IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
optimization of process parameters for cnc turning using taguchi methods for ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Coated and uncoated tool inserts offers certain degrees of control on the desired rate of tool wear and surface roughness to an extent. This work pursues the quest for realizing the optimal values for the significant process parameters that bears an influence on the response parameters. Experiments were conducted on the samples of EN 24 alloy steel material with the help of PVD coated TiAlN insert and uncoated carbide insert. The experimental runs carried out with proper variation in the levels. Levels are selected with the help of manufacturing catalogue and by pilot experimentation and results are recorded for further analysis. For this study, 9 runs designed using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi Design of Experiment. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface tester at test lab and material removal rate is calculated by mathematical equation. The data was compiled into Minitab 17 software for analysis. The relationship between the machining parameters and the response variables were analyzed using the Taguchi Method. Optimization of process parameters is carried out by Grey Relational Analysis method (GRA). GRA method is a powerful and most versatile tool which can manipulate the input data as per requirement and comes with results that can be used to have best multi-objective in respective concerns
Process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi appr...ijsrd.com
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an emerging powder based additive layer manufacturing technology that used to fabricate three-dimensional fully functional parts from metal powders by fusing the material in a layer by layer manner as per a CAD model. The quality of SLM produced parts is significantly affected by various manufacturing parameters of SLM machine. Hence optimization of SLM process parameters is necessary in order to improve the quality of parts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reviews for various optimization methods used for process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi approach. This review of work can be helpful to the other researchers to carry out further work in the same era.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
optimization of process parameters for cnc turning using taguchi methods for ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Coated and uncoated tool inserts offers certain degrees of control on the desired rate of tool wear and surface roughness to an extent. This work pursues the quest for realizing the optimal values for the significant process parameters that bears an influence on the response parameters. Experiments were conducted on the samples of EN 24 alloy steel material with the help of PVD coated TiAlN insert and uncoated carbide insert. The experimental runs carried out with proper variation in the levels. Levels are selected with the help of manufacturing catalogue and by pilot experimentation and results are recorded for further analysis. For this study, 9 runs designed using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi Design of Experiment. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface tester at test lab and material removal rate is calculated by mathematical equation. The data was compiled into Minitab 17 software for analysis. The relationship between the machining parameters and the response variables were analyzed using the Taguchi Method. Optimization of process parameters is carried out by Grey Relational Analysis method (GRA). GRA method is a powerful and most versatile tool which can manipulate the input data as per requirement and comes with results that can be used to have best multi-objective in respective concerns
Process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi appr...ijsrd.com
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an emerging powder based additive layer manufacturing technology that used to fabricate three-dimensional fully functional parts from metal powders by fusing the material in a layer by layer manner as per a CAD model. The quality of SLM produced parts is significantly affected by various manufacturing parameters of SLM machine. Hence optimization of SLM process parameters is necessary in order to improve the quality of parts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reviews for various optimization methods used for process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi approach. This review of work can be helpful to the other researchers to carry out further work in the same era.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Turning metal removal is the removal of metal outside diameter of a rotating cylindrical workpiece. As it is used to reduce the diameter. of the work piece generally to a specified dimension and to produce a smooth finish on the metal. Often, the work piece is turned so that the sections have different diameters. As is the machining operation that produces cylindrical. In its basic form, it can be defined as an outer surface machining: Based on the findings of the Pilot study, actual experimentation work will be designed and input machining parameters and their values finalized. The results are expected to show that the response variables (output parameters) strongly influenced by the control factors (input parameters). So, the results which are obtained after experimentation analyzed and modeled for their application in manufacturing industry It is concluded that for MRR be maximum factor Cutting speed has to be at high level 3, Feed has to be at high level & D.O.C has to be at high level.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analy...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter. The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions
APPLICATION OF GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR MULTI VARIABLE OPTIMIZATION OF PR...IAEME Publication
The present work deals with a simple approach which predicts the optimum setting
of process parameters of drilling operation on Polymer Based Glass Fiber (PBGF)
composite. The process parameters selected are drill angle (DA), Drill diameter (DD),
Material Thickness (MT), Speed (N) and Feed (f). The output parameters are Thrust,
Torque, Surface Roughness and Delamination. Three levels of each input parameters
are considered. Taguchi’s L27 array is used to set the process parameters. Gray
relational analysis (GRA) is used to find the optimum value of process parameters.
