameters levels are tabulated in Table 1.
Fig. 2 Input and output process parameters of GMAW
4. Process Parameter Optimization of Bead geometry for AISI 446 in GMAW Process Using Grey…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12622129 www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
Table 1 Process parameters and their limits
Process Parameters Notation Unit
Levels of Factors
1 2 3
Open Circuit Voltage V Volts 26 27 28
Gas Flow Rate G lit/min 16 17 18
Wire Feed Rate F cm/min 1.75 2.0 2.25
Welding Speed S cm/min 20 22 24
3.2 Development of design matrix
To facilitate the objective of determining the optimal level of each design parameter, Taguchi
popularized the use of orthogonal arrays as an easy way to design fractional factorial experiments. Taguchi
began by selecting several “good” basic fractional factorial designs and, for each, setting up table, which he
calls an orthogonal array. These tables may be used in very simple ways to design an experiment. For three level
designs, he provides an orthogonal array L9, for up to four factors. Finally, there are methods to use the three
levels tables for 9 runs. The experimental design proceeds are simply the assignment of effects of columns after
the selection of orthogonal array. Table 2 shows the nine experimental runs as per the Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal
array design matrix. Therefore with four controllable parameters, at three different levels the experimentation
has been carried out.
Table 2 Taguchi L9 Orthogonal array design
Sr. No.
Voltage
(V)
Wire Feed Rate
(cm/min)
Welding Speed
(cm/min)
Gas Flow Rate
(lit/min)
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2
3 1 3 3 3
4 2 1 2 3
5 2 2 3 1
6 2 3 1 2
7 3 1 3 2
8 3 2 1 3
9 3 3 2 1
3.3 Conducting the experiments as per design matrix.
In this work, GMAW machine manufactured by ATE, Pune, INDIA is used. It is a 3-phase, 50Hz
frequency, 300A, forced air cooling semi-automatic machine. The torch is fixed to the frame at 900
to the work
specimen can be kept on trolley which will move at perfect path. Gas flow rate can be vary and measured by
flow meter. The mixture of argon (98%) and oxygen gas (2%) is used as a shielding gas. The wire feed and
welding voltage regulators are provided in the machine to changes the values of same. Variation of welding
voltage automatically changes the current. Therefore, four process parameters welding voltage, wire feed rate,
welding speed and gas flow rate can be varied in this machine. Based on design matrix, the experimentations are
done by varying input parameters.
In this present work, AISI 446 grade stainless steel is used as work-piece material. The stainless steel
filler rod of AISI 309L is recommended by American welding Society (AWS) used for conducting the
experiments. The chemical composition of work-piece and filler rod material is shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Chemical Composition of Materials
Material (%) C Si Mn S P Cr Ni Mo Ti V Cu Nu Fe
AISI 446 0.08 0.35 0.85 0.003 0.030 23.45 0.40 …. … … … … 74.84
AISI 309L 0.02 0.42 1.80 0.01 0.02 24.80 12.92 0.01 0.124 0.049 0.03 0.025 59.772
3.4 Preparation of Specimens
To evaluate the bead geometry of the stainless steel weldment, specimens having dimension of 150mm
x 100mm x 8mm with a single V shaped groove of 300
were used for each piece as per the design data on the
100 mm side of the plate using vertical milling machine. Fig 3 shows a schematic diagram of work piece
prepared. The land and root gap of 2mm is provided between the two work pieces. The experiments are
5. Process Parameter Optimization of Bead geometry for AISI 446 in GMAW Process Using Grey…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12622129 www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
conducted using GMAW machine based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array design matrix which consist of nine
trails.
Fig. 3 Work piece prepared
3.5 Measurements of the response parameters
The experiments are conducted by single pass. The samples are cut into three parts for the
measurement of bead geometry parameters using water jet cutting machine.A schematic diagram of welded
plates is shown in Fig. 4.The samples are prepared as per American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM)
standards. The metallurgical polishing process revealed the bead geometry for measuring the BH, BW and BP.
The silicon carbide of 220, 320 and 500 emery papers and etchant like oxalic acid is used. The bead geometry
parameters are measured at three places and the average values are measured and tabulated in Table 4.
Fig. 4 Welded Samples
Table 4Experimental Data
Sample
No.
