Situation-One or more circumstances, conditions, states, or entities in the environment that have the potential to exert causal influences on an individual's behavior.
What is a problem in psychology?
In the context of cognitive psychology, a problem is any situation in which we are trying to reach a goal and we must find a means to reach that goal.
In general, situational meaning refers to how a person appraises ongoing events (e.g. the immediate situation or one's life in general) in terms of personal relevance and the ability to cope, and to the options available for coping.
There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
The following are the types of variables that that analyzer should look for in scoring and analyzing a testee's test.
This in series of uploads on analysis of Stories for TAT to enable candidates to analyze for themselves if they are on right tracks writing of story and its interpretation is very important both for PPDT and Psychological test itself
Decoding tat 11 the defense mechanism manual part 2 (projection)Col Mukteshwar Prasad
Projection under manual is coded as under
1. Attribution of Aggressive or Hostile Feeling, Emotions, or Intentions to a Character, or Other Feelings, Emotions, or Intentions that are Normatively Unusual.
2. Additions of Ominous People, Ghosts, Animals, Objects or Qualities.
3. Magical or Circumstantial Thinking
4. Concern for Protection from External Threat
5. Apprehensiveness of Death, Injury, or Assault
6. Themes of Pursuit, Entrapment, and Escape
7. Bizarre or Very Unusual Story or Theme
There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
The following are the types of variables that that analyzer should look for in scoring and analyzing a testee's test.
This in series of uploads on analysis of Stories for TAT to enable candidates to analyze for themselves if they are on right tracks writing of story and its interpretation is very important both for PPDT and Psychological test itself
Decoding tat 11 the defense mechanism manual part 2 (projection)Col Mukteshwar Prasad
Projection under manual is coded as under
1. Attribution of Aggressive or Hostile Feeling, Emotions, or Intentions to a Character, or Other Feelings, Emotions, or Intentions that are Normatively Unusual.
2. Additions of Ominous People, Ghosts, Animals, Objects or Qualities.
3. Magical or Circumstantial Thinking
4. Concern for Protection from External Threat
5. Apprehensiveness of Death, Injury, or Assault
6. Themes of Pursuit, Entrapment, and Escape
7. Bizarre or Very Unusual Story or Theme
Book( Decoding Services Selection Board -Career in armed forces as an officer)Col Mukteshwar Prasad
Only book which gives theoretical detailed consideration on all technique
Acts as self help
Written by experienced professionals (Ex IO and Ex Psychologist)
Gives coverage to new SSB technique likely to be implemented in few months
Acts as Personality Development material for all up to middle management level
This another analysis of 12 stories written by a candidate continuously as in SSB in 4 minutes with 30 Seconds to view the picture.The candidate is topper of DPS Bhubneshwar and Head Boy for last 2 years
PPSS-R uses TAT response to assess how people are likely to resolve personal problems
Responses are scored across 4 categories
Story Design
Story Orientation
Story solution
Story resolution
PPSS-R uses stories generated to assess how people identify ,concetualize and resolve personal problems
Personal problem solving skill is inversely related to psychological distress
People who solve problems have good mental health
Components of personal problem solving
Identify accurately problem situation
Capacity to generate alternative solutions to a problem situation
Ability to generate step by step plan for problem resolution
Ability to understand one’s own motives and motives of others
4 Categories have 13 scoring criteria
Benjamin Hardy got some Semiotic(relating to signs and symbols . "the gestures, images, and objects notated in his scripts share a semiotic importance equal to the spoken text”) "artwork" to portray some of the fascinating and often misunderstood science of motivation, confidence, and decision making.
TAT analysis of 12 stories based on impulse of TAT 15 uploaded earlier.Analysis of 1st two stories are based on Need Achievement and 3rd based on SCOR.Rest on general short analysis
A situation is a set of fleeting(Lasting for very short time), dynamic, and momentary circumstances that do not lie within a person (i.e., they are neither own mental processes nor own behavior), but in their surroundings. Rauthmann, 2015
Or
Situation constitutes everything that is outside the person.