Conduction of ANOVA on GRA shown the significance of each factor on the process
output. A conformation test conducted revealed that the setting of parameters ensures
optimum output
Study of Surface Roughness Characteristics of Drilled Hole in Glass Fiber Rei...IJERA Editor
Now-a-days glass fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRP) are always applicable in variety of engineering applications.
It is used in aerospace, automotive and aircraft industries due to their well known properties. Milling of GFRP
composite materials is very difficult due to its heterogeneity and the number of troubles like as surface
delamination during machining affects uniqueness of the material and the machining parameters. Present paper
focuses the experimental details to find out delamination factor on GFRP composite laminates by using
Taguchi‟s DOE L9 orthogonal array. The main objective of the present work is to optimize the process
parameters in the drilling of GFRP composite using Taguchi DOE and to find the significance of each process
parameter using ANOVA. As far as the effect of input factors are considered, the factors drilled material and
spindle speed both have nearly predominant influence on the delamination factor of drilled holes on GFRP
composite by using CNC milling process.
DADS 2017 norme N4DS V01X11 les modifications prises en compteRue de la Paye
Réussissez votre campagne DADS 2017 :
Tout savoir sur les modifications législatives prises en compte par la nouvelle norme :
- Numéro d’Identification d’Attente (NIA)
- Mise à jour du code régime obligatoire risque vieillesse
- Protection universelle maladie (PUMA)
- Code complément PCS-ESE
- Portage salarial
- Exposition à la pénibilité
- Disparition des sommes isolées AGIRC-ARRCO
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Turning metal removal is the removal of metal outside diameter of a rotating cylindrical workpiece. As it is used to reduce the diameter. of the work piece generally to a specified dimension and to produce a smooth finish on the metal. Often, the work piece is turned so that the sections have different diameters. As is the machining operation that produces cylindrical. In its basic form, it can be defined as an outer surface machining: Based on the findings of the Pilot study, actual experimentation work will be designed and input machining parameters and their values finalized. The results are expected to show that the response variables (output parameters) strongly influenced by the control factors (input parameters). So, the results which are obtained after experimentation analyzed and modeled for their application in manufacturing industry It is concluded that for MRR be maximum factor Cutting speed has to be at high level 3, Feed has to be at high level & D.O.C has to be at high level.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analy...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter. The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions
APPLICATION OF GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR MULTI VARIABLE OPTIMIZATION OF PR...IAEME Publication
The present work deals with a simple approach which predicts the optimum setting
of process parameters of drilling operation on Polymer Based Glass Fiber (PBGF)
composite. The process parameters selected are drill angle (DA), Drill diameter (DD),
Material Thickness (MT), Speed (N) and Feed (f). The output parameters are Thrust,
Torque, Surface Roughness and Delamination. Three levels of each input parameters
are considered. Taguchi’s L27 array is used to set the process parameters. Gray
relational analysis (GRA) is used to find the optimum value of process parameters.
Conduction of ANOVA on GRA shown the significance of each factor on the process
output. A conformation test conducted revealed that the setting of parameters ensures
optimum output
Study of Surface Roughness Characteristics of Drilled Hole in Glass Fiber Rei...IJERA Editor
Now-a-days glass fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRP) are always applicable in variety of engineering applications.
It is used in aerospace, automotive and aircraft industries due to their well known properties. Milling of GFRP
composite materials is very difficult due to its heterogeneity and the number of troubles like as surface
delamination during machining affects uniqueness of the material and the machining parameters. Present paper
focuses the experimental details to find out delamination factor on GFRP composite laminates by using
Taguchi‟s DOE L9 orthogonal array. The main objective of the present work is to optimize the process
parameters in the drilling of GFRP composite using Taguchi DOE and to find the significance of each process
parameter using ANOVA. As far as the effect of input factors are considered, the factors drilled material and
spindle speed both have nearly predominant influence on the delamination factor of drilled holes on GFRP
composite by using CNC milling process.
