This document presents a study that aimed to optimize process parameters in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) cladding to achieve optimum dilution. Experiments were conducted using a central composite design to develop mathematical models relating welding current, speed, angle, contact tip distance, and pinch to clad bead geometry responses like width, penetration, reinforcement, and dilution percentage. Artificial neural networks and simulated annealing algorithms were then integrated (ANN-SA) to estimate optimal parameters to minimize dilution. The developed models were checked for adequacy and significance. The study aimed to improve corrosion resistance in carbon steel by depositing a corrosion-resistant stainless steel clad layer with minimum dilution.
APPLICATION OF GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR MULTI VARIABLE OPTIMIZATION OF PR...IAEME Publication
The present work deals with a simple approach which predicts the optimum setting
of process parameters of drilling operation on Polymer Based Glass Fiber (PBGF)
composite. The process parameters selected are drill angle (DA), Drill diameter (DD),
Material Thickness (MT), Speed (N) and Feed (f). The output parameters are Thrust,
Torque, Surface Roughness and Delamination. Three levels of each input parameters
are considered. Taguchi’s L27 array is used to set the process parameters. Gray
relational analysis (GRA) is used to find the optimum value of process parameters.
Conduction of ANOVA on GRA shown the significance of each factor on the process
output. A conformation test conducted revealed that the setting of parameters ensures
optimum output
A review on Parametric Optimization of Submerged arc welding processIJSRD
Submerged arc welding is preferable more its inherent qualities such as Higher deposition rate, deeper penetration, control of variables, high quality, smooth finish. The bead geometry shows the quality of weld which is depends on input process parameters. The present work gives review of the effect of these Input parameters on weld bead geometry. Selection of process parameters has great influence on the quality of a welded connection. To automate a welding process, which is the present trend in any fabrication industry. It is also important that mathematical models have to be developed to relate the process variables to the weld bead parameters. All the welding processes are used with the aim of getting a welded joint with the desires weld bead geometry and excellent mechanical properties with a efficient quality welded joint at a relatively low cost with high productivity. Optimization designs concentrate on only one or two parameters, but in very more depth to gain a precise understanding of relationships between parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
APPLICATION OF GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR MULTI VARIABLE OPTIMIZATION OF PR...IAEME Publication
The present work deals with a simple approach which predicts the optimum setting
of process parameters of drilling operation on Polymer Based Glass Fiber (PBGF)
composite. The process parameters selected are drill angle (DA), Drill diameter (DD),
Material Thickness (MT), Speed (N) and Feed (f). The output parameters are Thrust,
Torque, Surface Roughness and Delamination. Three levels of each input parameters
are considered. Taguchi’s L27 array is used to set the process parameters. Gray
relational analysis (GRA) is used to find the optimum value of process parameters.
Conduction of ANOVA on GRA shown the significance of each factor on the process
output. A conformation test conducted revealed that the setting of parameters ensures
optimum output
A review on Parametric Optimization of Submerged arc welding processIJSRD
Submerged arc welding is preferable more its inherent qualities such as Higher deposition rate, deeper penetration, control of variables, high quality, smooth finish. The bead geometry shows the quality of weld which is depends on input process parameters. The present work gives review of the effect of these Input parameters on weld bead geometry. Selection of process parameters has great influence on the quality of a welded connection. To automate a welding process, which is the present trend in any fabrication industry. It is also important that mathematical models have to be developed to relate the process variables to the weld bead parameters. All the welding processes are used with the aim of getting a welded joint with the desires weld bead geometry and excellent mechanical properties with a efficient quality welded joint at a relatively low cost with high productivity. Optimization designs concentrate on only one or two parameters, but in very more depth to gain a precise understanding of relationships between parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of Material Removal Rate & Surface Roughness in Dry Turning of M...IJERA Editor
Optimization of machining parameters is valuable to maintain the accuracy of the components and to minimize
the cost of machining. Surface finish is an important measure for the quality of the machined parts. The present
work is an experimental investigation to study the effect of machining parameters on Material Removal Rate
and Surface Roughness in dry turning of medium carbon steel EN19. Taguchi’s single objective optimization
method was used to find the effect of input parameters on the responses. The experiments were conducted as per
Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array on CNC lathe under dry conditions. Cutting parameters of speed, feed and
depth of cut were taken as inputs and machining was done by PVD TiAlN tool. Regression models for the
responses were prepared by using MINITAB-16 software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the
influence of machining parameters on the responses. From the ANOVA results, it is clear that speed has high
influence followed by feed and depth of cut has very low influence in achieving the optimum values for both
Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness. Finally, experimental and Regression values of responses were
compared. From the results, it is found that both the values are close to each other hence, the regression models
prepared were more accurate and adequate. Percentage of errors between experimental and regression values
were calculated and they found in the range of ±0.20.
Process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi appr...ijsrd.com
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an emerging powder based additive layer manufacturing technology that used to fabricate three-dimensional fully functional parts from metal powders by fusing the material in a layer by layer manner as per a CAD model. The quality of SLM produced parts is significantly affected by various manufacturing parameters of SLM machine. Hence optimization of SLM process parameters is necessary in order to improve the quality of parts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reviews for various optimization methods used for process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi approach. This review of work can be helpful to the other researchers to carry out further work in the same era.
Optimization of Process Parameters And Dielectric Fluids on Machining En 31 B...IJERA Editor
The electric discharge machining is the one of the most desirable machining process for the materials which are having high hardness and good thermal conductivity. The EDM process surpassed through the technological barriers by overcoming limitations like processing speed, material conductivity, dimensional accuracy, and surface finish and so on. However, environmental impact due to release of toxic emissions aerosols during the process, poor operational safety due to fire hazard, electromagnetic radiation and non-bio degradable waste are the major problems concerned with conventional dielectric fluids (i.e. kerosene, hydro carbon, etc.,). To reduce the problems with conventional die electric fluids waste palm oil blended with kerosene is used. The process is mostly used in situations where intricate, complex shapes need to be machined in very hard materials. The objective of this work is to study the influence of four design factors current (I), voltage (V), pulse on(P on), and pulse off(P off) which are the most relevant parameters to be controlled by the EDM process over machining characteristics such as material removal rate (MRR) characteristics of surface integrity such as average surface roughness (Ra). Multi Objective optimization of process parameters is done by using TOPSIS
Optimization of Cutting Rate for EN 1010 Low Alloy Steel on WEDM Using Respon...IJAEMSJORNAL
EN 1010is a low-carbon steel alloy with 0.10% carbon content. It is known for its fairly low strength and low ductility; however, it can be tempered to increase strength. Machinability of EN 1010 carbon steel is measured to be fairly good. EN 1010 is commonly used for cold headed fasteners, rivets and bolts, in addition to structural, construction and automotive applications such as fenders, pans, nails and transmission covers. Wire Electric Discharge Machine (WEDM) seems to be a good option for machining the complicated profiles. This paper, find effects of various process parameters of Wire EDM such as pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time(Toff), peak current (Ip) and servo voltage (Sv) for analysis of cutting rate (CR) while machining EN 1010. Central Composite Design is used to plan the design of experiment. The output response variable being cutting rate will be measured for all number of experiments conducted. The optimal parameter level combination would be analysed which gives desired cutting rate. These optimized values of different parameters would then be used in execution the machining operation in order to obtain the necessary outputs.
Role of Natural and Synthetic Fillers on Erosive Wear Behavior of Basalt -Epo...IJRES Journal
An investigation was made to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of bio-based jatropha oil cake (JOC), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Clay on the erosive wear behavior of Basalt-epoxy (BE) hybrid composites. A Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) technique was employed to obtain a filled and unfilled B-E composites. The effect of different impact velocities (20 and 40 m/s) and angle of impingement from 300 to 900 on the performance of the wear resistance of the composites were measured. The results of erosive wear losses, angle of impingement, and impact velocity and erosion rate of 3% of TiO2 and JOC filled and unfilled B-E composites are analyzed and discussed. The worn surface features of unfilled and filled B-E composites were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
A Mathematical Model for the Hormonal Responses During Neurally Mediated Sync...IJRES Journal
The purpose of this study is to find a Mathematical model for the participation of central serotonergic activity in neurocardiogenic syncope by comparing cortisol and prolactin plasma levels in patients with positive and negative tilt test by using Multivariate Normal Distribution.
Photoinduced Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate onto Dehydrochlorinated poly (Vi...IJRES Journal
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been dehydrochlorinated in alkaline medium followed by photo-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate. The grafting has been achieved using a combination of dimethyl amine and benzoyl peroxide, as radical initiator system. The effects of various parameters such as concentrations of monomer, initiator, substrate, and solvent as well as time of light irradiation on the grafting yield, expressed as grafting percentage and grafting efficiency, have been investigated, and the optimum grafting conditions were determined. The dehydrochlorinated PVC and graft products were characterized using FTIR, TGA, DTA, XRD and SEM and the mechanism of grafting was proposed.
Finite Element Simulation of Serrated Chip Formation in High Speed CuttingIJRES Journal
The description of high speed cutting process with simulation based on finite element method provides huge superiorities compared to analytical and experimental models. This work focused on the study of high speed cutting process with finite element method, using commercial software ABAQUS/Explicit. The chip morphology is predicted, and the stress, strain and temperature in the chip are all simulated vividly when cutting stably. The serrated chip formation is explained by the adiabatic shear theory. The results showed that it is better to use the adiabatic shear theory to explain the formation of serrated chip.