A person (Psychologically ) is made up of goals, motives, values, interests, skills, abilities, etc.,
Situations are everything else, including other people.
Every thought, feeling, desire, and behavior is embedded in a situation.
Three different kinds of situational information provide a lens to define situation :
Cues
Characteristics
Classes
Murray (1943) describes the TAT as a “method of revealing to the trained interpreter some of the dominant drives, emotions, sentiments, complexes, and conflicts of personality. Special value resides in its power to expose underlying inhibited tendencies which the subject is not willing to admit, or cannot admit because he is unconscious of them”
The TAT was originally developed based on Murray’s concepts of personality.
At the core of his concepts was a focus on
How individuals interact with their environments?
How people are affected by external forces? and
How their unique sets of needs, attitudes, and values influence their reaction to the world around them.?
According to Bruner, humans have two modes of thought:
1.The paradigmatic or logico-scientific Mode- attempts to fulfill the ideal of a formal, mathematical system of description and explanation
2.The narrative mode - leads to good stories, gripping drama, believable (though not necessarily "true") historical accounts.
These understanding will lead us to write a good TAT story
Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale (SCORS) originally detailed by Westen (1995) and subsequently adopted as SCORS-G is another TAT interpretation tool being extensively utilized now.
Decoding tat 12 the defense mechanism manual part 3 (identification)Col Mukteshwar Prasad
The Defense Mechanism Manual was developed to assess the use of three
defenses—denial, projection, and identification—as revealed in stories told to standard
The scoring for each defense is based on seven categories, each designed to reflect a
different aspect of the defense. Each category may be scored as often as necessary, with
the exception of a direct repetition in the story; in cases of repetition, the category is
scored only once
Although examples are provided to aid in deciding whether a category should be
scored or not, inevitably questions will arise. A thorough knowledge of the nature of the
defense mechanisms will help in answering these questions. Beyond this, the general rule
to be followed is, “When in doubt, leave it out.” That is, if there is a serious question
about whether or not the story segment is an example of the defense, do not score it.
Some typical answer for IO questions by candidate has been given for guidance.Candidates are advised to prepare answer of expected problems if any based on their own envirionment and circumstances
The most successful storytellers often focus listeners’ minds on a single important idea and they take no longer than a 30-second to forge an emotional connection.
Story telling can be effective if and only if both teller and listeners are in happy mood
Happiness is just a neurochemical spurt of four different brain chemicals
WE need all of them to feel good.
How people perceive the situations they engage in are important because
(a) Persons and situations are interdependent
(b)All stimuli both external (e.g., people present) and internal ones (e.g., current mood) are processed within a personality system and
(c)Studies have shown that perceptions are not monolithic entities:
They vary according to the person who perceives a stimulus,
The properties of the stimulus itself, and
The interactions between person and stimulus.
Rothman has developed novel componential approach to situation perception to disentangle
Perceiver (a perceiver’s tendency of seeing situations),
Situation (a situation’s tendency of being seen), and
Perceiver Situation variance (a perceiver’s unique view of a specific situation).
The descriptions and discussion of Murray’s TAT card are divided into three sections:
1. Brief description of card.
2. Plots frequently encountered.
3. A general discussion of the significance and overall usefulness of the card.
The descriptions of each TAT card are from Handbook of Psychological Assessment by Groth et al
This is the 2nd task of GTO.It is also 2nd out of 3 Indoor GTO tasks.In this integration stage the candidates tend to compete with each other vying for acceptance of their solution
In earlier Group discussion they have explored each other’s capability based on level of discussion and quality.Performance in at least 3 out of 4 tasks in basic series are important for being acceptable in GTO technique. It is the only task for which written proof exists in the form of GPE plan and retained implying one must necessarily do well for consideration of being passed
GTO tasks which requires Practical Application are PGT(Progressive Group Task),HGT(Half Group Task),CT(Command Task) and FGT(Final Group Task)
These Tasks are leaderless (Except CT),Situational,Action oriented,Role playing,stressful and Simulated to job performance in service life
Group is expected to use ingenuity in bridging the gap using available resources of a Balli +Plank + Rope and carry a load
Technique of negotiating the tasks remain the same except in PGT (Combination of Four tasks) becomes progressively difficult as one moves from 1st task to 4th task, In HGT Group is divided in two groups so that those who could not perform well in larger Group may find easier to perform better. Besides HGT /CT and FGT consist of only one task. In CT a candidate is chosen as leader for the 1st time and has the freedom to choose two members to assist him
Tasks are basically combination of structures which in itself consists of parts
This set has been designed as a practice for all potential candidates aspiring to attend SSB and interview for coastal guards. All pictures have been timed as would happen in actual scenario during tests
The term problem-solving refers to the mental process that people go through to discover, analyze and solve problems.