DADS 2017 norme N4DS V01X11 les modifications prises en compteRue de la Paye
Réussissez votre campagne DADS 2017 :
Tout savoir sur les modifications législatives prises en compte par la nouvelle norme :
- Numéro d’Identification d’Attente (NIA)
- Mise à jour du code régime obligatoire risque vieillesse
- Protection universelle maladie (PUMA)
- Code complément PCS-ESE
- Portage salarial
- Exposition à la pénibilité
- Disparition des sommes isolées AGIRC-ARRCO
It's good to check our plans and actions to see if we need to adaptMartin Jack
Sam Henderson, Henderson Stone & Co, 30 August 2016
Theme: Great Change Creates Great Opportunity
This event explored why businesses need to stay flexible to take advantage of the opportunities and shifts in market conditions.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Studies of Surface Roughness Analys...IJMER
The modern machining industries are focused on achieving high quality, in terms of
part/component accuracy, surface finish, high production rate and increase in product life. Surface
roughness of machined components has received serious attention of researchers for many years. It has
been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large number of
parameters which affect the surface roughness. The typical controllable parameters for the CNC machines
include cutting tool variables, work piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. The desired output is
surface roughness, material removal rate, tool wear, etc. Optimization of machining parameters needs to
determine the most significant parameter for required output. Many techniques are used for optimization
of machining parameters including Taguchi, RSM and ANOVA approach to determine most significant
parameter.
The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which affect
the surface roughness. This paper investigates the parameters affecting the surface roughness and / or
material removal rate with CNC turning process studied by researchers. It also discusses some other
parameters such as cutting force and power consumption in different conditions.
Effect of process factors on surface roughness in dip cryogenic machining of ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A large number of structures that are being constructed at present tend to be wind-sensitive because of their slenderness, shapes, size, lightness and flexibility. With the ever increase in the vertical growth of urban cities, high rise buildings are being constructed in large numbers. In this study, analytical investigation of different shapes of buildings are taken as an example and various analytical approaches are performed on the building. These plans are modeled and wind loads are found out according to I.S 875(part 3)-1987 by taking gust factor and without taking gust factor. These models are compared in different aspects such as storey drift, storey displacement, storey shear, etc. for different shapes of buildings by using finite element software package ETAB’s 13.1.1v. Among these results, which shape of building provide sound wind loading to the structure as well as the structural efficiency would be selected. Key Words: Storey displacement, Storey drift, Storey shear, Gust, Wind load
Study of Surface Roughness Characteristics of Drilled Hole in Glass Fiber Rei...IJERA Editor
Now-a-days glass fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRP) are always applicable in variety of engineering applications.
It is used in aerospace, automotive and aircraft industries due to their well known properties. Milling of GFRP
composite materials is very difficult due to its heterogeneity and the number of troubles like as surface
delamination during machining affects uniqueness of the material and the machining parameters. Present paper
focuses the experimental details to find out delamination factor on GFRP composite laminates by using
Taguchi‟s DOE L9 orthogonal array. The main objective of the present work is to optimize the process
parameters in the drilling of GFRP composite using Taguchi DOE and to find the significance of each process
parameter using ANOVA. As far as the effect of input factors are considered, the factors drilled material and
spindle speed both have nearly predominant influence on the delamination factor of drilled holes on GFRP
composite by using CNC milling process.
OPTIMIZATION OF TURNING PROCESS PARAMETER IN DRY TURNING OF SAE52100 STEELIAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of SAE52100 steel. Carbide inserts were used for machining of SAE 52100 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) & material removal rate of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality
products with increased productivity.