Optimization of Material Removal Rate & Surface Roughness in Dry Turning of M...IJERA Editor
Optimization of machining parameters is valuable to maintain the accuracy of the components and to minimize
the cost of machining. Surface finish is an important measure for the quality of the machined parts. The present
work is an experimental investigation to study the effect of machining parameters on Material Removal Rate
and Surface Roughness in dry turning of medium carbon steel EN19. Taguchi’s single objective optimization
method was used to find the effect of input parameters on the responses. The experiments were conducted as per
Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array on CNC lathe under dry conditions. Cutting parameters of speed, feed and
depth of cut were taken as inputs and machining was done by PVD TiAlN tool. Regression models for the
responses were prepared by using MINITAB-16 software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the
influence of machining parameters on the responses. From the ANOVA results, it is clear that speed has high
influence followed by feed and depth of cut has very low influence in achieving the optimum values for both
Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness. Finally, experimental and Regression values of responses were
compared. From the results, it is found that both the values are close to each other hence, the regression models
prepared were more accurate and adequate. Percentage of errors between experimental and regression values
were calculated and they found in the range of ±0.20.
Process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi appr...ijsrd.com
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an emerging powder based additive layer manufacturing technology that used to fabricate three-dimensional fully functional parts from metal powders by fusing the material in a layer by layer manner as per a CAD model. The quality of SLM produced parts is significantly affected by various manufacturing parameters of SLM machine. Hence optimization of SLM process parameters is necessary in order to improve the quality of parts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reviews for various optimization methods used for process parameter optimization of SLM process and application of Taguchi approach. This review of work can be helpful to the other researchers to carry out further work in the same era.
Optimization of Process Parameters And Dielectric Fluids on Machining En 31 B...IJERA Editor
The electric discharge machining is the one of the most desirable machining process for the materials which are having high hardness and good thermal conductivity. The EDM process surpassed through the technological barriers by overcoming limitations like processing speed, material conductivity, dimensional accuracy, and surface finish and so on. However, environmental impact due to release of toxic emissions aerosols during the process, poor operational safety due to fire hazard, electromagnetic radiation and non-bio degradable waste are the major problems concerned with conventional dielectric fluids (i.e. kerosene, hydro carbon, etc.,). To reduce the problems with conventional die electric fluids waste palm oil blended with kerosene is used. The process is mostly used in situations where intricate, complex shapes need to be machined in very hard materials. The objective of this work is to study the influence of four design factors current (I), voltage (V), pulse on(P on), and pulse off(P off) which are the most relevant parameters to be controlled by the EDM process over machining characteristics such as material removal rate (MRR) characteristics of surface integrity such as average surface roughness (Ra). Multi Objective optimization of process parameters is done by using TOPSIS
Optimization of Cutting Rate for EN 1010 Low Alloy Steel on WEDM Using Respon...IJAEMSJORNAL
EN 1010is a low-carbon steel alloy with 0.10% carbon content. It is known for its fairly low strength and low ductility; however, it can be tempered to increase strength. Machinability of EN 1010 carbon steel is measured to be fairly good. EN 1010 is commonly used for cold headed fasteners, rivets and bolts, in addition to structural, construction and automotive applications such as fenders, pans, nails and transmission covers. Wire Electric Discharge Machine (WEDM) seems to be a good option for machining the complicated profiles. This paper, find effects of various process parameters of Wire EDM such as pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time(Toff), peak current (Ip) and servo voltage (Sv) for analysis of cutting rate (CR) while machining EN 1010. Central Composite Design is used to plan the design of experiment. The output response variable being cutting rate will be measured for all number of experiments conducted. The optimal parameter level combination would be analysed which gives desired cutting rate. These optimized values of different parameters would then be used in execution the machining operation in order to obtain the necessary outputs.
Role of Natural and Synthetic Fillers on Erosive Wear Behavior of Basalt -Epo...IJRES Journal
An investigation was made to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of bio-based jatropha oil cake (JOC), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Clay on the erosive wear behavior of Basalt-epoxy (BE) hybrid composites. A Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) technique was employed to obtain a filled and unfilled B-E composites. The effect of different impact velocities (20 and 40 m/s) and angle of impingement from 300 to 900 on the performance of the wear resistance of the composites were measured. The results of erosive wear losses, angle of impingement, and impact velocity and erosion rate of 3% of TiO2 and JOC filled and unfilled B-E composites are analyzed and discussed. The worn surface features of unfilled and filled B-E composites were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
A Mathematical Model for the Hormonal Responses During Neurally Mediated Sync...IJRES Journal
The purpose of this study is to find a Mathematical model for the participation of central serotonergic activity in neurocardiogenic syncope by comparing cortisol and prolactin plasma levels in patients with positive and negative tilt test by using Multivariate Normal Distribution.
Photoinduced Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate onto Dehydrochlorinated poly (Vi...IJRES Journal
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been dehydrochlorinated in alkaline medium followed by photo-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate. The grafting has been achieved using a combination of dimethyl amine and benzoyl peroxide, as radical initiator system. The effects of various parameters such as concentrations of monomer, initiator, substrate, and solvent as well as time of light irradiation on the grafting yield, expressed as grafting percentage and grafting efficiency, have been investigated, and the optimum grafting conditions were determined. The dehydrochlorinated PVC and graft products were characterized using FTIR, TGA, DTA, XRD and SEM and the mechanism of grafting was proposed.
Finite Element Simulation of Serrated Chip Formation in High Speed CuttingIJRES Journal
The description of high speed cutting process with simulation based on finite element method provides huge superiorities compared to analytical and experimental models. This work focused on the study of high speed cutting process with finite element method, using commercial software ABAQUS/Explicit. The chip morphology is predicted, and the stress, strain and temperature in the chip are all simulated vividly when cutting stably. The serrated chip formation is explained by the adiabatic shear theory. The results showed that it is better to use the adiabatic shear theory to explain the formation of serrated chip.
Peripheral Review and Analysis of Internet Network SecurityIJRES Journal
This paper is on the exploration of Internet Network security. With the advent of the internet, security became a major concern for computer users, organizations and the Military. The internet structure itself allow for many security threats to occur. Knowing the attack methods, the architecture of the internet when modified can reduce the possible attacks that can be sent across the network. The internet can be secured by the means of VPN, IPSec, Anti‐Malware Software and scanners, Secure Socket Layer, intrusion‐detection, security management, firewalls and cryptography mechanisms. The essence of this research is to forecast the future of internet network security.
The problem of the relaxation of a cold package of critical or supercritical fluid in a hotter environment of the same fluid is studied. An asymptotic theory valid in the limit of small values of the parameter 𝜏=𝛾∞𝜖 , where 𝛾∞ is the ratio between the characteristic thermal diffusion time and the life time of the droplet and 𝜖 the ratio between the fluid densities at the hot and cold regions is developed. Recession laws which are different from the classical 𝑑2 law can be derived from the zeroth order approximation solution in subcritical case [6] as well in critical and supercritical ones. Except for the critical case, additional assumptions on the thermodynamical properties of the gas phase restore the classical 𝑑2 law. A numerical resolution of the problem for a Van der Waals gas in supercritical conditions is performed to check the validity of the results of the asymptotic analysis. It is found that a transition region generally separate the two regions of the fluid in the supercritical conditions. The behavior of this region is numerically analyzed.
A Revisit To Forchheimer Equation Applied In Porous Media FlowIJRES Journal
A brief reference to various non-linear forms of relation between hydraulic gradient and velocity of
flow through porous media is presented, followed by the justification of the use of Forchheimer equation. In
order to study the nature of coefficients of this equation, an experimental programme was carried out under
steady state conditions, using a specially designed permeameter. Eight sizes of coarse material and three sizes
of glass spheres are used as media with water as the fluid medium. Equations for linear and non-linear
parameters of Forchheimer equation are proposed in terms of easily measurable media properties. These
equations are presented in the form of graphs as quick reckoners.
Analysis Of 3C-Sic Double Implanted MOSFET With Gaussian Profile Doping In Th...IJRES Journal
The present work aims at the design of 3C-SiC Double Implanted Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (DIMOSFET) with Gaussian doping profile in drift region for high breakdown voltages. By varying the device height ‘h’, function constant m and peak concentration 𝑁0, analysis has been done for an optimum profile for high breakdown voltage. With Gaussian profile peak concentration 𝑁0 = 1016 𝑐𝑚−3 at drain end and m as 1.496 ×10−2cm, highest breakdown voltage of 6.84kV has been estimated with device height of 200μm.
A Review of Engineering Geology in TanzaniaIJRES Journal
This paper briefly summaries the engineering geology importance to the development of Tanzania. Tanzania is situated in geologically active region and hence it is subjected to various earthquake and volcanic related hazards. Other factors such as high annual rainfall, rugged topography and intense weathering when combined with earthquake and volcanic related hazards makes Tanzania an extremely challenging and interesting environment for geological engineers. Several large open pit mining operations such as Geita and Buzwagi and the design of tailing dams have involved considerable input from geological engineers both in terms design and development of necessary infrastructures. The construction and maintenance of roads is an important factor in the growth of Tanzania and both major and minor roads have been affected by slope instability problems. The development of hydroelectric power has also involved a significant input from geological engineers in the design and construction of dams and its related structures.
Quantum-inspired artificial fish swarm algorithm based on the Bloch sphere se...IJRES Journal
To enhance the performance of the intelligent optimization algorithm, a new model of performing search on the Bloch sphere is proposed. Then, by integrating the model into the artificial fish swarm optimization, we present a quantum-inspired artificial fish swarm optimization algorithm. In proposed method, the fishes are encoded with the qubits described on the Bloch sphere. The vector product theory is adopted to establish the axis of rotation, and the Pauli matrices are used to construct the rotation matrices. The four fish behaviors, such as moving, tracking, capturing, aggregating, are achieved by rotating the current qubit about the rotation axis to the target qubit on the Bloch sphere. The Bloch coordinates of qubit can be obtained by measuring with the Pauli matrices, and the optimization solutions can be presented through the solution space transformation. The highlight advantages of this method are the ability to simultaneously adjust two parameters of a qubit and automatically achieve the best match between two adjustment quantities, which may accelerate the optimization process. The experimental results show that the proposed method obviously outperforms the classical one in convergence speed and achieves better levels for some benchmark functions.