A problem can be defined as ‘where there is a need to bridge gap between a current situation and a desired situation”.
Broadly there are three types of problemdiagnostic problems – working out what’s gone wrong and fixing it – for example, a machine or a process isn’t working properly and needs to be fixed or improved design problems – identifying what needs to be done to create a new product or process and planning how to do itcontingency problems – resource planning and working with others to plan and manage a project, such as organising an event.Problems with personal or emotional relationships are not a problem although they often make for interesting scenarios.
Book( Decoding Services Selection Board -Career in armed forces as an officer)Col Mukteshwar Prasad
Only book which gives theoretical detailed consideration on all technique
Acts as self help
Written by experienced professionals (Ex IO and Ex Psychologist)
Gives coverage to new SSB technique likely to be implemented in few months
Acts as Personality Development material for all up to middle management level
This another analysis of 12 stories written by a candidate continuously as in SSB in 4 minutes with 30 Seconds to view the picture.The candidate is topper of DPS Bhubneshwar and Head Boy for last 2 years
PPSS-R uses TAT response to assess how people are likely to resolve personal problems
Responses are scored across 4 categories
Story Design
Story Orientation
Story solution
Story resolution
PPSS-R uses stories generated to assess how people identify ,concetualize and resolve personal problems
Personal problem solving skill is inversely related to psychological distress
People who solve problems have good mental health
Components of personal problem solving
Identify accurately problem situation
Capacity to generate alternative solutions to a problem situation
Ability to generate step by step plan for problem resolution
Ability to understand one’s own motives and motives of others
4 Categories have 13 scoring criteria
Benjamin Hardy got some Semiotic(relating to signs and symbols . "the gestures, images, and objects notated in his scripts share a semiotic importance equal to the spoken text”) "artwork" to portray some of the fascinating and often misunderstood science of motivation, confidence, and decision making.
TAT analysis of 12 stories based on impulse of TAT 15 uploaded earlier.Analysis of 1st two stories are based on Need Achievement and 3rd based on SCOR.Rest on general short analysis
A situation is a set of fleeting(Lasting for very short time), dynamic, and momentary circumstances that do not lie within a person (i.e., they are neither own mental processes nor own behavior), but in their surroundings. Rauthmann, 2015
Or
Situation constitutes everything that is outside the person.
A person (Psychologically ) is made up of goals, motives, values, interests, skills, abilities, etc.,
Situations are everything else, including other people.
Every thought, feeling, desire, and behavior is embedded in a situation.
Three different kinds of situational information provide a lens to define situation :
Cues
Characteristics
Classes
Murray (1943) describes the TAT as a “method of revealing to the trained interpreter some of the dominant drives, emotions, sentiments, complexes, and conflicts of personality. Special value resides in its power to expose underlying inhibited tendencies which the subject is not willing to admit, or cannot admit because he is unconscious of them”
The TAT was originally developed based on Murray’s concepts of personality.
At the core of his concepts was a focus on
How individuals interact with their environments?
How people are affected by external forces? and
How their unique sets of needs, attitudes, and values influence their reaction to the world around them.?
According to Bruner, humans have two modes of thought:
1.The paradigmatic or logico-scientific Mode- attempts to fulfill the ideal of a formal, mathematical system of description and explanation
2.The narrative mode - leads to good stories, gripping drama, believable (though not necessarily "true") historical accounts.
These understanding will lead us to write a good TAT story
Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale (SCORS) originally detailed by Westen (1995) and subsequently adopted as SCORS-G is another TAT interpretation tool being extensively utilized now.