Optimising drilling parameters of gfrp by using grey relational analysiseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters for Aluminum 6061 T6 Alloyijtsrd
In the present work, Turning Parameters were optimized using Taguchi Method. Also, the effect of turning parameters such as rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and material removal rate on surface roughness of Aluminum 6061 T6 alloy was investigated. L9 Taguchi’s method was used for designing the experiments and optimization of turning parameters. Nine experiments were conducted with four factors having three levels for each factor. Results revealed that spindle speed has a significant effect on surface roughness and it is the most dominating factor affecting the surface roughness with contribution of 52.38 . The optimal parameter combination of Aluminum 6061 T6 alloy bar for minimum surface roughness is found to be A2 B1 C2 D i.e., rotational spindle speed A at 900 rpm, feed rate B at 90 mm min and depth of cut C at 0.8 mm, and material removal rate D . Hardeep Singh | Ganga Singh | Dr. Dinesh Kumar "Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters for Aluminum 6061-T6 Alloy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52611.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/52611/experimental-investigation-of-machining-parameters-for-aluminum-6061t6-alloy/hardeep-singh
ANALYSIS OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN DRY MACHINING OF EN-31 STEEL by GREY RELATI...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth o f cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presents work of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
EFFECT OF NOSE RADIUS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS DURING CNC TURNING USING RESPONSE ...ijmech
The work and study presented in this paper aims to investigate the effect of nose radius on surface
roughness, in CNC turning of Aluminium (6061) in dry condition. The effect of cutting conditions (speed,
feed and depth of cut) and tool geometry (nose radius) on surface roughness were studied and analysed.
Design of Experiments (DOE) were conducted for the analysis of the influence of the turning parameter on
the surface roughness by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and then followed by optimization of
the results using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to minimize surface roughness. The nose radius was
identified as the most significant parameter. Surface roughness value decreased with increase in nose
radius.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Analysis of Material Removal Rate in Drilling of 41Cr4 by a Tagu...IJERA Editor
In manufacturing industries the largest amount of money spent on drills. Therefore, from the viewpoint of cost and productivity, modeling and optimization of drilling processes parameter are extremely important for the manufacturing industry this paper presents a detailed model for drilling process parameter. The detailed structure includes in the model, are three parameters such as such as Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut on material removal rate in drilling of 41 Cr 4 material using HSS spiral drill .We an effect of this three parameters on material removal rate .The detailed mathematical model is simulated by Minitab14 and simulation results fit experiment data very well In this investigation, an effective approach based on Taguchi method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariable linear regression (MVLR), has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to higher MRR. Experiments were conducted by varying Spindle Speed, feed and depth of cut using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The present work aims at optimizing process parameters to achieve high MMR. Experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR model to map the relationship between process parameters and MMR the experiment was conducted on drilling machine. From the investigation It concludes that speed is most influencing parameter followed by feed and depth of cut on MRR
Similar to “Gray Relational Based Analysis of Al-6351” (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. VI (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 37-43
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12663743 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
“Gray Relational Based Analysis of Al-6351”
A.R.Lande1, S.B.Patil2,
1, 2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, MET’s IOE, Nashik, India
Abstract: CNC End Milling Machining is a widely accepted material removal process used to manufacture
components with complicated shapes and profiles. The quality of the surface plays a very important role in the
performance of milling because good-quality milled surface significantly improves fatigue strength, corrosion
resistance, or creep life. The surface generated during milling is affected by different factors such as vibration,
spindle run–out, temperature, tool geometry, feed, cross-feed, tool path and other parameters. In the present
study, experiments are conducted on aluminium 6351 materials to see the effect of process parameter variation
in this respect. An attempt has also been made to obtain Optimum cutting conditions with respect to roughness
parameters and Material removal rate .In order to carry out the multi objective optimization Gray relational
analysis is used which gives gray relational grade and from the analysis it can be concluded that feed is the
most significant parameter for the combined objective function while, speed is the least significant parameter.