Power Aware Cluster to Minimize Load In Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksIJRES Journal
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are popularly known to their mobility and ease of usage. These networks are a set of identical nodes that move freely to communicate among networks and they are represented as a set of clusters. However, their wireless and active natures cause them to be more susceptible to various types of security attacks and transmission energy consumption so that they drop out of the network easily. Now-a-days the major challenge of MANETS is to endow with the assurance to the secure network services and also to provide a nearby balance of load for the cluster-heads. To meet this confront, certificate revocation with load balancing is an important central component to provide security and energy conservation in the network communications. In this paper, we focus on load balancing clustering to widen the lifetime of the cluster-head for a maximum time before allowing it to withdraw so as to distribute the responsibility to other legitimate nodes in the cluster to act as a cluster-head along with the issue of certificate revocation process. For quick, accurate, secure certificate revocation and to conserve energy, we propose the CCRV with Load Balancing Clustering scheme where we can reduce the burden of the cluster along with secure certificate revocation. In particular, to minimize the transmission energy consumption, we use the master slave model to operate the network with longer lifetime and we propose load balancing mechanism to enhance the lifetime of the cluster-head.
Optimal Data Collection from a Network using Probability Collectives (Swarm B...IJRES Journal
This paper contains the implementation of the BeeAdhoc algorithm for data routing in mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANet). The algorithm was inspired by the foraging behaviour of honey bees and its implementation mimics this behaviour. The integration was done on Network Simulator version 2 (NS-2.34) where different scenarios were considered in comparison with other existing state-of-the-art routing algorithms that have been implemented in the chosen simulator. The comparison was carried out between DSR, DSDV, AOMDV which are all multipath routing algorithms as the BeeAdhoc; this gave a better insight to the different behaviour of the algorithms on a common application environment. Throughput, end-to-end delay and routing overhead constitute the indices used for the performance evaluation. Experimental results showed the best performance of BeeAdhoc over, DSDV and AOMDV algorithms.
Vehicle Recognition at Night Based on Tail LightDetection Using Image ProcessingIJRES Journal
Automatic recognition of vehicles in front can be used as a component of systems for forward collisions prevention. When driving in dark conditions, vehicles in front are generally visible by their back lights. Present an algorithm that detects vehicles at night using a camera by searching for tail lights. Develop an image processing systems that can efficiently spot vehicles at different distances and in weather and lightning conditions.
Transparent electronics is the next level of technology that the world requires. It is a technology which helps in producing invisible electronic circuits and optoelectronic devices. Numerous applications can be built upon transparent electronics which would change the style of the world we are living in today. The applications contain consumer electronics such as transparent windows which would sense the trespassing and would send a message to the owner of the house regarding the intruding action of someone, transparent windshields, electronic spectacles similar to Google glass, e-Wear or e-Skin etc. However the materials for such type of technology must be transparent and also possess the conductivity characteristics which are quite contradictory. Transparent conductors are neither 100% optically transparent nor metallically conductive. But some of the compounds have been discovered which possess these two properties to a satisfactory extent. And the research of such materials is still going on. The key performance metrics of transparent thin film transistors would be high device mobility and low temperature fabrication. Generally high device mobility enables fast device operation and low power consumption, which broadens the application area of TTFTs. On the other hand, low temperature fabrication is essential for transparent devices made on flexible substrates which would enable novel applications. Low temperature fabrication also lowers the fabrication expense significantly. Despite the above mentioned success, the reported mobility values are still low compared to those of non-transparent devices indicating further room for improvement.
Network on Chip Architecture and Routing Techniques: A surveyIJRES Journal
The processor designing and development was designed to perform various complex logical information exchange and processing operations in a variety of resolutions. They mainly rely on concurrent and sync, both that of the software and hardware to enhance the productivity and performance. With the high speed growth approaching multi-billion transistor integration era, some of the main problems which are symbolized by all gate lengths in the range of 60-90 nm, will be from non-scalable delays generated by wire. All similar problems may be solved by using Network on Chip (NOC) systems. In the presented paper, we have summarized research papers and contributions in NOC area. With advancement in the technology in the on chip communication, faster interaction between devices is becoming vital. Network on Chip (NOC) can be one of the solutions for faster on chip communication. For efficient link between devices of NOC, routers are needed. This paper also reviews implementation of routing techniques. The use of routing gives higher throughput as required for dealing with complexity of modern systems. It is mainly focused on the routing design parameters on both system level including traffic pattern, network topology and routing algorithm, and architecture level including arbitration algorithm.
A Simple Control Strategy for Boost Converter Based Wind and Solar Hybrid Ene...IJRES Journal
This paper deals about the improvement of output from hybrid (Wind and PV) system through the maximum power point technique (MPPT). Though various power tracking techniques are available, Constant Voltage method is simple and effective way to track the maximum power. In this method output voltage is compared with the maximum voltage and based on the comparison gate signal is generated to the boost converter switch. Two boost converters are used individually for PV and Wind system. The whole system is modeled by using the Matlab/Simulink Model.
Role Of Private Sector Banks In Financial Inclusion: A Case Study On West-BengalIJRES Journal
The banking industry has shown tremendous growth in volume and complexity during the last few decades, the main concern is that the banks have not been able to reach and bring vast segment of the society into the fold of basic banking sector. Financial inclusion, of late has become one of the major attentions in academic research, public policy, seminars in view of its important role in aiding economic development of the resource poor developing economies. RBI has also taken up different measures to improve the financial inclusiveness of the economy of the country. Rangarajan Committee (2008) on financial inclusion stated that “Financial inclusion may be defined as the process of ensuring access to financial services and timely and adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost”. West-Bengal is one of the most dispersed state in terms of financial inclusion, where only North 24 Parganas and Kolkata showed high levels of inclusiveness (RBI Working Papers). This paper puts emphasis on the present scenario of financial inclusion in the state and outreach of private sector banks (member of SLBC, West-Bengal) in reaching out the different excluded section of the society.
Operational Research and Organizational SystemIJRES Journal
Organizational systems, as well as specific integration of social and technical systems are extremely important for the development of human society. The most part, the problems of managing these systems are reduced to operations research - a generic term for activities that define the processes involved in the functions of organizational systems, and hence the term operations research. Field of study operations research as a scientific discipline, the organizational processes and activities that are being carried out and an important determinant of the intention to find the best decisions in managing the operations undertaken to achieve the set goals of the system. The generality of operations research is reflected in the fact that apply to all types of organizational systems - commercial, industrial, agricultural, military, medical, educational, government, and the like. Users of operations research decision makers - managers, whose task is to efficiently and effectively manage organizational systems. In this paper we consider operational research and conceptual foundations that enable its effective use in solving the problem of organizational systems.
Design and performance of Four-Stage Adsorption SystemIJRES Journal
A design of four-stage adsorption system was proposed to utilize very low temperature waste heat or solar heat. A simulation model for the proposed cycle was developed to analyse the influence of cycle time and driving heat source temperature on the performance of system identifying the specific cooling power (SCP) and coefficient of performance (COP). It was found that the proposed cycle could be driven by waste heat temperature as low as 35oC with the coolant at 30oC. Both SCP and COP of the proposed system is very low at lower heat source temperature, which can be improved through optimization of cycle time with other design parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
optimization of process parameters for cnc turning using taguchi methods for ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Coated and uncoated tool inserts offers certain degrees of control on the desired rate of tool wear and surface roughness to an extent. This work pursues the quest for realizing the optimal values for the significant process parameters that bears an influence on the response parameters. Experiments were conducted on the samples of EN 24 alloy steel material with the help of PVD coated TiAlN insert and uncoated carbide insert. The experimental runs carried out with proper variation in the levels. Levels are selected with the help of manufacturing catalogue and by pilot experimentation and results are recorded for further analysis. For this study, 9 runs designed using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi Design of Experiment. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface tester at test lab and material removal rate is calculated by mathematical equation. The data was compiled into Minitab 17 software for analysis. The relationship between the machining parameters and the response variables were analyzed using the Taguchi Method. Optimization of process parameters is carried out by Grey Relational Analysis method (GRA). GRA method is a powerful and most versatile tool which can manipulate the input data as per requirement and comes with results that can be used to have best multi-objective in respective concerns
Currently composites are being used to replace conventional metallic materials in a wide range of industries including aerospace, aircraft and defense which require structural materials with high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios.
GFRP composites are used in fairings, passenger compartments, and storage room doors due to their high mechanical properties. Out of all the machining operations, most commonly used operation is drilling.
But drilling of these composite materials, irrespective of the application area can be considered a critical operation, owing to their tendency to delaminate when subjected to mechanical stresses
Parametric Optimization on MIG Welded EN8 Material Joints by using Taguchi Me...ijsrd.com
Welding is a manufacturing process, which is carried out for joining of metals. By MIG Welding it is possible to weld in all positions. Optimization of the parameter will be carried out by Taguchi method. We will use EN-8 material which is more use in Automobile parts. EN8 plate with dimensions 250mm x 125mm x 6mm with V- Groove 650.Where the input parameters are welding current, Wire feed and gas flow rate and output parameters are tensile strength and Hardness.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Artificial Intelligence based optimization of weld bead geometry in laser wel...IJMER
This paper reports on a modeling and optimization of laser welding of aluminum-magnesium alloy thickness of 1.7mm. Regression analysis is used for modeling and Genetic algorithm is used for optimize the process parameters.The input values for the regression methods is taken according the Taguchi based orthogonal array. A software named Computer aided Robust Parameter Genetic Algorithm CARPGA has been developed in MATLAB 2013 which combine all of these methodologies. This software has been validated with some published paper.
