The document discusses the yield gap between research fields and farmer fields in Bangladesh. It identifies several key reasons for lower yields in farmer fields, including a lack of quality seeds, insufficient fertilizer and organic matter usage, improper pest and disease management, and failure to follow recommended cultivation practices. Research fields are able to achieve higher yields by optimizing all aspects of crop management, from seed selection to irrigation to pest control. Reducing the yield gap will require improving farmer knowledge, access to resources, and use of techniques like integrated pest management and crop rotation.

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2. Introduce
SI Name ID
01 Rafiqul Islam 16109015
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3. Topic Name
Reasons For Yield Gap between Research
Field and Farmers Field
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4. Outline
• Introduction
• What does the yield gap mean?
• Causes of low productivity of Agriculture.
• Why the low production on farmers field?
• Why research field gives the high yield than
farmer field.
• Cultivation process.
• Conclusion
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5. Introduction
• Demand for both food and energy is quickly rising and will
continue to rise with increases in global population and
average income. By 2030, global cereal demand for food
and animal feed alone is expected to total 2.8 billion tons
per year, or 50% higher than in 2000. Bangladesh is a small
country but it has a large population. Our countries land is
decreasing about 1% in year for many purposes. For this
reason our cultivated land is going limited. It is the threat of
our food production and food security. One the other hand
in the agriculture sector creates yield gap. It has many
reasons for yield gap like increasing population, scarcity of
workforce, declining soil fertility, increasing climate
adversary, frequent resurgence of biotic and abiotic stresses.
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6. What does the yield gap mean?
 The term “yield gap” is becoming commonplace in discussions
of high-yield farming and modern agricultural best practices.
This refers to the difference between a crop’s maximum
potential yield and real yield. On average, the world’s most
significant crops such as soybean and wheat produce less than
50% of their maximum potential yield. Reducing the yield gap
is an urgent matter to help feed the world’s growing
population.
 In the farmers field production is less than researcher field. For
example in BRRI dhan- 28 yield is 6.5t/ha in research field.
When this same variety are cultivated in farmers field, its
maximum yield will be 4 or 4.5 t/ha. This variation is called
yield gap.
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7. Causes of low productivity of Agriculture
There are three factors of causes of low productivity-
1. Human factor.
2. Technical factor.
3. Institutional factor.
Description of Technical factors and Institutional factors given
below:
 Technical Factors:
Technical Factors include techniques and methods of production.
1) Traditional methods of Cultivation.
2) Old implements.
3) Insufficient irrigation facilities.
4) Problems of soil.
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8. 5. Problems of pests and diseases of crops.
6. Feeble cattle.
7. Lack of credit facility.
8. Lack of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds.
9. Improper marketing.
 Institutional Factors
Institutional factors include land holdings and land system.
 Small size of farms.
 Defective land tenure system.
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9. Why the low production on farmers field?
1. Most of the farmers don’t use quality seed.
2. Low viable of seed.
3. Low germination percentage of seed.
4. Seed sowing without seed purification.
5. Lack of supplementary irrigation.
6.They don’t control insect and disease at the right time.
7. Don’t follow any standard method of plantation.
8. Don’t follow planting time.
9. Planting of old ages seedling.
10. Early and late plantation of seedling.
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10. 11. Early and late plantation of seedling.
12. Lack of fertilizer – Zn, P, MoP, S, etc.
13. Insufficient use of organic matter.
14. Select shadow place for seed bed.
15. Pollination does not take place properly.
16. Further use of chemical fertilizer.
17. Lack of crop rotation.
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11. Why research field gives the high yield than
farmer field.
• Those problems are visible in the farmer’s field that is not
visible in the research field.
• They have no lacking about knowledge.
• They have no lacking about man power.
• They have no lacking about economic.
• They use quality seed.
• They use sufficient amount of organic matter.
• They control insect and disease at the right time.
• They follow standard method of plantation.
• They follow proper pollination technique.
• They don’t use further chemical fertilizer.