Keywords-Surface roughness parameter, optimum conditions
I. Introduction
1.1 Background
CNC End Milling Machining is a widely accepted material removal process used to manufacture
components with complicated shapes and profiles. The surface generated during milling is affected by different
factors such as vibration, spindle run–out, temperature, tool geometry, feed, cross-feed, tool path and other
parameters. The most important interactions, that effect surface roughness of machined surfaces, are between
the cutting feed and depth of cut, and between cutting feed and spindle speed. In order to obtain better surface
roughness, the proper setting of cutting parameters is crucial before the process takes place. Material removal
rate (MRR) is an important control factor of machining operation and the control of machining rate. MRR is a
measurement of productivity & it can be expressed by analytical derivation as the product of the width of cut,
the feed velocity of milling cutter and depth of cut. The non-linear nature of the machining process has
compelled engineers to search for more effective methods to attain optimization. It is therefore imperative to
investigate the machinability behavior of different materials by changing the machining parameters to obtain
optimal results. This experiment gives the effect of different machining parameters like spindle speed, feed,
depth of cut, tool diameter on material removal rate and Surface finish in end milling. This experimental
investigation outlines the Gray-Taguchi optimization methodology.
1.2 Problem Statement
The present work focus on optimization of AL-6351 considering the various process parameters the
objectives of the current is as follows;
1) To find the optimum values for the input parameters like speed (N), feed (f) ,depth of cut(d),tool
diameter and its effect on the surface finish for achieving the minimum surface roughness. Objective function
for first objective is to Minimize Surface roughness (Ra) subjected to minimum and maximum range of input
parameters like speed (N), feed (f), depth of cut (d), and tool diameter.
2) To select the order of input parameters to get the maximum MRR. The Objective function is to;
Maximize Material removal rate (MRR) subjected to minimum and maximum range of input parameters like
speed (N), feed (f), and depth of cut (d) & tool diameter.
1.3 Scope
Surface roughness and MRR are very important which rely on many parameters, its need of hour to
have the experimental investigation for optimum values by satisfying the desired constraints to achieve
particular objective.
II. Literature Review
Joshi et al. [1] investigated the SR response on CNC milling by Taguchi technique. Surface finish is
analyzed, which shows the percentage contribution of each influencing factor. Anish Nair & P Govindan [2]
conduct the study on application of Principal Component analysis (PCA) coupled with Taguchi method to solve
correlated multi-attribute optimization of CNC end milling operation.PCA has been proposed to eliminate
2. “Gray Relational Based Analysis of Al-6351”
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12663743 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
correlation between the responses and to estimate uncorrelated quality indices called principal components.
Shahzad Ahmad et al. [3] studied the machining parameters like depth of cut, cutting speed, feed rate and tool
diameter are optimized with multiple performance characteristics, and concluded that the S/N ratio with
Taguchi‟s parameter design is a simple, systematic, reliable and more efficient tool for optimizing multiple
performance characteristics of CNC milling process parameters. J.Pradeep Kumar & K.Thirumurugan [4] had
studied The end milling of titanium alloys, for the investigation of the optimum parameters that could produce
significant good surface roughness whereby reducing tooling cost and concluded that The significant factors for
the surface roughness in milling CP Ti Grade 2 were the spindle speed and the tool grade, with contribution of
30.347 and 29.933 respectively. Reddy S [5] had conducted the study to deals with optimization of surface
roughness and delamination damage on GFRP material during end milling using grey- based taguchi method.
From the results of ANOVA, it was concluded that cutting speed and DOC are the most significant factors.
PR.Periyanan et al [6] had carried out experiment to focus the taguchi technique for the optimization in micro-
end milling operation to achieve maximum metal removal rate & result shows that the optimal combination as
medium cutting speed, high feed rate and high depth of cut. Piyush pandey et al [7] conducted experiments to
perform the parametric optimization of CNC end milling machine tool in varying condition. Results showed that
cutting speed and feed are the powerful control parameters for the material removal rate and depth of cut as
powerful factors for controlling the surface finish of Mild Steel. K. Barman, P. Sahoo [8] had conducted an
experimental study of fractal dimension characteristics of surface profile produced in CNC milling and
optimization of machining parameters based on Taguchi method. It is also observed with increase in spindle
speed the fractal dimension increases. S.B.Chawale et al [9] had conducted to study experimentally the
influence of depth of cut, cutting speed, and feed and work piece material type on cutter temperature during
milling process. It was concluded that, the cutting speed is most contributory factor, work material is second
important factor and Feed rate is third important factor.Abhishek Dubey et al [10] had conducted study for the
multiple response optimization of end milling parameter using grey based taguchi method. The feed rate was
identified as the most influential process parameter on surface roughness.
