The document discusses key concepts related to operating system processes including: 1) A process includes a program counter, stack, data section and can be in one of several states like running, ready, waiting, or terminated. 2) A process control block contains information about a process like its state, registers, and scheduling information. 3) There are different scheduling queues like the ready queue for processes in memory and devices queues for processes waiting for I/O. 4) Schedulers like long-term and short-term schedulers manage moving processes between queues and allocating the CPU.