A system consists of processes that execute system code or user code. An operating system makes a computer more productive by switching the CPU between processes. A process is a program in execution that has a program counter, stack, data section, and state. The operating system manages processes using process control blocks and by moving processes between scheduling queues. Context switching allows the CPU to save and load process states when switching between processes.
Gives an overview about Process, PCB, Process States, Process Operations, Scheduling, Schedulers, Interprocess communication, shared memory and message passing systems
Concept of processes, process scheduling, operations on processes, inter-process communication,
communication in Client-Server-Systems, overview & benefits of threads.
This ppt covers following topics,
Process Concept
Process Scheduling
Operations on Processes
Interprocess Communication
Examples of IPC Systems
Communication in Client-Server Systems
Gives an overview about Process, PCB, Process States, Process Operations, Scheduling, Schedulers, Interprocess communication, shared memory and message passing systems
Concept of processes, process scheduling, operations on processes, inter-process communication,
communication in Client-Server-Systems, overview & benefits of threads.
This ppt covers following topics,
Process Concept
Process Scheduling
Operations on Processes
Interprocess Communication
Examples of IPC Systems
Communication in Client-Server Systems
Operating system - Process and its conceptsKaran Thakkar
This presentation gives an overview of Process concepts in Operating System. The presentation aims at alleviating most of the overheads while understanding the process concept in operating system. this tailor made presentation will help individuals to understand the overall meaning of process and its underlying concepts used in an operating system.
UNIT II PROCESS MANAGEMENT
Processes – Process Concept, Process Scheduling, Operations on Processes, Inter-process Communication; CPU Scheduling – Scheduling criteria, Scheduling algorithms, Multiple-processor scheduling, Real time scheduling; Threads- Overview, Multithreading models, Threading issues; Process Synchronization – The critical-section problem, Synchronization hardware, Mutex locks, Semaphores, Classic problems of synchronization, Critical regions, Monitors; Deadlock – System model, Deadlock characterization, Methods for handling deadlocks, Deadlock prevention, Deadlock avoidance, Deadlock detection, Recovery from deadlock.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Operating system - Process and its conceptsKaran Thakkar
This presentation gives an overview of Process concepts in Operating System. The presentation aims at alleviating most of the overheads while understanding the process concept in operating system. this tailor made presentation will help individuals to understand the overall meaning of process and its underlying concepts used in an operating system.
UNIT II PROCESS MANAGEMENT
Processes – Process Concept, Process Scheduling, Operations on Processes, Inter-process Communication; CPU Scheduling – Scheduling criteria, Scheduling algorithms, Multiple-processor scheduling, Real time scheduling; Threads- Overview, Multithreading models, Threading issues; Process Synchronization – The critical-section problem, Synchronization hardware, Mutex locks, Semaphores, Classic problems of synchronization, Critical regions, Monitors; Deadlock – System model, Deadlock characterization, Methods for handling deadlocks, Deadlock prevention, Deadlock avoidance, Deadlock detection, Recovery from deadlock.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. A system consists of a collection of processes. Operating system
processes executes system code and user processes executing user
code. By switching the CPU between processes, the operating
system can make the computer more productive
Process Concept
Process Scheduling
Operations on Processes
Cooperating Processes
Interprocess Communication
Communication in Client-Server Systems
3. An operating system executes a variety of programs:
Batch system – jobs
Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks
Even if the user can execute only program at one time, the operating system may
need to support its own internal programmed activities such as memory
management. These are called processes.
Textbook uses the terms job and process almost interchangeably
4. Process – a program in execution;
process execution must progress in
sequential fashion
A process includes:
program counter – it contains the current
activity of the process and the contents
of the processor’s registers
Stack – contains the temporary data such
as method parameter, return address,
local variables)
data section – which contains the global
variables
5. A PROGRAM by itself in not a
process, a program is a PASSIVE
entity, such as the contents of the
files stored on the disk, whereas
the process is a ACTIVE entity, with
a program counter specifying the
next instruction to execute and set
of associated resources.
Although two processes may be
associated with the same program,
they are considered two separate
execution sequences.
For example several users may be
running different copies of the mail
program . Each is a separate
process , although text section is
equivalent but the data section
vary.
6.
7. As a process executes, it changes state,
The state of the process is defined in the part by the current
activity in that process. Each process may be in one of the
following states:
new: The process is being created
running: Instructions are being executed
waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur(such as I/O completion or
reception of a signal)
ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor
terminated: The process has finished execution
8.
9. Each process is represented in the operating system by a
PCB( process control block) It contains many pieces of information
associated with a specific process, it is like a repository of a
process
Process state- The state may be new , ready ,running, waiting etc.
Program counter – indicate the address of the next instruction to
be executed for this process
CPU registers – may vary in number or type depending on the
computer architecture. They include accumulators, index
registers, stack pointers and general purpose registers.