III. Experimental Methodology
3.1 Design of Experiments
Design of experiments (DOE) is a powerful tool that can be used in a variety of experimental
situations. DOE techniques enable designers to determine simultaneously the individual and interactive effects
of many factors that could affect the output results in any design. To achieve a thorough cut it was required that
the combinations of the process variables give the jet enough energy to penetrate through the specimens. In the
present study four process parameters were selected as control factors. The parameters and levels were selected
based on the actual Machining setup and literature review of some studies that had been documented on end
milling. But considering all practical limitation with actual machining centre Speed, Feed, Depth of cut and tool
diameter are selected for experimentation. For designing the experiment “Minitab 17 software” is used.
Following are the details of experiment design.
Number of Experimental factors:
Number of blocks: 1
Number of responses: 2
Number of runs: 9, including 9 slots over the entire length of work piece
Error degrees of freedom: 8
3.2. Machine Specifications
The technical specifications are of which are as follows.
Table 3.1- Machine details
Make and Model MAKINO-S 56
Controller Fanuc
Technical Specifications
Table size 1000*500mm
Spindle RPM 13000
Maximum Work piece 890*500*450
Maximum Payload 1100lbs
ATC Capacity 20
3.3 Material
For the present work the material use are block of Aluminum 6351 in the dimensions 160mm × 100 mm × 32
mm. The physical properties of the material are as follows.
Table 3.2.Physical properties of materials
3. “Gray Relational Based Analysis of Al-6351”
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12663743 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Physical Properties Al6361
Density 2710Kg/m3
Hardness(Brinell) 95
Hardness(Knoop) 120
Hardness(Rockwell B) 40
Ultimate Tensile strength 250MPA
Yield strength 207MPA
Table 3.3.The chemical compositions of the material AL-6351
Component Composition
Fe 0.12
Al 95.51
Mn 0.52
Si 0.8
Cu 0.051
Mg 0.75
Ti 0.017
Zr 0.003
Pb 0.012
Ca 0.051
Sn 0.004
3.4. CUTTING TOOL
In this experiment the HSS end mill cutter of varying diameter like 8mm, 10mm & 12mm is used to
make the grove of 12mm in the work piece for given speed, feed & depth of cut.
3.5. SELECTION OF ORTHOGONAL ARRAY
Orthogonal arrays are special standard experimental design that requires only a small number of
experimental trials to find the main factor effects on output. The minimum number of experiments to be
conducted shall be fixed which is given by: NTaguchi = 1+ NV (L – 1) where, N Taguchi = Number of
experiments to be conducted, NV = Number of variables = Number of levels. Four machining parameters are
considered as controlling factors namely, cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate, Tool diameter and each
parameter has three levels – namely low, medium and high, denoted by 1,2 and 3, respectively. Standard OAs
available are L4, L8, L9, L12, L16, L18, L27, etc once the orthogonal array is selected, the experiments are
selected as per the level combinations. The number of DOF for orthogonal array should be greater than or equal
to number of DOF required.
i) Number of control factors = 4
ii) Number of levels for each control factors = 3
iii) Total degrees of freedom of factors = 4x(3-1)=8
iv)Number of experiments to be conducted =9
Based on these values and the required minimum number of experiments to be conducted 9, the nearest
Orthogonal Array fulfilling this condition is L9 (34
)[11]
IV. Grey Based Analysis For Combine Objective
GRA was proposed by Deng in 1989 as cited in is widely used for measuring the degree of relationship
between sequences by grey relational grade. Grey relational analysis is applied by several researchers to
optimize control parameters having multi-responses through grey relational grade, steps are as follows;
