Gives an overview about Process, PCB, Process States, Process Operations, Scheduling, Schedulers, Interprocess communication, shared memory and message passing systems
Gives an overview about Process, PCB, Process States, Process Operations, Scheduling, Schedulers, Interprocess communication, shared memory and message passing systems
What is a Process?
A process is a program in execution. Process is not as same as program code but a lot more than it. A process is an 'active' entity as opposed to program which is considered to be a 'passive' entity. Attributes held by process include hardware state, memory, CPU etc .
( Program & Process )
Program
A computer program is a collection of instruction that performs a specific task when executed by a computer .
Passive entity
( Process )
- Active entity
- Program code + pc + associated resources + Status of the
process’s execution .
Processes
Process Concept
Process Scheduling
Operations on Processes
Cooperating Processes
Interprocess Communication
Communication in Client-Server Systems
( Process Concept )
An operating system executes a variety of programs: -
- Batch system – jobs
- Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks
Process – a program in execution; process execution must progress in sequential fashion.
A process includes:
Text section
Data section
Stack section
program counter
( Process Concept )
Program is passive entity stored on disk (executable file), process is active
Program becomes process when executable file loaded into memory
Execution of program started via GUI mouse clicks, command line entry of its name, etc
One program can be several processes
Consider multiple users executing the same program
What the OS is going to do for the Process?
Creating and removing( destroying )process .
Controlling the progress of processes .
Acting on interrupts and arithmetic errors .
Resource allocation among processes .
Inter process communication .
( Process Memory )
Process memory is divided into four sections for efficient working : -
The Text section is made up of the compiled program code, read in from non-volatile storage when the program is launched.
The Data section is made up the global and static variables, allocated and initialized prior to executing the main.
The Heap is used for the dynamic memory allocation, and is managed via calls to new, delete, malloc, free, etc.
The Stack is used for local variables. Space on the stack is reserved for local variables when they are declared.
( Process Memory )
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int total;
int Square(int x)
{
return x*x;
}
int SquareOfSum(int x,int y)
{
int z=Square(x+y);
return z;
}
int main()
{
int a=4,b=8;
total=SquareOfSum(a,b);
cout<<"Total ="<<total<<endl;
system("pause");
}
( Stack & Heap )
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int x;
x=10;
int *ptr;
ptr=&x;
cout<<*ptr<<" "<<x<<" "<<ptr <<" "<<&x<<endl;
*ptr=30;
cout<<endl<<endl;
cout<<*ptr<<" "<<x<<" "<< ptr <<" "<<&x<<endl;
cout<<endl<<endl;
system("pause");
}
Unix Process Management
Process management is an integral part of any modern day operating system (OS). The OS must allocate resources to processes, enable processes to share and exchange information, protect the resources of each process from other processes and enable synchronisation among processes
Operating system - Process and its conceptsKaran Thakkar
This presentation gives an overview of Process concepts in Operating System. The presentation aims at alleviating most of the overheads while understanding the process concept in operating system. this tailor made presentation will help individuals to understand the overall meaning of process and its underlying concepts used in an operating system.
It consists of CPU scheduling algorithms, examples, scheduling problems, realtime scheduling algorithms and issues. Multiprocessing and multicore scheduling.
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
What is a Process?
A process is a program in execution. Process is not as same as program code but a lot more than it. A process is an 'active' entity as opposed to program which is considered to be a 'passive' entity. Attributes held by process include hardware state, memory, CPU etc .
( Program & Process )
Program
A computer program is a collection of instruction that performs a specific task when executed by a computer .
Passive entity
( Process )
- Active entity
- Program code + pc + associated resources + Status of the
process’s execution .
Processes
Process Concept
Process Scheduling
Operations on Processes
Cooperating Processes
Interprocess Communication
Communication in Client-Server Systems
( Process Concept )
An operating system executes a variety of programs: -
- Batch system – jobs
- Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks
Process – a program in execution; process execution must progress in sequential fashion.
A process includes:
Text section
Data section
Stack section
program counter
( Process Concept )
Program is passive entity stored on disk (executable file), process is active
Program becomes process when executable file loaded into memory
Execution of program started via GUI mouse clicks, command line entry of its name, etc
One program can be several processes
Consider multiple users executing the same program
What the OS is going to do for the Process?
Creating and removing( destroying )process .
Controlling the progress of processes .
Acting on interrupts and arithmetic errors .
Resource allocation among processes .
Inter process communication .
( Process Memory )
Process memory is divided into four sections for efficient working : -
The Text section is made up of the compiled program code, read in from non-volatile storage when the program is launched.
The Data section is made up the global and static variables, allocated and initialized prior to executing the main.
The Heap is used for the dynamic memory allocation, and is managed via calls to new, delete, malloc, free, etc.
The Stack is used for local variables. Space on the stack is reserved for local variables when they are declared.