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
A two-phase model is proposed for describing the dynamics of a fluidized bed reactor used for
polypropylene production. In the proposed model, the fluidized bed is divided into an emulsion and bubble
phase where the flow of gas is considered to be plug flow through the bubbles and perfectly mixed through the
emulsion phase. Similar previous models, consider the reaction in the emulsion phase only. In this work the
contribution of reaction in the bubble phase is considered and its effect on the overall polypropylene production
is investigated the kinetic model is combined with hydrodynamic model in order to develop a comprehensive
model for gas-phase propylene copolymerization reactor. Simulation profiles of the proposed model were
compared with those of well mixed model for the emulsion phase temperature. The simulated temperature
profile showed a lower rate of change compared to the previously reported models due to lower polymerization
rate. Model simulation showed that about 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase and this
considerable amount of polymerization in the bubbles should not be neglected in any modeling attempt.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
Positioning error is a widely problem exists in mechanism, the important factors affecting machining
precision. In order to reduce the error caused by positioning problem processing, based on the differential
workbench as the research object, using the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the
analysis of positioning error mechanism and source of complete differential precision workbench error
compensation, improve the accuracy of the device, provides a method for the application of modern machine
tools. table.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Correlation Analysis of Tool Wear and Cutting Sound SignalIJRES Journal
With the classic signal analysis and processing method, the cutting of the audio signal in time
domain and frequency domain analysis. We reached the following conclusions: in the time domain analysis,
cutting audio signals mean and the variance associated with tool wear state change occurred did not change
significantly, and tool wear is not high degree of correlation, and the mean-square value of the audio signal
changes in the size and tool wear the state has a good relationship.
Reduce Resources for Privacy in Mobile Cloud Computing Using Blowfish and DSA...IJRES Journal
Mobile cloud computing in light of the increasing popularity among users of mobile smart
technology which is the next indispensable that enables users to take advantage of the storage cloud computing
services. However, mobile cloud computing, the migration of information on the cloud is reliable their privacy
and security issues. Moreover, mobile cloud computing has limitations in resources such as power energy,
processor, Memory and storage. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of privacy with saving and
reducing resources power energy, processor and Memory. This is done through data encryption in the mobile
cloud computing by symmetric algorithm and sent to the private cloud and then the data is encrypted again and
sent to the public cloud through Asymmetric algorithm. The experimental results showed after a comparison
between encryption algorithms less time and less time to decryption are as follows: Blowfish algorithm for
symmetric and the DSA algorithm for Asymmetric. The analysis results showed a significant improvement in
reducing the resources in the period of time and power energy consumption and processor.
Resistance of Dryland Rice to Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk.) Using ...IJRES Journal
Rice stem borer is one of the important pests that attack plants so as to reduce production. One way
to control pests is to use organic fertilizers that make the plant stronger and healthier. This study was conducted
to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with various doses without the use of pesticides in controlling stem
borer, Scirpophaga incertulas. Methods using split-split plot design which consists of two levels of the whole
plot factor (solid and liquid organic fertilizers), two levels of the subplot factor (conventional and industry,
Tiens and Mitraflora), and four levels of the sub-subplot factor of conventional and industry (5, 10, 15, 20
tonnes/ha), and one level of the sub-subplot factor of Tiens and Mitraflora (each 2 ml/l). Based on the results
Statistical analysis there were no significant differences among treatments and this shows that the use of organic
fertilizers that only a dose of 5 tonnes/ha is sufficient available nutrients that make plants more robust and
resistant to control stem borer, besides that can reduce production costs and friendly to the environment when
compared with using inorganic fertilizers.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
In this work we reported the carbon dioxide adsorption (CO2) in six different nanostructures in order
to investigate the capturing capacity of the materials at nanoscale. Here we have considered the three different
nanotubes including zinc oxide nanotube (ZnONT), silicon carbide nanotube (SiCNT) and single walled carbon
nanotube (SWCNT). Three different chiralities such as zigzag (9,0), armchair (5,5) and chiral (6,4) having
approximately same diameter are analyzed. The adsorption binding energy values under various cases are
estimated with density functional theory (DFT). We observed CO2 molecule chemisorbed on ZnONT and
SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
defects are studied and compared with defect free tubes. We have also analyzed the electrical properties of tubes
from HOMO, LUMO energies. Our results reveal the defected structure enhance the CO2 capture and is
predicted to be a potential candidate for environmental applications.
Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
In this paper, the brake driving intention identification parameters based on the fuzzy control are
summarized and analyzed, the necessary parameters based on the fuzzy control of the brake driving intention
recognition are found out, and I pointed out the commonly corrupt parameters, and through the relevant
parameters , I establish the corresponding driving intention model.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
TOP 10 B TECH COLLEGES IN JAIPUR 2024.pptxnikitacareer3
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Estimation Of Optimum Dilution In The GMAW Process Using Integrated ANN-SA
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 2 Issue 6 ǁ June. 2014 ǁ PP.70-87
www.ijres.org 70 | Page
Estimation Of Optimum Dilution In The GMAW Process Using
Integrated ANN-SA
P Sreeraj A
, T Kannanb
, Subhasismajic
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Valia Koonambaikulathamma College of Engineering and Technology,
Kerala, 692574 India.
b
Principal, SVS College of Engineering,Coimbatore,Tamilnadu,642109 India.
c
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering IGNOU, Delhi,110068, India.
Abstract
To improve the corrosion resistant properties of carbon steel usually cladding process is used. It is a process of
depositing a thick layer of corrosion resistant material over carbon steel plate. Most of the engineering
applications require high strength and corrosion resistant materials for long term reliability and performance. By
cladding these properties can be achieved with minimum cost. The main problem faced on cladding is the
selection of optimum combinations of process parameters for achieving quality clad and hence good clad bead
geometry.
This paper highlights an experimental study to optimize various input process parameters (welding current,
welding speed, gun angle, contact tip to work distance and pinch) to get optimum dilution in stainless steel
cladding of low carbon structural steel plates using Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). Experiments were
conducted based on central composite rotatable design with full replication technique and mathematical models
were developed using multiple regression method. The developed models have been checked for adequacy and
significance. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Simulated Annealing Algorithm (SA)
techniques were integrated labels as integrated ANN-SA to estimate optimal process parameters in GMAW to
get optimum dilution.
Key words: Mathematical model, cladding, GMAW, ANN, Clad bead geometry, corrosion, SA.
I. Introduction
Prevention of corrosion is a major problem in Industries. Even though it cannot be eliminated completely it
can be reduced to some extent. A corrosion resistant protective layer is made over the less corrosion resistant
substrate by a process called cladding. This technique is used to improve life of engineering components but
also reduce their cost. This process is mainly now used in industries such as chemical, textiles, nuclear, steam
power plants, food processing and petro chemical industries [1].
Most accepted method of employed in weld cladding is GMAW. It has got the following advantages [2].
High reliability
All position capability
Ease to use
Low cost
High Productivity
Suitable for both ferrous and non ferrous metals
High deposition rate
Cleanliness and ease of mechanization
The mechanical strength of clad metal is highly influenced by the composition of metal but also by clad
bead shape. This is an indication of bead geometry. Fig 1 shows the clad bead geometry. It mainly depends on
welding current; welding speed, arc voltage etc. Therefore it is necessary to study the relationship between the
process parameters and bead parameters to study clad bead geometry. Using mathematical models it can be
achieved. This paper highlights the study carried out to develop mathematical and ANN-SA models to optimize
clad bead geometry, in stainless steel cladding deposited by GMAW. The experiments were conducted based on
four factor five level central composite rotatable designs with full replication technique [3]. The developed
models have been checked for their adequacy and significance. Again using ANN-SA, the bead parameters were
optimized to get optimum dilution.
Welding process is a very complex one. And this does not permit pure analytical and physical modelling.
Basically models can be dived in to three categories that are experimental models, analytical models and
artificial intelligent models. Experimental and analytical models can be developed by conventional techniques
such as multiple regression analysis. The artificial intelligent models can be developed by artificial neural
2. Estimation of optimum dilution in the GMAW process using integrated ANN-SA
www.ijres.org 71 | Page
network, genetic algorithm fuzzy logic and simulated annealing algorithm. The abilities of ANN include that
ANN can handle a nonlinear form of modelling that learns the mapping of inputs to outputs, in terms of speed,
simplicity ANN is more successful, ANN models does not need any preliminary assumptions as to underlying
mechanisms in the modelled process and there exists ANN tool box in MATLAB which makes the process
simple.
Generally modelling is a process of establishing the minimum potential value of welding process while
optimization is the process of establishing the potential minimum value of welding performance at optimal point
of process parameters. There are some established techniques such as Genetic algorithm (GA), simulated
annealing algorithm (SA).Tabu search (TS), and particle swarm optimization technique (PSO).One of the
alternative in optimizing weld bead geometry is the use of Simulated annealing algorithm(SA).It is because SA
program is easy and typically takes only few hundred lines of computer code, SA algorithm can be used to
determine the global minimum more efficiently instead of tapping in a local minimum where objective function
has surrounding boundaries and Sa search is independent of initial conditions. The integration system is a
combination of two or more techniques with the target to obtain a more successful result.ANN technique and
PSO optimization techniques were integrated in determining the optimum solution in conventional machining
for pocket –milling and ball end milling process (EI-Mounayri, Kishawy&briceno2005).