1. Identify the performance characteristics and cutting parameters to be evaluated.
2. Determine the number of levels for the process parameters.
3. Select the appropriate orthogonal array and assign the cutting parameters to the orthogonal array.
4. Conduct the experiments based on the arrangement of the orthogonal array.
5. Normalize the experiment results of cutting force, tool life and surface roughness.
6. Perform the grey relational generating and calculate the grey relational coefficient.
7. Calculate the grey relational grade by averaging the grey relational coefficient.
8. Analyze the experimental results using the grey relational grade and statistical ANOVA.
9. Select the optimal levels of cutting parameters.
10. Verify the optimal cutting parameters through the confirmation experiment [12].
4. “Gray Relational Based Analysis of Al-6351”
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12663743 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
4.1 Data Pre-Processing.
In grey relational analysis, the data pre-processing is the first step performed to normalize the random
grey data with different measurement units to transform them to dimensionless parameters. Thus, data pre-
processing converts the original sequences to a set of comparable sequences. Different methods are employed to
pre-process grey data depending upon the quality characteristics of the original data. The original reference
sequence and pre-processed data (comparability sequence) are represented by 𝑥𝑥0 (0)(𝑘𝑘) and 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 (0)(𝑘𝑘) , i
=1,2,….,m; k =1,2,.....,n respectively, where m is the number of experiments and n is the total number of
observations of data. Depending upon the quality characteristics, the three main categories for normalizing the
original sequence are identified as follows:
If the original sequence data has quality characteristic as „larger-the-better‟ then the original data is pre-
processed as „larger-the-best:
𝑥𝑖 𝑘 =
yi k − min yi k
max yi k − min yi k
If the original data has the quality characteristic as „smaller the better‟, then original data is pre-processed as
„smaller-the best‟:
𝑥𝑖 𝑘 =
max yi k − yi k
max yi k − min yi k
Xi=Compatibility sequence
4.2. SAMPLE CALCULATION OF COMPATIBILITY SEQUENCE FOR ROUGHNESS VALUE
𝑥𝑖 𝑘 =
Max CT − First Value of CT
Max CT − Min CT
𝑥𝑖 𝑘 =
16.6881 − 7.7867
16.6881 − 6.3661
𝑥𝑖 𝑘 = 0.8622
Table 4.1 Normalized S/N data (Grey relational generation)
Similarly all values of compatibility sequence for surface roughness and material removal rate can be Calculated
All values are show in Table 4.1.
Where xi (k) is the value after the grey relational generation, min yi (k) is the smallest value ofyi (k) for
the kth
response, and max yi (k) is the largest value of yi (k) for the kth
response. An ideal sequence is x0(k)
(k=1, 2) for two responses. The definition of the grey relational grade in the grey relational between the twenty-
seven sequences (x0(k) and xi (k), i=1, 2 . . . 27; k=1, 2). The grey relational coefficient ξi(k) can be calculated
as:
4.3 Sample Calculation Of Grey Relation Coefficient For Roughness Value
𝜉𝑖 𝑘 =
min∆ +θ ∗ max∆
∆𝑖 𝑘 + θ ∗ max∆
ξi(k) =The grey relational coefficient
θ is the distinguishing coefficient which is taken as 0.5
𝜉𝑖 𝑘 =
0 + (0.5 ∗ 1)
0.1378 + (0.5 ∗ 1)
ξi(k) = for second value = 0.7839
Similarly, all values of grey relation coefficient for roughness and material removal rate are calculated
and tabulated in the table given below.