10. CPU scheduling
information- includes a
process priority , pointers
to scheduling queues etc
Memory-management
information – value of
page table, segment table
etc
Accounting information –
includes the amount of
CPU, and real time used,
time limits, job or process
number etc
I/O status information –
list of I/O devices
allocated to this process, a
list of open files etc
11.
12.
13. The objective of multiprogramming is to have some process running at all
times so as to maximize CPU utilization. The objective of time sharing is to
switch the CPU among processes so frequently that users can interact with
each program while running.
SCHEDULING QUEUES
Job queue – set of all processes in the system
Ready queue – set of all processes residing in main memory, ready and
waiting to execute, this is generally stored as a linked list
A ready queue header contains a pointer to the first and final PCB’s in the list.
We extend each PCB to include a pointer field that points to the next PCB in
the ready queue.
Device queues – set of processes waiting for an I/O device, each device has
its own device queue.
Processes migrate among the various queues
14. A new process is initially put in the
ready queue.
It waits in the ready queue until it
is selected for execution.
Once the process is assigned to the
CPU and is executed on of the
events may take place:
1.The process could issue an I/O
request and then be placed in the
I/O queue.
2.The process could create a new
sub process and wait for its
termination
3.The process could be removed
forcibly from the CPU, as a result of
an interrupt and be put back in the
ready queue.
15.
16.
17. A process migrates between the various scheduling queues
throughout is lifetime. The operating system must select , for
scheduling purposes, processes from these queues in some
fashion. The selection process is carried out by they appropriate
SCHEDULER.
Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) – selects which
processes should be brought into the ready queue, loads them
into the memory for execution.
Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) – selects which
process should be executed next and allocates CPU to one of
them
18. The primary distinction between
these two schedulers is the
frequency of their execution.
Short-term scheduler is invoked
very frequently (milliseconds)
(must be fast) as it selects a new
process for the CPU frequently. A
process may execute for a few
milliseconds before waiting for a
I/O request.
Long-term scheduler is invoked
very infrequently (seconds,
minutes) (may be slow) because
it may take minutes for creation of
new processes
The long-term scheduler controls
the degree of multiprogramming,
ie the number of processes in the
memory
It can afford to take more time
select a process for execution.
19. Processes can be described as
either:
I/O-bound process – spends more time
doing I/O than computation many short
CPU bursts
CPU-bound process – spends more time
doing computations; and generates I/O
request in frequently.
The long term scheduler must select a good
JOB MIX of I/O bound jobs and CPU
bound jobs.
If all the processes are I/O bound jobs then
the ready queue will almost always be
empty and the short term scheduler will
have little to do.
If all the processes are CPU bound jobs, I/O
bound queue will be empty
The system will give the best performance
when a good mix of both types of jobs is
present.
20.
21. The medium term scheduler
removes the processes from
memory( and from active
contention for the CPU) and thus
reduce the degree of
multiprogramming .
At some time later , the process
can be reintroduced into the
memory and its execution can be
continued where it was left out.
This scheme is called SWAPPING.
The process is swapped out and is
later swapped in, by the medium
term scheduler.
Swapping may be necessary to
improve the process mix or need
is there to free the memory
22.
23. When CPU switches to another process, the system must save the state of
the old process and load the saved state for the new process. This is task is
known as CONTEXT SWITCHING.
The context of a process is represented in the PCB of a process, it includes
the value of the CPU registers, the process state and memory management
information
Context-switch time is overhead; the system does no useful work while
switching.
Its speed varies from machine to machine depending on the memory
speed ,the number of registers that must be copied etc
Time dependent on hardware support
24. Operation on processes
The processes in the system can
execute concurrently , the O/S
must provide a mechanism for
process creation and termination
Parent process create CHILDREN
processes, which, in turn create
other processes, forming a tree of
processes
Resource sharing
Parent and children share all resources
Children share subset of parent’s
resources
Parent and child share no resources
When a process creates a new
process, two possibilities exists in
terms of execution
Parent and children execute concurrently
Parent waits until children terminate
25. There are two possibilities in terms
of the Address space of the new
process:
Child duplicate of parent
Child has a program loaded into it
For example: UNIX examples
fork system call creates new process
which consists of a copy of the address of
the original process , this allows the
parent to communicate easily with the
child process.
exec system call used after a fork to
replace the process’ memory space with a
new program
27. Process executes last statement and asks
the operating system to delete it (exit)
Output data from child is returned to
the parent (via wait system call)
Process’ resources are deallocated by
operating system,which includes
physical and virtual memory., open
files and I/O buffers
Parent may terminate execution of
children processes (abort) for a variety of
reasons like:
Child has exceeded allocated resources
Task assigned to child is no longer
required
If parent is exiting
Some operating system do not allow
child to continue if its parent
terminates
All children must be terminated
,this is called cascading
termination, which is normally
initiated by the operating system
28. The concurrent processes
executing in the operating system
may either be independent or co
operating processes.