In this study an integration system is taken up to observe the possible improvement in the result that may be
obtained particularly for GMAW process. With integrated ANN-SA it is expected that it can produce more
significant result for dilution compared to the experimental, regression modelling and ANN single based
modelling results.
Percentage dilution (D) = [B/ (A+B)] X 100
Fig 1. Clad bead geometry
II. Experimental Procedure
The following machines and consumables were used for the purpose of conducting experiment.
1) A constant current gas metal arc welding machine (Invrtee V 350 – PRO advanced processor with 5 –
425 amps output range)
2) Welding manipulator
3) Wire feeder (LF – 74 Model)
4) Filler material Stainless Steel wire of 1.2mm diameter (ER – 308 L).
5) Gas cylinder containing a mixture of 98% argon and 2% oxygen.
6) Mild steel plate (grade IS – 2062)
Test plates of size 300 x 200 x 20mm were cut from mild steel plate of grade IS – 2062 and one of the
surfaces is cleaned to remove oxide and dirt before cladding. ER-308 L stainless steel wire of 1.2mm diameter
was used for depositing the clad beads through the feeder. Argon gas at a constant flow rate of 16 litres per
minute was used for shielding. The properties of base metal and filler wire are shown in Table 1.
The selection of the welding electrode wire based on the matching the mechanical properties and physical
characteristics of the base metal and weld size [4]. A candidate material for cladding which has excellent
corrosion resistance and weldability is stainless steel. These have chloride stress corrosion cracking resistance
and strength significantly greater than other materials. These have good surface appearance, good radiographic
standard quality and minimum electrode wastage.
3. Estimation of optimum dilution in the GMAW process using integrated ANN-SA
www.ijres.org 72 | Page
Table 1. Chemical Composition of Base Metal and Filler Wire
III. Plan of Investigation
The research work was planned to be carried out in the following steps [5].
1) Identification of factors and responses.
2) Finding limits of process variables.
3) Development of design matrix.
4) Conducting experiments as per design matrix.
5) Recording the responses.
6) Development of mathematical models.
7) Checking the adequacy of developed models.
8) Conducting conformity tests.
3.1 Identification of factors and responses
The following independently controllable process parameters were found to be affecting output parameters.
These are wire feed rate (W), welding speed (S), welding gun angle (T), contact tip to work to distance (N) and
pinch (Ac), The responses chosen were clad bead width (W), height of reinforcement (R), Depth of Penetration.
(P) and percentage of dilution (D). The responses were chosen based on the impact of parameters on final
composite model.
The basic difference between welding and cladding is the percentage of dilution. The properties of the
cladding are significantly influenced by dilution obtained. Hence control of dilution is important in cladding
where a low dilution is highly desirable. When dilution is quite low, the final deposit composition will be closer
to that of filler material and hence corrosion resistant properties of cladding will be greatly improved. The
chosen factors have been selected on the basis to get minimal dilution and optimal clad bead geometry.
Few significant research works have been conducted in these areas using these process parameters and so these
parameters were used for experimental study.
3.2 Finding the limits of process variables
Working ranges of all selected factors are fixed by conducting trial runs. This was carried out by varying
one of factors while keeping the rest of them as constant values. Working range of each process parameters was
decided upon by inspecting the bead for smooth appearance without any visible defects. The upper limit of
given factor was coded as -2. The coded value of intermediate values were calculated using the equation (2)
𝑋𝑖 =
2[2𝑋−(𝑋max + 𝑋min )]
(𝑋max − 𝑋min )]
---------------- (2)
Where Xi is the required coded value of parameter X is any value of parameter from Xmin – Xmax. Xmin is the
lower limit of parameters and Xmax is the upper limit parameters [4].
The chosen level of the parameters with their units and notation are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Welding Parameters and their Levels
Parameters Unit Notation
Factor Levels
-2 -1 0 1 2
Welding Current A 1 200 225 250 275 300
Welding Speed mm/min S 150 158 166 174 182
Contact tip to work distance mm N 10 14 18 22 26
Welding gun Angle Degree T 70 80 90 100 110
Pinch - Ac -10 -5 0 5 10
Elements wt %
Materials C SI Mn P S Al Cr Mo Ni
IS 2062 0.150 0.160 0.870 0.015 0.016 0.031 - - -
ER 308L 0.03 0.57 1.76 0.021 0.008 - 19.52 0.75 10.02
4. Estimation of optimum dilution in the GMAW process using integrated ANN-SA
www.ijres.org 73 | Page
3.3 Development of design matrix
Design matrix chosen to conduct the experiments was central composite rotatable design. The design matrix
comprises of full replication of 25
(= 32), Factorial designs. All welding parameters in the intermediate levels (o)
Constitute the central points and combination of each welding parameters at either is highest value (+2) or
lowest (-2) with other parameters of intermediate levels (0) constitute star points. 32 experimental trails were
conducted that make the estimation of linear quadratic and two way interactive effects of process parameters
on clad geometry [5].
Table 3. Design Matrix
Trial Number
Design Matrix
I S N T Ac
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1
2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
3 -1 1 -1 -1 -1
4 1 1 -1 -1 1
5 -1 -1 1 -1 -1
6 1 -1 1 -1 1
7 -1 1 1 -1 1
8 1 1 1 -1 -1
9 -1 -1 -1 1 -1
10 1 -1 -1 1 1
11 -1 1 -1 1 1
12 1 1 -1 1 -1
13 -1 -1 1 1 1
14 1 -1 1 1 -1
15 -1 1 1 1 -1
16 1 1 1 1 1
17 -2 0 0 0 0
18 2 0 0 0 0
19 0 -2 0 0 0
20 0 2 0 0 0
21 0 0 -2 0 0
22 0 0 2 0 0
23 0 0 0 -2 0
24 0 0 0 2 0
25 0 0 0 0 -2
26 0 0 0 0 2
27 0 0 0 0 0
28 0 0 0 0 0
29 0 0 0 0 0
30 0 0 0 0 0
31 0 0 0 0 0
32 0 0 0 0 0
I - Welding current; S - Welding speed; N - Contact tip to work distance; T - Welding gun angle; Ac - Pinch
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3.4 Conducting experiments as per design matrix
The experiments were conducted at SVS College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India. In this work thirty two
experimental run were allowed for the estimation of linear quadratic and two-way interactive effects of
corresponding each treatment combination of parameters on bead geometry as shown Table 3 at random. At
each run settings for all parameters were disturbed and reset for next deposit. This is very essential to introduce
variability caused by errors in experimental set up.
3.5 Recording of Responses
In order to measure clad bead geometry of transverse section of each weld overlays were cut using band
saw from mid length. Position of the weld and end faces were machined and grinded. The specimen and faces
were polished and etched using a 5% nital solution to display bead dimensions. The clad bead profiles were
traced using a reflective type optical profile projector at a magnification of X10, in M/s Roots Industries Ltd.
Coimbatore. Then the bead dimension such as depth of penetration height of reinforcement and clad bead width
were measured [6]. The traced bead profiles were scanned in order to find various clad parameters and the
percentage of dilution with help of AUTO CAD software. This is shown in Fig 4.
Fig. 4 Traced Profiles (Specimen No.2)
02A represents profile of the specimen (front side) and 02B represents profile of the specimen (rear side).
The measured clad bead dimension and percentage of dilution is shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Design Matrix and Observed Values of Clad Bead Geometry
Trial No. Design Matrix Bead Parameters
I S N T Ac W (mm) P (mm) R (mm) D (%)
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 6.9743 1.67345 6.0262 10.72091
2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 7.6549 1.9715 5.88735 12.16746
3 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 6.3456 1.6986 5.4519 12.74552
4 1 1 -1 -1 1 7.7635 1.739615 6.0684 10.61078
5 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 7.2683 2.443 5.72055 16.67303
6 1 -1 1 -1 1 9.4383 2.4905 5.9169 15.96692
7 -1 1 1 -1 -1 6.0823 2.4672 5.49205 16.5894
8 1 1 1 -1 -1 8.4666 2.07365 5.9467 14.98494
9 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 6.3029 1.5809 5.9059 10.2749
10 1 -1 -1 1 1 7.0136 1.5662 5.9833 9.707297
11 -1 1 -1 1 1 6.2956 1.58605 5.5105 11.11693
12 1 1 -1 1 -1 7.741 1.8466 5.8752 11.4273
13 -1 -1 1 1 1 7.3231 2.16475 5.72095 15.29097
02A
02B
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W - Width; P - Penetration; R - Reinforcement; D - Dilution %
3.6 Development of Mathematical Models
The response function representing any of the clad bead geometry can be expressed as [7, 8, 9],
Y = f (A, B, C, D, E) ----------------------------------------- (3)
Where, Y = Response variable
A = Welding current (I) in amps
B = Welding speed (S) in mm/min
C = Contact tip to Work distance (N) in mm
D = Welding gun angle (T) in degrees
E = Pinch (Ac)
The second order surface response model equation can be expressed as below
Y = β0 + β1 A + β2 B + β3 C + β4 D + β5 E + β11 A2
+ β22 B2
+ β33 C2
+ β44 D2
+ β55 E2
+ β12 AB + β13 AC + β14
AD + β15 AE + β23 BC + β24 BD + β25 BE + β34 CD + β35 CE+ β45 DE ----------- (4)
Where, β0 is the free term of the regression equation, the coefficient β1,β2,β3,β4 and β5 is are linear terms, the
coefficients β11,β22, β33,β44 and ß55 quadratic terms, and the coefficients β 12,β13,β14,β15 , etc are the interaction
terms. The coefficients were calculated by using MINITTAB 15. After determining the coefficients, the
mathematical models were developed. The developed mathematical models are given as follows.