4.4 Sample Calculation Of Grey Relation Grade For Roughness Value And Mrr.
Sr no S/N Ra S/N MRR Xi Δ Xi Xi MRR ΔMRR
1 8.93 26.36 0.75 0.25 0 1
2 7.78 33.13 0.86 0.137 0.7467 0.2533
3 8.95 35.42 0.74 0.25 1 0
4 8.61 32.73 0.78 0.217 0.7036 0.2964
5 11.38 29.67 0.51 0.487 0.3648 0.6352
6 12.70 33.25 0.38 0.615 0.7607 0.2393
7 16.67 29.48 0 1 0.3444 0.6556
8 11.81 33.39 0.47 0.528 0.7754 0.2246
9 6.366 35.33 1 0 0.9906 0.0094
5. “Gray Relational Based Analysis of Al-6351”
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12663743 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
After averaging the grey relational coefficients, the grey relational grade γi can be computed as,
𝒀𝒊 =
𝟏
𝒏
= i[k]
𝑛
𝑘=1
𝒀𝒊 =
𝟏
𝟐
(0.7839 + 0.6637)
First reading of grey relation grade is, Yi = 0.7238
Similarly all values of grey relation grade of nine experiments are carried out and tabulated in table given below
Yi =grey relational grade
Where n = number of process responses. The higher value of grey relational grade corresponds to intense
relational degree between the reference sequence x0 (k) and the given sequence xi (k). The reference sequence
x0 (k) represents the best process sequence. Therefore, higher grey relational grade means that the
corresponding parameter combination is closer to the optimal.
Table 4.2: Grey Relation Grade, coefficient and Order
Experiment no Ra MRR GRC For Ra GRC For MRR GRG Gray order
1 0.3575 20.0764 0.6666 0.3333 0.49995 7
2 0.408 45.3319 0.7839 0.6637 0.7238 3
3 0.3565 59.8045 0.6655 1 0.83275 2
4 0.371 43.2495 0.6964 0.6278 0.6621 4
5 0.2695 30.4462 0.5065 0.4404 0.47345 8
6 0.2315 46.0105 0.4483
0.6763 0.5623 6
7 0.15 29.8065 0.3333 0.4326 0.38295 9
8 0.2565 46.7199 0.4888 0.69 0.5894 5
9 0.4805 58.4783 1 0.9815 0.99075 1
V. Analysis Of The Combined Objective By Using Taguchi
Table 4.3: Response Table for Taguchi analysis
Sr Speed Feed DOC Diameter GRG SNRA1
1 2000 300 1 8 0.49995 -6.02147
2 2000 500 1.25 10 0.7238 -2.80763
3 2000 700 1.5 12 0.83275 -1.58971
4 3000 300 1.25 12 0.6621 -3.58153
5 3000 500 1.5 8 0.47345 -6.49452
6 3000 700 1 10 0.5623 -5.00064
7 4000 300 1.5 10 0.38295 -8.33716
8 4000 500 1 12 0.5894 -4.5918
9 4000 700 1.25 8 0.99075 -0.08072
5.1 Main Effect Plot For Combine Objective
MeanofMeans
400030002000
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
700500300
1.501.251.00
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
12108
Speed Feed
DOC Diameter
Main Effects Plot (data means) for Means
Fig 4.1Fig: Main effect plot for Mean
6. “Gray Relational Based Analysis of Al-6351”
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12663743 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
MeanofSNratios
400030002000
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
700500300
1.501.251.00
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
12108
Speed Feed
DOC Diameter
Main Effects Plot (data means) for SN ratios
Signal-to-noise: Larger is better
Fig 4.2 Fig: Main effect plot for surface roughness
Table 4.4.Response table for S/N ratio for combined Objective
Level Speed Feed DOC Diameter
1 -3.473 -5.980 -5.205 -4.199
2 -5.026 -4.631 -2.157 -5.382
3 -4.337 -2.224 -5.474 -3.254
Delta 1.553 3.756 3.317 2.127
Rank 4 1 2 3
Table 4.5.Response table for Mean
Level Speed Feed DOC Diameter
1 0.6855 0.5150 0.5506 0.6547
2 0.5660 0.5956 0.7922 0.5564
3 0.6544 0.7953 0.5631 0.6948
Delta 0.1195 0.2803 0.2417 0.1384
Rank 4 1 3 2
VI. Conclusion
From this experiment it is concluded that-
i) The optimum levels for the optimization are (3 3 2 3) and the optimum parameter are- 4000 700 1.25 12.
ii) The significant parameter are Feed>Diameter>DOC>Speed.
iii) Gray Relational analysis method is successfully applied which gives the gray relational grade.
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