( Process Memory )
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int total;
int Square(int x)
{
return x*x;
}
int SquareOfSum(int x,int y)
{
int z=Square(x+y);
return z;
}
int main()
{
int a=4,b=8;
total=SquareOfSum(a,b);
cout<<"Total ="<<total<<endl;
system("pause");
}
( Stack & Heap )
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int x;
x=10;
int *ptr;
ptr=&x;
cout<<*ptr<<" "<<x<<" "<<ptr <<" "<<&x<<endl;
*ptr=30;
cout<<endl<<endl;
cout<<*ptr<<" "<<x<<" "<< ptr <<" "<<&x<<endl;
cout<<endl<<endl;
system("pause");
}
Unix Process Management
Process management is an integral part of any modern day operating system (OS). The OS must allocate resources to processes, enable processes to share and exchange information, protect the resources of each process from other processes and enable synchronisation among processes
Operating system - Process and its conceptsKaran Thakkar
This presentation gives an overview of Process concepts in Operating System. The presentation aims at alleviating most of the overheads while understanding the process concept in operating system. this tailor made presentation will help individuals to understand the overall meaning of process and its underlying concepts used in an operating system.
It consists of CPU scheduling algorithms, examples, scheduling problems, realtime scheduling algorithms and issues. Multiprocessing and multicore scheduling.
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
What is program and process .
Program execution flow .
Example of process generation .
Description of process .
Types of process .
Ways of run process .
How process is generated using fork() and execution .
Process life cycle .
Process tree .
Process states .
Load Averages .
For monitoring and managing linux process tools .
The second part of Linux Internals covers system calls, process subsystem and inter process communication mechanisms. Understanding these services provided by Linux are essential for embedded systems engineer.
UNIT II PROCESS MANAGEMENT
Processes – Process Concept, Process Scheduling, Operations on Processes, Inter-process Communication; CPU Scheduling – Scheduling criteria, Scheduling algorithms, Multiple-processor scheduling, Real time scheduling; Threads- Overview, Multithreading models, Threading issues; Process Synchronization – The critical-section problem, Synchronization hardware, Mutex locks, Semaphores, Classic problems of synchronization, Critical regions, Monitors; Deadlock – System model, Deadlock characterization, Methods for handling deadlocks, Deadlock prevention, Deadlock avoidance, Deadlock detection, Recovery from deadlock.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2. Process
It is a program under execution several process it request
the processor and run to execution.
There are two process.
Active entity Passive entity
(Process is under (Process is not under
execution)
execution)
Process
4. Process State :
* A processor is to execute machine
instruction residing in main memory.
* These instruction to provided in a
program.
* A processor may interleave the
execution of a number of program over
time.
* There are five type of process state.
5. New - Create the instruction
Ready - Process is ready for
execution
Running - Instruction or processor to
under execution.
Wait - The process is waiting for I/O
device for external even to worker.
Terminate - The process has finish the
execution.
6. An individual process by listing the sequence of
instruction that execute for that process it referred to as a
trace of the process.
Trace of process
A
Trace of process
B
Trace of process C
5000 8000 12000
5001 8001 12001
5002 8002 12002
5003 8003 12003
5004 12004
5005 12005
5006 12006
5007 12007
5008 12008
5009 12009
5010 12010
5011 12011
7. 5000 – Starting address of program of process A
8000 – Starting address of program of process B
12000 – Starting address of program of process C
New RunningReady
Blocked
Terminate
Admin
Dispatcher
Release
Event
Occurs
Event
Wait
Scheduler
dispatcher
8. For Example,
(it is program module
for taking the
job from queue & stack
to the processor)
Processor
Jn
…
..
J4
J3
J2
J1
Queue
(Data Structure)
FIFO
Scheduler
dispatcher
12. Creation & Termination of
processes
Create the object to the operating system, it
can be used the data structure.
Termination is a stop and then execution.
There are two type process
1. Normal
2. Up normal
13. Spawning Process
P1
{
b=5;
- - - -
-- - -
C= a+b;
-- - - -
}
P2
{
-- - -
- - -
a= 1;
- - - -
}
Sub
Process
Child
Process
Parent Process
15. Suspend Process
Need for Swapping :
A process is a under execution if need
any external input or I/O device it will be
suspended from main memory and moved
to hard disk.
More than process it stored in main
memory or RAM its maintain the process is
a operating system.
16. Ready – Main memory and available
for execution.
Blocked – In main memory wait for
event.
Blocked/Suspend – In secondary
memory.
Ready/Suspend – In secondary
memory ready for execution. So then it will
be moved to main memory.
17. Process Description :
* It is a sequence of events.
* It does not tell the reader it describes
how as a general description of how a
process happens, step by step.
* Deals with process and procedures
and is characterized by the detailing of a
series of steps.
18. P1 P2 Pn
Processor I/O I/OI/O
Main
Memory
. . . . . . . .