Clad Bead Width (W), mm = 8.923 + 0.701A +0.388B + 0.587C + 0.040D + 0.088E – 0.423A2
– 0.291B2
–
0.338C2
– 0.219D2
– 0.171E2
+ 0.205AB + 0.405AC + 0.105AD + 0.070AE – 0.134BC + 0.225BD + 0.098BE
+ 0.26 CD + 0.086 CE + 0.012 DE -------- (5)
14 1 -1 1 1 -1 9.6171 2.69495 6.37445 18.54077
15 -1 1 1 1 -1 6.6335 2.3089 5.554 17.23138
16 1 1 1 1 1 10.514 2.7298 5.4645 20.8755
17 -2 0 0 0 0 6.5557 1.99045 5.80585 13.65762
18 2 0 0 0 0 7.4772 2.5737 6.65505 15.74121
19 0 -2 0 0 0 7.5886 2.50455 6.4069 15.77816
20 0 2 0 0 0 7.5014 2.1842 5.6782 16.82349
21 0 0 -2 0 0 6.1421 1.3752 6.0976 8.941799
22 0 0 2 0 0 8.5647 3.18536 5.63655 22.94721
23 0 0 0 -2 0 7.9575 2.2018 5.8281 15.74941
24 0 0 0 2 0 7.7085 1.85885 6.07515 13.27285
25 0 0 0 0 -2 7.8365 2.3577 5.74915 16.63287
26 0 0 0 0 2 8.2082 2.3658 5.99005 16.38043
27 0 0 0 0 0 7.9371 2.1362 6.0153 15.18374
28 0 0 0 0 0 8.4371 2.17145 5.69895 14.82758
29 0 0 0 0 0 9.323 3.1425 5.57595 22.8432
30 0 0 0 0 0 9.2205 3.2872 5.61485 23.6334
31 0 0 0 0 0 10.059 2.86605 5.62095 21.55264
32. 0 0 0 0 0 8.9953 2.72068 5.7052 19.60811
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Depth of Penetration (P), mm = 2.735 + 0.098A – 0.032B + 0.389C – 0.032D – 0.008E – 0.124A2
– 0.109B2
–
0.125C2
– 0.187D2
– 0.104E2
– 0.33AB + 0.001 AC + 0.075AD + 0.005 AE – 0.018BC + 0.066BD + 0.087BE +
0.058CD + 0.054CE – 0.036DE --------- (6)
Height of Reinforcement (R), mm = 5.752 + 0.160A – 0.151B – 0.060C + 0.016D – 0.002E + 0.084A2
+
0.037B2
– 0.0006C2
+ 0.015D2
– 0.006E2
+ 0.035AB + 0.018AC – 0.008AD – 0.048AE – 0.024BC – 0.062BD
– 0.003BE + 0.012CD – 0.092CE – 0.095DE -------- (7)
Percentage Dilution (D), % = 19.705 + 0.325A + 0.347B + 3.141C – 0.039D – 0.153E – 1.324A2
– 0.923B2
–
1.012C2
– 1.371D2
– 0.872E2
– 0.200AB + 0.346 AC + 0.602 AD + 0.203 AE + 0.011BC + 0.465BD + 0.548
BE + 0.715 CD + 0.360CE + 0.137 DE --------- (8)
3.7 Checking the adequacy of the developed models
The adequacy of the developed model was tested using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. As per
this technique, if the F – ratio values of the developed models do not exceed the standard tabulated values for a
desired level of confidence (95%) and the calculated R – ratio values of the developed model exceed the
standard values for a desired level of confidence (95%) then the models are said to be adequate within the
confidence limit [10]. These conditions were satisfied for the developed models. Values are shown in Table 5.
Table 5 Analysis of variance for Testing Adequacy of the Model
Parameter
1st
Order
terms
2nd
order
terms
Lack of fit Error terms
F-ratio R-ratio
Whether
model is
adequateSS DF SS DF SS DF SS DF
W 36.889 20 6.233 11 3.513 6 2.721 5 1.076 3.390 Adequate
P 7.810 20 0.404 11 0.142 6 0.261 5 0.454 7.472 Adequate
R 1.921 20 0.572 11 0.444 6 0.128 5 2.885 3.747 Adequate
D 506.074 20 21.739 11 6.289 6 15.45 5 0.339 8.189 Adequate
SS - Sum of squares; DF - Degree of freedom; F Ratio (6, 5, 0.5) = 3.40451; R Ratio (20, 5, 0.05) = 3.20665
IV. Artificial neural network modelling.
To develop ANN model for predicting the bead geometry a net work structure is illustrated as shown in
Fig6.
MAT LAB 7 was used for tracing the network for the prediction of clad bead geometry. Statistical
mathematical model was used compare results produced by the work. For normalizing the data, the goal is to
examine the statistical distribution of values of each net input and outputs are roughly uniform in addition the
value should scaled to match range of input neurons [16].
This is basically range 0 to 1 in practice it is found to between 01 and 9 [17]. In this paper data base are
normalized using the Equation (9)
----------------------------------------- (9)
Xnorm = Normalized value between 0 and 1
X = Value to be normalized
Xmin = Minimum value in the data set range the particular data set rage which is to be normalized.
Xmax= Maximum value in the particular data set range which is to be normalized.
In this study five welding process parameters were employed as input to the network. The Levenberg-
Marquardt approximation algorithm was found to be the best fit for application because it can reduce the MSE
to a significantly small value and can provide better accuracy of prediction. So neural network model with feed
forward back propagation algorithm and Levenberg-Marqudt approximation algorithm was trained with data
collected for the experiment. Error was calculated using the equation (10).
Error = ------------------------------------- (10)
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The difficulty using the regression equation is the possibility of over fitting the data. To avoid this, the
experimental data is divided in to two sets; one training set and other test data set .The ANN model is created
using only training data the other test data is used to check the behavior the ANN model created. All variables
are normalized using the equation (9).The data was randomized and portioned in to two one training and other
test data.
.................................................................................. (11)
..................................................................................... (12)
Neural Network general form can be defined as a model shown above y representing the output variables
and xj the set of inputs, shown in equation [11, 12]. The subscript i represent the hidden units shown in Fig 6 and
θ represents bias and wj represents the weights. The above equation defines the function giving output as a
function of input.
The training process involves the derivation of weights by minimization of the regularized sum of squared
error.
The complexity of model is controlled by the number of hidden level values of regularization constants and
is associated with each input one for biases and one for all weights connected to output.
4.1 Procedure for prediction
The effectiveness of ANN model is fully depends on the trial and error process. This study considers the
factors that could be influencing the effectiveness of the model developed. In the MATLAB 7 tool there are five
Influencing factors listed below.
1. Network algorithm.
2. Transfer function.
3. Training function.
4. Learning function.
5. Performance function.
The ANN structure consists of three layers which are input, hidden, output layer. It is known that ANN
model is designed on trial and error basis. The trial and error is carried out by adjusting the number of layers and
the number of neurons in the hidden structure. Too many neurons in hidden layer results a waste of computer
memory and computation time, while too few neurons, may not provide desired data control effect. The process
is conducted using 28 randomly selected samples. Seventeen data are used for training and eleven used for test
the data. Table 4 shows randomized data with1-11 for test data and 12-28 for training data.
It is suggested that following guide lines should be followed for selecting training and testing of data such as
90%:10%, 85%:15% and 80%:20% with a total of the 100% combined ratio. To fit the randomized sample of
28; preferred ratio selected is 70%:30%.
1. (70/100) × 28 = 19-20 Training samples.
2. (30/100) × 28 = 8-9 data testing samples.
It is necessary to normalize the quantitative variable to some standard range from 0-1. The number of
neurons hidden layers should be approximately equal to n/2, n, 2n and 2n+1 where n is the number of input
neurons. Many different ANN network algorithms have been proposed by researchers but back propagation (BP)
algorithm has found to be the best for prediction .Researchers developed the model by using feed forward BP
and radial basis network algorithm and it were found that feed forward BP gives more accurate results. Basically
a feed forward network based on BP is a multilayered architecture made up of one or more hidden layers placed
between input and output layers, Shown in Fig 6.Transfer function, training function, learning function and
performance function used in this study are logsig, traindgm, traingdx and MSE.
4.2 Determination of the best ANN model
In order to determine the best network structure of ANN prediction model the randomized data set is divided
into two sets one training data set which is used for the prediction of the model, and the other test data which
issued to validate the model. Seventeen data used for training set and eleven data for test set .This to avoid the
over fitting of the data. An ANN model is created and trained using MATLAB 7 ANN tool box .The lowest MSE
obtained is for twelve hidden neurons .So network structure 5-12-4, five input neurons, twelve hidden neurons
and four output neurons. Then the test data is validated against the ANN model created, the results are shown in
Table 6.Training data is shown in Table 7.
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V. SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM OPTIMIZATION
Simulated annealing is a random search technique that able to escape local optima using a probability
function (Kirkpatrick,Gelatte,&Vecchi 1983).Based on the iterative improvement ,the SA algorithm is A
heuristic method with basic idea of generating random displacement from any feasible solution. This process
accepts not only the generated solutions which improve the fitness function but also those which do not improve
it with probability function; a parameter depending upon the fitness function.