Bead Width
(mm)
Bead Height
(mm)
Bead Penetration (mm)
1 8.14 1.44 6.92
2 8.56 2.29 7.66
3 10.69 3.39 6.42
4 10.26 3.58 5.94
5 8.46 2.53 6.27
6 8.29 3.22 7.06
7 8.58 2.68 6.48
8 10.91 2.88 6.42
9 10.17 3.63 7.43
3.6 Analysis of experimental data by Grey-based Taguchi method.
The result obtained for bead width, bead height and bead penetration after experimentation have been
first normalized. The bead height and bead width should be minimum and the bead penetration should be
maximum. Therefore lower-the-better (LB) criteria for bead height, bead width using equation 1 and larger-the-
better (LB) criterion for bead penetration using equation 2 has been selected. The normalized data for each of
this parameter are given in Table 5.
6. Process Parameter Optimization of Bead geometry for AISI 446 in GMAW Process Using Grey…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12622129 www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
Table 5 Data preprocessing of all performance characteristic (Grey relational generation)
Experiment No.
Bead Width
(mm)
Bead Height
(mm)
Penetration
(mm)
Ideal Sequence 1 1 1
1 0.8394 0.9087 0.5000
2 0.7121 0.5560 0.8776
3 0.0667 0.0996 0.2449
4 0.1970 0.0207 0.0000
5 0.7424 0.4564 0.1684
6 0.7939 0.1701 0.5714
7 0.7061 0.3942 0.2755
8 0.0000 0.3112 0.2449
9 0.2242 0.0000 0.7602
The ∆0i for each of the responses have been calculated and tabulated in Table 6. These evaluations of ∆0i for
each response have been collected to evaluate Grey relational coefficient.
Table 6Evaluation of ∆0i for each of the responses
Experiment
No.
Bead Width
(mm)
Bead Height
(mm)
Penetration
(mm)
Ideal Sequence 1 1 1
1 0.1606 0.0913 0.5000
2 0.2879 0.4440 0.1224
3 0.9333 0.9004 0.7551
4 0.8030 0.9793 1.0000
5 0.2576 0.5436 0.8316
6 0.2061 0.8299 0.4286
7 0.2939 0.6058 0.7245
8 1.0000 0.6888 0.7551
9 0.7758 1.0000 0.2398
In Table 6, reference sequence is ideal sequence. After calculating ∆max, ∆min and ∆0i, altogether grey
relational coefficients may be evaluated by (3). These Grey relational coefficients for each response have been
collected to calculate Grey relational grade and are exposed in Table 7.
Table 7Grey relational coefficient of each performance characteristics (with Ѱ = 0.5)
Experiment No.
Bead Width
(mm)
Bead Height
(mm)
Penetration
(mm)
Ideal Sequence 1 1 1
1 0.7569 0.8456 0.5000
2 0.6346 0.5297 0.8033
3 0.3488 0.3570 0.3984
4 0.3837 0.3380 0.3333
5 0.6600 0.4791 0.3755
6 0.7082 0.3760 0.5385
7 0.6298 0.4522 0.4083
8 0.3333 0.4206 0.3984
9 0.3919 0.3333 0.6759
Grey relational grade is the total characteristic of all the features of weld quality. The overall Grey relational
grade has been determined by (4) and is tabulated in Table 8.
7. Process Parameter Optimization of Bead geometry for AISI 446 in GMAW Process Using Grey…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12622129 www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
Table 8 Grey relational grade
Thus, the multi-objective optimization problem can be transformed into a single comparable objective function
optimization problem by the combination of Taguchi approach and Grey relational analysis. Maximum grey
relational grade equivalents factor combination to the closer optimal parametric setting.
The mean response for the overall Grey relational grade is shown in Table 9.
Table 9Response table (mean) for Overall Grey relational grade
Factors
Grey relational grade
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 MAX MIN Delta
V 0.6687 0.5300 0.4905 0.6687 0.4905 0.1782
F 0.5825 0.5941 0.5125 0.5941 0.5125 0.0816
S 0.6196 0.5602 0.5094 0.6196 0.5094 0.1102
G 0.6363 0.6763 0.3766 0.6763 0.3766 0.2997
Total mean gray relational grade is 0.5631
Delta = range (maximum-minimum)
Total mean Grey relational grade is the average of all entries in Table 8.
3.7 Calculation of S/N ratio
Fig. 5 represents the S/N ratio for overall Grey relational grade, calculated using LB (larger-the-better) criterion
as:
SN (Larger-the-better) = −10 log
1
𝑛
1
y𝑖2
𝑛
𝑖−1 (6)
Where n = the number of measurements, and yi = the measured characteristic value
The mean response for S/N ratio is tabulated in Table 10.