Virtual Memory
Process Descriptions :
Job Dispatcher Process
20. Running
Ready
Blocked
Process Identification
Process State Information
Process Control Information
User Stack
Private User Address Space (P1)
(Program, Data)
Shared Address Space (P2)
PCB
PCB
PCB
PCB
PCB
PCB
PCB
Process
ImagePCB - Program
Control Block
21. Process Control
Modes of execution
1. Most privileged (Operating System,
kernel, System function)
There are three type of most privileged
* Process Management
* Memory Management
* I/O Management
2. Less privileged (User program)
22. Creation of Process
1. Process ID – assign.
2. Space allocation.
3. Creation of PCB.
4. Set links between PCB and process.
23. Process Switching
1. Interrupt
2. Trap
3. Interrupt handler
4. Context Switching
There are two interrupts
* Clock interrupt
* I/O interrupt
24. Process Control Block (PCB)
Identifier: A unique identifier associated
with this process, to distinguish it from all other
processes.
State: If the process is currently executing,
it is in the running state.
Priority: Priority level relative to other
processes.
Program counter: The address of the next
instruction in the program to be executed.
25. Memory pointers: Includes pointers to the
program code and data associated with this process,
plus any memory blocks shared with other processes.
Context data: These are data that are present
in registers in the processor while the process is
executing.
I/O status information: Includes outstanding
I/O requests, I/O devices (e.g., tape drives) assigned
to this process, a list of files in use by the process,
and so on.
Accounting information: May include the
amount of processor time and clock time used, time
limits, account numbers, and so
26.
27. Processes and Threads
Processes :
1. Unit of resource ownership :
A process allocated a virtual
address space to hold the process image,
and from time to time the process may be
assigned main memory.
* I/O channels.
* I/O devices
* Files
28. 2. Unit of dispatching :
* A process is an execution path
(trace) through one or more programs.
* This execution may be interleaved
with that of other processes.
* A process has an execution state
* Running
* Ready etc.,
29. Threads :
1. It is a separate program is a part of execution
and the sub program it is a flow of execution.
2. Dispatching is a particular set of program or
unit from a normal program it’s known as threads.
process 1
{
-- - - - -
- - - - - -
C=p2.a+b;
-- - - - -
- - - - - -
Print( );
-- - - - -
}
Thread 1
{
-- - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
C=p2.a+b;
-- - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
}
Thread 2
{
-- - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
-- - - - - -
Print ( );
-- - - - -
- - - - - -
}
30. Use of Threads :
1. Foreground and background work.
2. Asynchronous processing.
3. Speed execution.
4. Organizing programs.
31. Concurrency
The concurrency is a simultaneous
execution of multiple process it is called
concurrency.
* Multiprogramming
* Multiprocessing
* Distributed processing
32. Multiprogramming :
It is execution of multiple processes
with the single processor system.
Multiprocessing :
Execution of multiple processes with the
multi processor computer.
Distributed processing :
The management of multiple processes
execution on multiple, distributed computer
system.
33. There are three different contexts :
* Multiple application :
The processing time of the computer
to be dynamically shared the job or number
or application.
* Structured application :
It is an execution of the modular
design and structured program a set of
concurrent process.
34. * Operating System Structure :
The system programmer and the
operating system are themselves
implemented as a set of processes.
Time
P1
P2
P3
Interleaving
35. Mutual Exclusion
* It is a two process request for same
resource but any one process is allowed to
enter into critical session and other process
has to wait.
Mutual Exclusion Software Approach :
* It execute on a single-processor or a
multiprocessor machine with shared main
memory.
36. * It is used to Dekker’s Algorithm.
First Attempt :
P1 uses the ‘cs’ if 1 is written on
the board of igloo or else wait.
Second Attempt :
cs
P1 P2
1
P1
(T)
P2
(F)
CS (P1)
37. Separate igloos for each process
and status is maintain (True/False).
Third Attempt :
* If P1 fails in cs the P2 is blocked.
* If P1 fails outside cs then P2 is not
blocked
P1
(F)
P2
(T)
CS (P2)
P1 P2 CS ( )Refr
esh
38. Semaphores
* In concurrent processing some signals
are given to all processes indication ‘Run’
or ‘Stop’.
* This signal is raised by a variable
called semaphore.
* Then software for the signals.
39. There are three operation on semaphore.
1. A semaphore may be initialized to a
non-negative value.
2. The wait operation decrements the
semaphore value. If the value becomes
negative, then the process executing the wait
is blocked.
3. The signal operation increments the
semaphore value. If the value is not positive a
process blocked a wait operation is unblocked.
40. Message Passing
Message passing provides a mechanism to
allow processes to communicate and to
synchronize their actions without sharing the same
address space.
send (destination, message)
receive (source, message)
41. Synchronization :
Synchronization Addressing Format
Send Direct Content
Length
blocking
non-blocking
send
receive
fixed
variable
explicit
implicit
Receive Indirect Queuing Discipline
blocking
non-blocking
test for arrival
static
dynamic
ownership
FIFO
Priority
42. Message Format : Addressing :
Header . . . . . . . .
Body
.…
Source
Destination
Message Length
Control Information
Message Type
Message Contents
P1
Pn Qn
Q1
Mailbox
Sending
Process
Receiving
Process
P1
Pn
Port Q