SA is a method for solving unconstrained and bound-constrained optimization problems. It models the
physical process of heating a material and then slowly lowering the temperature to decrease the defects, thus
minimizing the system energy. At each of iteration of SA algorithm, new points randomly generated the distance
of the new point from the current point or the extent of search is based on the probability distribution of the
scale proportional to temperature. The algorithm accepted new scale that lowers the objective but also with the
probability points that raise the objective. By accepting points that raises the objective, the algorithms avoids
being trapped in the in a local minimum and it is able to globally for mean solutions. An annealing temperature
is selected to systematically decrease the temperature as algorithm proceeds. As the temperature reduces the
algorithm reduces the extent of its search to converge to a minimum. An important part of SA process is how in
puts are randomised .The randomized process take place the previous input value and current temperature
inputs. A higher temperature will result more randomization a lower temperature will result less randomization.
In this study Simulated Annealing (SA) which utilizes stochastic optimization is used for the optimization
of clad bead geometry deposited by GMAW. The main advantage of using this stochastic algorithm is that
global optimization point can be reached regardless of the initial starting point. Since the algorithm incorporates.
The major advantage of SA is an ability to avoid being trapped at a local optimum point during optimization
.The algorithm employs a random search accepting not only the changes that improve the objective function but
also the changes that deteriorate it.Fig.7 shows simulated annealing algorithm [11].
VI. OPTIMIZATION OF CLAD BEAD GEOMETRY USING SA.
The experimental data related to welding current (I), welding speed(S), welding gun angle (T), Contact tip
to work distance (N) and pinch (Ac) are used in the experiments conducted.
The aim of the study is to find optimum adjust welding current (I), welding speed (S), welding Gun angle
(T), contact tip to work distance (N) and pinch (Ac) in a GMAW cladding process. The optimum parameters
are those who deliver response, as close as possible of the cited values shown in Table 8. Table 9 shows the
options used for study.
10
6.142
1
1.375
2
6.097
6
8.9417
99
5.658
3
1.44
6.205
4
9.375
3
0.483
8
-
0.064
8
-
0.107
8
-
0.433
5
11
8.564
7
3.185
36
5.636
55
22.947
21
9.972
4
2.962
5.522
7
18.95
66
-
1.407
7
0.223
36
0.113
85
3.990
61
12
7.957
5
2.201
8
5.828
1
15.749
41
9.069
3
2.691
9
6.233
7
17.55
48
-
1.111
8
-
0.490
1
-
0.405
6
-
1.805
3
13
7.708
5
1.858
85
6.075
15
13.272
85
6.769
9
1.780
7
6.109
12.85
84
0.938
6
0.078
15
-
0.033
8
0.414
45
14
7.836
5
2.357
7
5.749
15
16.632
87
8.536
4
2.943
1
6.673
5
15.96
53
-
0.699
9
-
0.585
4
-
0.924
3
0.667
57
15
8.208
2
2.365
8
5.990
05
16.380
43
8.008
3
2.371
6.018
6
16.37
01
0.199
9
-
0.005
2
-
0.028
5
0.010
33
16
7.937
1
2.136
2
6.015
3
15.183
74
7.944
1
2.119
7
6.01
15.37
35
-
0.007
0.016
5
0.005
3
-
0.189
7
17
8.473
1
2.171
45
5.698
95
14.827
58
8.673
5
2.516
5
5.498
5
15.28
75
-
0.200
1
-
0.345
0
0.203
1
-
0.459
9
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Table 8. SA Search ranges
Parameters Range
Welding current (I) 200 - 300 Amps
Welding Speed (S) 150 - 182mm/min
Contact tip to work distance(N) 10 - 26mm
Welding gun angle(T) 70 - 110deg
Pinch(Ac) -10 - 10
Table 9. Combination of SA Parameters Leading To Optimal Solution
Annealing Function Boltzmann Annealing
Re annealing Interval 100
Temperature update Function Exponential Temperature
Initial Temperature 100
Acceptance probability Function SimulatedAnnealing Acceptance
Data Type Double
The objective function selected for optimizing was percentage of dilution. The response variables bead
width (W), Penetration (P), reinforcement (R) and Dilution (D) were given as constraint in their equation. The
constrained non linear optimisation is mathematically stated as follows
Minimize f(x)
Subject to f (X (1), X (2), X (3), X (4), X (5)) < 0
Simulated Annealing algorithms are nowadays popular tool in optimizing because SA uses only the values
of objective function. The aim of the study is to find the optimum adjusts for welding current, welding speed,
pinch, welding angle, contact to tip distance. Objective function selected for optimization was percentage of
dilution. The process parameters and their notation used in writing the programme in MATLAB 7 software are
given below.
Minimize f(x)
Subject to (X (1), X (2), X (3), X (4), X (5)) < 0
X (1) = Welding current (I) in Amps
X (2) = Welding Speed (S) in mm/min
X (3) = Contact to work piece distance (N) in mm
X (4) = Welding gun angle (T) in degree
X (5) = Pinch (Ac)
Objective function for percentage of dilution which must be minimized was derived from equation 5-8. The
constants of welding parameters are given Table 2.
Subjected to bounds 200 ≤ X (1) ≤ 300
150 ≤ X (2) ≤ 182
10 ≤ X (3) ≤ 26
70 ≤ X (4) ≤ 110
-10 ≤ X (5) ≤ 10
6.1 Objective Function
f(x)=19.75+0.325*x(1)+0.347*x(2)+3.141*x(3)-0.039*x(4)-0.153*x(5)-1.324*x(1)^2-0.923*x(2)^2-
1.012*x(3)^2-1.371*x(4)^2-0.872*x(5)^20.200*x(1)*x(2)+0.346*x(1)*x(3)+0.602*x(1)*x(4)+
0.203*x(1)*x(5)+0.011*x(2)*x(3)+0.465*x(2)*x(4)+0.548*x(2)*x(5)+0.715*x(3)*x(4)+0.360*x(3)*x(5)+
0.137*x(4)*x(5) ……………………………………………………..(13)
6.2 Constraint Equations
P=(2.735+0.098*x(1)-0.032*x(2)+0.389*x(3)-0.032*x(4)-0.008*x(5)-0.124*x(1)^2-0.109*x(2)^2-
0.125*x(3)^2-0.187*x(4)^2-0.104*x(5)^2-0.33*x(1)*x(2)+0.001*x(1)*x(3)+0.075*x(1)*x(4)+0.005*x(1)*x(5)-
0.018*x(2)*x(3)+0.066*x(2)*x(4)+0.087*x(2)*x(5)+0.058*x(3)*x(4)+0.054*x(3)*x(5)-
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0.036*x(4)*x(5))-3 …………………………………………………...…………………..(15)
(Depth of penetration (P) upper limit),
P=(2.735+0.098*x(1)-0.032*x(2)+0.389*x(3)-0.032*x(4)-0.008*x(5)-0.124*x(1)^2-0.109*x(2)^2-
0.125*x(3)^2-0.187*x(4)^2-0.104*x(5)^2-0.33*x(1)*x(2)+0.001*x(1)*x(3)+0.075*x(1)*x(4)+0.005*x(1)*x(5)-
0.018*x(2)*x(3)+0.066*x(2)*x(4)+0.087*x(2)*x(5)+0.058*x(3)*x(4)+0.054*x(3)*x(5)-0.036*x(4)*x(5))+2
…………………………………………………………………………...……..(16)
(Depth of penetration (P) lower limit),
f(x)-23.6334 ……………………………………………………………………………………………(20)
8.94441799-f(x) ……………………….……………………………………………………………… (21)
(Dilution Upper and lower limit),
x(1),x(2),x(3),x(4),x(5) ≤ 2; ....................................................................................................................(22)
x(1),x(2),x(3),x(4),x(5) ≥ -2; ....................................................................................................................(23)
Other constraint equations bead width ,reinforcement are written in same format as penetration for writing
the programme. MATLAB program in SA and SA function was used for optimizing the problem. The program
was written in SA and constraints bounds were applied. The minimum percentage of dilution obtained from the
results obtained running the SA tool. The minimum percentage of dilution obtained is 9.2342.the value of
process parameters obtained is I=240amp, S=157mm/min, N=13mm, T=87egrees, Ac=4.5.The fitness function
is shown in Fig 8.Fig 9 shows current value function.
Fig 8. Fitness value of SA function
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Iteration
Best Function Value: 9.2342
Functionvalue
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Fig 9.Current Value Function
VII. Methodology of integrated ANN-SA
The methodology applied in this study involves six cases [18]. They are experimental data, regression
modelling, ANN single based modelling SA single based optimization, integrated ANN-SA–type-A based
optimization and integrated ANN-SA–type-B based optimization. The objectives of type-A and type-B are.
1. To estimate the minimum value of cladding parameters compared to the performance value of the
experimental data, regression modelling and ANN single based modelling.
2. To estimate the optimal process parameters values that has been within the range of minimum and
maximum coded values for process parameters of experimental design that are used for experimental
trial.
3. To estimate the optimal solution of the process parameters within the small number of iterations
compared to the optimal solution of the process parameters with single based SA optimization.
The steps in order to implement the integrated ANN-GA –type-A and integrated ANN-GA type-B in
fulfilling the three objectives are:
1. In the experimental data module the values of dilution for different combinations of process parameters
used for modelling.
2. In the regression modelling schedule model was developed using cladding process parameters. A
multilinear regression analysis was performed to predict dilution and a governing equation was
constructed.
3. A predicted model was developed using ANN. The percentage if error was calculated between predicted
and actual values.
4. In the single based SA optimization, the predicted equation of the regression model would become the
objective function .The minimum and maximum coded values of the process parameters of the
experimental design would define the boundaries for minimum and maximum values of the optimal
solution.