An Independent process cannot
affect or be affected by the
execution of another process . Any
process with does not share data
with any other process is
independent.
An Cooperating process can affect
or be affected by the execution of
another process, this is the case
when any process shares data with
other processes
29. Advantages of process cooperation
Information sharing – Several users may
be interested in same piece of
information for ex a shared file etc
Computation speed-up – a task is broken
up into subtasks, so that each one of
them will execute in parallel with others.
Modularity – we construct the system in a
modular fashion dividing the system
function into separate processes or
threads
Convenience- An individual may have
many task on which to work at one time.
Example a user may be editing, printing,
and compiling in parallel.
EXAMPLE of such a process is producer
consumer problem
30. THE unbounded-buffer places no practical
limit on the size of the buffer. The
consumer may have to wait for the new
item but the produce can always produce
new items
The bounded-buffer assumes that there is
a fixed buffer size, the consumer must
wait if the buffer is empty and the
producer must wait if the buffer is full
31. Mechanism for processes to
communicate and to synchronize
their actions
Message system – processes
communicate with each other
without resorting to shared
variables
IPC facility provides two
operations:
send(message) – message size fixed or
variable
receive(message)
If P and Q wish to communicate,
they need to:
establish a communication link between
them
exchange messages via send/receive
Implementation of communication
link
physical (e.g., shared memory, hardware
bus)
logical (e.g., logical properties)
32. The co-operating processes can
communicate in a shared memory
environment. This requires that
these processes share a common
buffer pool another way to achieve
the same effect is for the operating
system to provide means for co-
operating processes to
communicate with each other via
an interprocess communication
(IPC) facility.
IPC provides a mechanism to allow
processes to communicate and to
synchronize their actions without
sharing the same address space.
IPC is best provided by a message
passing system
33. The function a message system is
to allow processes to communicate
with one another without the need
resort to shared data.
Messages sent by a process can be
fixed or variable.
When the message is fixed size the
system implementation is
straightforward.
Variable size messages require a
more complex system level
implementation.
If the processes P and Q want to
communicate they must send
messages to and receive from each
other, via a communication link.
The link can be implemented in a
number of ways.
34. DIRECT/ INDIRECT
COMMUNICATION
SYMMERTIC OR ASYMMETRIC
SYSTEM
AUTOMATIC OR EXPLICIT
BUFFERING
SEND BY COPY OR SEND BY
REFERENCE
FIXED SIZED OR VARIABLE SIZED
MESSAGES
35. Processes that want to
communicate must have a way to
refer to each other. They can use
either direct or indirect
communication.
Processes must name each other
explicitly:
send (P, message) – send a message to
process P
receive(Q, message) – receive a message
from process Q
Properties of communication link
Links are established automatically
A link is associated with exactly one pair
of communicating processes
Between each pair there exists exactly
one link
The link may be unidirectional, but is
usually bi-directional
36. Messages are directed and received from mailboxes (also referred to as
ports)
Each mailbox has a unique id
Processes can communicate only if they share a mailbox
Properties of communication link
Link established only if processes share a common mailbox
A link may be associated with many processes
Each pair of processes may share several communication links
Link may be unidirectional or bi-directional
37. Mailbox is owned either by a process or by the operating system
Operations
create a new mailbox
send and receive messages through mailbox
destroy a mailbox
Primitives are defined as:
send(A, message) – send a message to mailbox A
receive(A, message) – receive a message from mailbox A
38. Mailbox sharing
P1, P2, and P3 share mailbox A
P1, sends; P2 and P3 receive
Who gets the message?
Solutions, the answer depends on
the scheme we use:
Allow a link to be associated with at most
two processes
Allow only one process at a time to
execute a receive operation
Allow the system to select arbitrarily the
receiver. Sender is notified who the
receiver was.
39. Communication between processes takes place by calls to send and
receive primitives.
Message passing may be either blocking or non-blocking
Blocking is considered synchronous
Blocking send , the sending process is blocked until the message is received by the
receiving process or a mailbox
Blocking receive has the receiver block until a message is available
Non-blocking is considered asynchronous
Non-blocking send has the sender send the message and resume operation
Non-blocking receive has the receiver receive a valid message or null
Different combinations of send and receive are possible.
40. Whether the communication is
direct or indirect, messages
exchanged by the communicating
processes reside is a temporary
queue. A queue is implemented in
three ways:
Queue of messages attached to
the link; implemented in one of
three ways
1. Zero capacity – queue has maximum
length 0, thus the link cannot have any
message waiting in it.
2. Bounded capacity – queue is of finite
length of n messages
Sender must wait if link full otherwise it is
send when a new message is send, it is
placed in the queue.
3. Unbounded capacity – queue has infinite
length , any number messages can be wait
in it. Sender never waits