• They follow the crop rotation.
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12. How to reduce the yield gap between the research
field and farmer’s field
 Increase of Knowledge: Farmer thinks that if more inorganic
fertilizer is used, high yield is done. This kind of thinking creates by
lacking knowledge.
 Reduce Further use of Pesticide: Spread of diseases and insect is
the main cause of further use of pesticide.
 Reduce Further use of inorganic fertilizer: is also responsible for
low yield causes. It creates acidity and salty into soil and destroy the
earthworm and micro organism.
 Use of OM : Farmers should more use of organic matter and reduce
the dependent on inorganic fertilizer to keep soil helth well.
 Pollination knowledge: They have no proper knowledge about
pollination. When pollination didn’t take place properly, the yield
gap will visible.
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13.  Follow the IPM method: Farmers don’t follow integrated pest
management. The agronomist should increase the awareness about
integrated pest management. IPM method keeps the soil health well
and also helpful for environment.
 Crop rotation: is another cause of yield gap. Farmers should follow
crop rotation for reduce the insect and disease attack.
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14. Cultivation process
1. Proper variety selection: Different institutions like BRRI, BARI,
BINA develop many variety of crops. Variety should be selected
according to agriculture region, soil condition and social economy
of farmers. Ignore old variety and selected new variety due to reduce
disease, pest and adverse condition effect.
2. Use of quality seed: Quality seed gives high yield. Disease free,
strong, high germination percentage seed should be use. Certified
seed can be use.
3. Seedling: Ideal seed bed is required for production of healthy
seedling. 3 – 3.5 kg seed is required for one decimal land. When
seedling age will be 30-35 days, the seedling has to planting on main
field. It can vary according to season and variety.
4. Land preparation: The land would be well prepared. Optimum
ploughing should be maintain and ladder also given for leveling of
land. That will be helpful for plant growth and planting.
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15. 5. Plantation of seedling and Method: In Boro season seedling
should be place in the main field within 25 December – 7
January. Farmers should have try to plantation of seedling in the
early of the season.
6. Fertilizer management: Balance fertilizer should be maintained.
Organic fertilizer should have use more. Fertilizer application
should be use at the right time.
7. Irrigation Management: Proper irrigation management should
be maintained. Supplementary irrigation can be use. Excess and
lack of irrigation can affect on crop production.
8. Weed management: Weed control is the important thing for crop
cultivation. It can be destroy about 20-70 % yield. It acts as a
host of insect and disease.
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16. 9. Insect and disease Control: It can be reduce crop production
if others intercultural operation done properly. For this reason
integrated pest management have to follow reduce the effect of
that.
10. Harvesting of crops: When the crop becomes mature it
would be harvested. Try to reduce harvesting waste. In our
country about 12 to 13 % crops are wasted in harvesting stage.
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17. Summary
• Yield of any crop depends on some management practices.
Managing all of the practices at optimum level might produce
highest yield of a certain modern variety. But due to
socioeconomic conditions in Bangladesh, farmers are not in a
position to manage all the practices in the right time. Not only
economy there are some factors to responsible yield gap.
These are Human factor, Technical factor, Institutional factor.
Late sowing and unavailability of quality seeds in due time
appeared as the dominant factors responsible for yield gap.
Spread of diseases and insect is the main cause of further use
of pesticide.
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18. Con…
Further use of inorganic fertilizer is also responsible for low
yield causes. It creates acidity and salty into soil and destroy
the earthworm and micro organism. Farmers should more use
of organic matter and reduce the dependent on inorganic
fertilizer. They have no proper knowledge about pollination.
When pollination didn’t take place properly, the yield gap will
visible. Farmers don’t follow integrated pest management. The
agronomist should increase the awareness about integrated
pest management. IPM method keeps the soil health well and
also helpful for environment. Crop rotation is another cause of
yield gap. Farmers should follow crop rotation for reduce the
insect and disease attack and also fallow the process of modern
cultivation method.
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