Table 10Response table for S/N ratio
Factor Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 MEAN
V -3.4953 -5.5146 -6.1872 -5.0657
F -4.6935 -4.5223 -5.8056 -5.0071
S -4.1581 -5.0324 -5.8591 -5.0166
G -3.9264 -3.3974 -8.4824 -5.2688
Experiment No. Grey relational grade
1 0.8458
2 0.7768
3 0.3737
4 0.3557
5 0.5652
6 0.6241
7 0.5498
8 0.3916
9 0.5093
8. Process Parameter Optimization of Bead geometry for AISI 446 in GMAW Process Using Grey…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12622129 www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
2 82 72 6
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
2 .2 52 .01 .7 5
2 42 22 0
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
1 81 71 6
VMeanofSNratios F
S G
M ain E ffe c ts P lo t fo r S N ratio s
D a ta M e a n s
S ig n a l-to -n o is e : La rg e r is b e tte r
Le ve l s o f F a cto rs
Fig. 5S/N ratio plot for overall Grey relational grade
3.8 Confirmation experiment
After assessing the optimal parameter settings, the next steps are prediction and verify the improvement
of quality targets using the optimal parametric combination. The predictable Grey relational grade 𝛾ˆusing the
optimal level of the design parameters can be determined by table 8 and (7):
𝛾ˆ=γm + (0
𝑖=1 γi- γm) (7)
That means the predicted Grey relational grade is equivalent to the mean Grey relational grade plus the
summation of the difference between overall mean Grey relational grade and mean Grey relational grade for
each of the factors at optimal level.
S/N ratio for predictable grey relational grade have been calculated using (6)
S/N ratio for predictable grey relational grade = -1.3313
The Grey relational grade and S/N ratio for Initial factor settings V1 F1 S1 G1, predicted optimal
parametric process setting V1 F1 S1 G2 and experimental optimal parametric process setting V1 F1 S1 G2 are
shown in column no. 2, 3 and 4 respectively in Table 11.
Table 11 signifies the comparison of the predicted bead geometry parameters with that of actual by
using the optimal welding conditions; improvement in overall Grey relational grade has been observed. This
confirms the usefulness of the proposed approach in relation to process optimization, where more than one
objective has to be fulfilled concurrently.The overall Grey relational grade is main performance feature in Grey-
based Taguchi method; The Grey relational grade is the demonstrative of all individual performance
characteristics. In the current study, objective functions selected are relative to parameters of bead geometry;
and all the responses give equal weight age. It may be noted that results of a confirmatory experiment shows
that using optimal parameter setting the weldment undertakes lower value of depth of penetration. The Taguchi
optimization technique and the optimal parametric combination thus calculated depend on the selected response
variables and their individual weight ages.
Table 11 Results of confirmatory experiment
Initial factor setting Optimal process condition
Prediction Experiment
Levels of factors V1 F1 S1 G1 V1 F1 S1 G2 V1 F1 S1 G2
Bead Width 8.14 9.26
Bead Height 1.44 1.2
Penetration 6.92 7.99
S/N ratio of overall Grey relational grade -1.7460 -1.3313 -1.5798
Overall Grey relational grade 0.8179 0.8579 0.8337
Improvement in grey relational grade = 0.0158
9. Process Parameter Optimization of Bead geometry for AISI 446 in GMAW Process Using Grey…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12622129 www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
3.9 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
ANOVA is a statistical technique, which can infer some important conclusions based on analysis of the
experimental data. If the P-value for a term appears less than 0.05 then it may be concluded that, the effect of
the factor is significant on the selected response. Using MINITAB release 15, ANOVA for overall Grey
relational grade has been exposed in Table 12. It is saw that P-value for Gas flow rate is 0.040 (less than 0.05).
So it is obvious that gas flow rate is the most significant factor. The effects of other factors on Grey relational
grade look insignificant. Gas flow rate G (P-value highest) come to be the most insignificant factor.
Table 12 Analysis of variance using adjusted SS for tests
Source DF SS MS F P
V 2 0.0526 0.0263 0.84 0.479
F 2 0.0117 0.0058 0.15 0.862
S 2 0.0182 0.0091 0.25 0.790
G 2 0.1589 0.0794 5.78 0.040
Error 6 0.1888 0.315
Total 14 0.2414
IV. Conclusion
The following conclusions are from the experimentation:
1. Grey based Taguchi method was successfully applied for process parameter optimization of bead geometry
for AISI 446 in GMAW process.
2. In order to achieve the best bead geometry viz. maximum bead penetration and minimum bead width as
well as bead height following optimal settings were determined: Welding Voltage – 26 V, wire feed rate-
1.75 cm/min, welding speed- 20 cm/min and gas flow rate- lit/min.
3. Gas flow rate was identified as the most significant factor for bead geometry using ANOVA.
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