5. In the integrated ANN-SA-type-A module that it was the first integration system proposed in this study.
Similar to SA single based optimization process the predicted equation of the regression would become
the objective function. This integration system process the optimal process parameters value of the single
based SA optimization process combined with the process parameters of ANN system would define the
foundries if minimum and maximum values for optimal solution.
6. In the integrated ANN-SA-type-B system which is the second integration system proposed in this study.
Similar to type A the predicted regression equation would become the objective function and the optimal
process parameters value of single based SA optimization combined with process parameters value of the
ANN model would define the boundaries for the minimum and maximum values of the optimal solution
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Iteration
Functionvalue
Current Function Value: 20.1702
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.This integration system proposes the process parameters values of the best ANN model to define the
initial point for optimization solution [19].
7.1 Integrated ANN-SA-type-A optimization solution
The strategy of this study in implementing integrated ANN-GA-type-A is by proposing the optimal process
parameters value of the SA combined with the non-optimal process parameters value of the ANN model to
define the boundaries for the minimum and maximum value for optimization solution. As given in Table 6, the
non-optimal process parameters values that yield to the minimum prediction, value of the ANN model for
dilution are D%=9.353, I= 250Amps, S= 166mm/min, N = 10 mm, T = 10degree and Ac=0. As given in Fig. 8,
the values of optimal process parameters from SA are I= 240 amps, S= 157mm/min, N = 13 mm. T = 87degrees
and Ac = 4.5.
Three conditions could he stated for the non-optimal process parameters values of the ANN model
(OptANN) and optimal process parameters values of the SA (OptSA) as classified in Table 10.
By using the conditions stated in Table 12, the decision to define the limitation constraint bound values of the
optimization solution are given. Fulfilling the above condition Eqns. (24)- (28) are formulated to define the
limitation constraint bounds for welding current, welding speed, contact tip to work distance, welding angle and
pinch as process parameters, respectively. The limitation constraint bound for each process parameters are
stated as follows [20]:
240 ≤ I≤ 250 (24)
157≤ S≤166 (25)
10≤ N≤ 13 (26)
87≤ T≤ 90 (27)
0≤ Ac≤ 4.5 (28)
As per Fig. 10 the optimal process parameters value that lead to the minimum cladding performance
of the SA is proposed to define initial points for the integrated ANN-SA-type-A to search the optimal
solution. The equations for the initial point of optimization solution for integrated ANN-SA-type A are
given in Eq. (29), (30). (31), (32), (33) as follow. Fig 9 shows the values.
Initial point of I = 240 (29)
Initial point of S =157 (30)
Initial point of N=10 (31)
Initial point of T = 87 (32)
Initial point of Ac= 0 (33)
Table 12.Condition to define limitation constraint bounds of integrated ANN-SA.
Condition
Decision
Lower bound Upper bound
1 (Opt ANN)< (OptSA) Opt ANN Opt SA
2 (Opt ANN) >(OptSA) Opt SA Opt ANN
3 (Opt ANN) =(OptSA) Nearest lower bound of the
coded value of experimental
design
Nearest upper bound of
the coded value of
experimental design
By using the objective function formulated in Eq. (13),the constraints Eq. 14-22, the limitation constraint
bounds of process parameters formulated in Equations (24), (25), (26), (27). (28), the initial points
formulated in Equation (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), and the same setting of parameters applied in SA that
given in Table 12, results of the integrated ANN-SA-type-A by using MATLAB 7 Optimization Toolbox
fitness function are obtained as shown in Figs. 11[20].
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Fig11. Fitness value of ANN-SA Type-A
It can be seen that the set values of optimal process parameters that lead to the minimum dilution D=
9.1197% are I= 274amps, S=152mm/min, N=12mm, T=73degrees and Ac=1.4.
7.2. Integrated ANN-SA-type-B optimization solution
Similar to integrated ANN-SA-type-A approach, the objective function formulate in Eq. (13), The basic
difference to the integrated ANN-SA-type-A approach, the non-optimal process parameters value that lead to the
minimum machining performance of the best ANN model that stated shown in Fig. 11 is proposed to define
initial point for the integrated
ANN-SA-type-B is to search the optimal solution. Therefore, the equation for the initial point for integrated
ANN-SA-type-B could be given in Eq. (32) to (36) as follows:
Initial point of I = 250 (32)
Initial point of S =166 (33)
Initial point of N =10 (34)
Initial point of T =90 (35)
Initial point of Ac = 0 (36)
The results of the integrated ANN- SA-type-B by using MATLAB Optimization Toolbox fitness function are as
shown in Fig.12.
Fig 12. Fitness value of ANN-SA Type- B
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Fig 13.Current point
From Fig 12, it can be seen that the set values of optimal process parameters that lead to the minimum
value of dilution D = 9.0197 are I=212amps=138mm/min, N=16mm, T=78degrees and Ac=1.5. Fig.13
Shows current point.
7.3 ANN-SA Type-A
D=19.75+0.325*x(1)+0.347*x(2)+3.141*x(3)-0.039*x(4)-0.153*x(5)-1.324*x(1)^2-0.923*x(2)^2-
1.012*x(3)^2-1.371*x(4)^2-0.872*x(5)^2-
0.200*x(1)*x(2)+0.346*x(1)*x(3)+0.602*x(1)*x(4)+0.203*x(1)*x(5)+0.011*x(2)*x(3)+0.465*x(2)*x(4)+0.548
*x(2)*x(5)+0.715*x(3)*x(4)+0.360*x (3)*x(5) +0.137*x (4)*x (5) ..……………… (37)
Optimum dilution obtained is 9.9532
7.4 ANN-SA Type-B
D=19.75+0.325*x(1)+0.347*x(2)+3.141*x(3)-0.039*x(4)-0.153*x(5)-1.324*x(1)^2-0.923*x(2)^2-
1.012*x(3)^2-1.371*x(4)^2-0.872*x(5)^2-0.200*x(1)*x(2)+0.346*x(1)*x(3)+0.602*x(1)*x(4)+
0.203*x(1)*x(5)+ 0.011*x(2)*x(3)+0.465*x(2)*x(4)+0.548*x(2)*x(5)
+0.715*x(3)*x(4)+0.360*x(3)*x(5)+0.137*x(4)*x (5) …..………… (38)
Optimum dilution obtained is 9.7895
VIII. Validation of the integrated ANN-SA result
Theoretically, to validate the result of the proposed approach this study, the optimal process
parameters values of the integrated ANN-SA will be transferred into the regression model
equation. Eq. (13), taken as the objective function of the optimization solution whereI an optimal solution
of the welding current. S an optimal solution of the welding speed; N is an optimal solution of contact to
work distance. T is an optimal solution of the welding gun angle, and Ac an optimal solution of the pinch
of integrated ANN-SA, this study discusses the calculation for validating the result of integrated
ANN-SA-type-A and integrated ANN-SA-type-B.
IX.Evaluation of the integrated ANN-SA results
In this study, discussion is carried out to highlight all the objectives of the study is separated
into three parts which are evaluation of the minimum Dilution value, evaluation of the optimal
process parameters and evaluation of the number of iteration of the integrated ANN-SA results.
9.1. First objective: Evaluation of the minimum Dilution value
Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 show the minimum value of dilution for both integration systems,
integrated ANN-SA-type-A and ANN-SA-type-B are 9.0197. For fulfilling the first objective
of this study, evaluation against the minimum dilution is 9.237 by SA.
1 2 3 4 5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Current Point
Number of variables (5)
Currentpoint
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9.2. Experimental data vs. integrated ANN-SA
Optimum dilution should be between 8-15% from previous study .This objective is fulfilled in this case.
9.3. Regression vs. integrated ANN
The minimum predicted dilution value of the regression model is 9.9532. Therefore, with
dilution is 9.0192. It can be concluded that both integration systems have given the more
minimum result of the dilution compared to regression model. Consequently, integrated ANN-
SA-type-A and integrated ANN-SA-type-B have reduced the value of dilution and optimized
between 8 to15.
9.4. ANN vs. integrated ANN-SA
Minimum predicted Dilution value of the ANN model is9.353, it can he concluded that both
integration systems have given the more optimum result of the Dilution compared to ANN model.
Consequently, integrated ANN-SA-type-A and integrated ANN-SA-type-Aare well within the
limits of standard dilution.
9.5. SA vs. integrated ANN-SA
The minimum predicted Dilution value of the SA was 9.375. Therefore, with Dilution 9.745, it can
be concluded that both integrated systems have given the more minimum of the Dilution compared to SA
technique.
9.6. Second objective: Evaluation of the optimal process parameters
For the second objective of this study, the optimal values of the integrated ANN-SA-type-A and
integrated ANN-SA-type-B for each process parameter are within the range of minimum and
maximum value of experimental design, thus, this study concludes that the second objective of this
study is fulfilled.
9.7. Third objective: Evaluation of the number of iteration
Integrated ANN-SA-type-A and integrated ANN-SA-type-B are approximately same or lower
than the number of iteration by SA, thus, this study concludes that the third objective of this study is
fulfilled.
X. Conclusion
This study proposed two integration systems, integrated ANN-SA-type-A and integrated ANN-
SA-type- B, in order to estimate the optimal solutions of process parameters that lead to minimum
dilution is found to satisfy three conditions. The process parameters considered for this study are
Welding current(I),Welding speed(S),Contact tip to work distance(N),Welding gun angle(T),and
pinch(Ac).The outputs are Bead width(W),Penetration(P),Height of reinforcement(R) and
Dilution(D).Each process parameters recommended by ANN-SA-type-A and integrated ANN-SA-type-B
have satisfied within the minimum and maximum range of coded values for process parameters of
experimental design. It also showed that number of iterations improved.
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