Decoding tat 12 the defense mechanism manual part 3 (identification)Col Mukteshwar Prasad
The Defense Mechanism Manual was developed to assess the use of three
defenses—denial, projection, and identification—as revealed in stories told to standard
The scoring for each defense is based on seven categories, each designed to reflect a
different aspect of the defense. Each category may be scored as often as necessary, with
the exception of a direct repetition in the story; in cases of repetition, the category is
scored only once
Although examples are provided to aid in deciding whether a category should be
scored or not, inevitably questions will arise. A thorough knowledge of the nature of the
defense mechanisms will help in answering these questions. Beyond this, the general rule
to be followed is, “When in doubt, leave it out.” That is, if there is a serious question
about whether or not the story segment is an example of the defense, do not score it.
Some typical answer for IO questions by candidate has been given for guidance.Candidates are advised to prepare answer of expected problems if any based on their own envirionment and circumstances
The most successful storytellers often focus listeners’ minds on a single important idea and they take no longer than a 30-second to forge an emotional connection.
Story telling can be effective if and only if both teller and listeners are in happy mood
Happiness is just a neurochemical spurt of four different brain chemicals
WE need all of them to feel good.
How people perceive the situations they engage in are important because
(a) Persons and situations are interdependent
(b)All stimuli both external (e.g., people present) and internal ones (e.g., current mood) are processed within a personality system and
(c)Studies have shown that perceptions are not monolithic entities:
They vary according to the person who perceives a stimulus,
The properties of the stimulus itself, and
The interactions between person and stimulus.
Rothman has developed novel componential approach to situation perception to disentangle
Perceiver (a perceiver’s tendency of seeing situations),
Situation (a situation’s tendency of being seen), and
Perceiver Situation variance (a perceiver’s unique view of a specific situation).
The descriptions and discussion of Murray’s TAT card are divided into three sections:
1. Brief description of card.
2. Plots frequently encountered.
3. A general discussion of the significance and overall usefulness of the card.
The descriptions of each TAT card are from Handbook of Psychological Assessment by Groth et al
This is the 2nd task of GTO.It is also 2nd out of 3 Indoor GTO tasks.In this integration stage the candidates tend to compete with each other vying for acceptance of their solution
In earlier Group discussion they have explored each other’s capability based on level of discussion and quality.Performance in at least 3 out of 4 tasks in basic series are important for being acceptable in GTO technique. It is the only task for which written proof exists in the form of GPE plan and retained implying one must necessarily do well for consideration of being passed
GTO tasks which requires Practical Application are PGT(Progressive Group Task),HGT(Half Group Task),CT(Command Task) and FGT(Final Group Task)
These Tasks are leaderless (Except CT),Situational,Action oriented,Role playing,stressful and Simulated to job performance in service life
Group is expected to use ingenuity in bridging the gap using available resources of a Balli +Plank + Rope and carry a load
Technique of negotiating the tasks remain the same except in PGT (Combination of Four tasks) becomes progressively difficult as one moves from 1st task to 4th task, In HGT Group is divided in two groups so that those who could not perform well in larger Group may find easier to perform better. Besides HGT /CT and FGT consist of only one task. In CT a candidate is chosen as leader for the 1st time and has the freedom to choose two members to assist him
Tasks are basically combination of structures which in itself consists of parts
This set has been designed as a practice for all potential candidates aspiring to attend SSB and interview for coastal guards. All pictures have been timed as would happen in actual scenario during tests
The term problem-solving refers to the mental process that people go through to discover, analyze and solve problems.
A problem can be defined as ‘where there is a need to bridge gap between a current situation and a desired situation”.
Broadly there are three types of problemdiagnostic problems – working out what’s gone wrong and fixing it – for example, a machine or a process isn’t working properly and needs to be fixed or improved design problems – identifying what needs to be done to create a new product or process and planning how to do itcontingency problems – resource planning and working with others to plan and manage a project, such as organising an event.Problems with personal or emotional relationships are not a problem although they often make for interesting scenarios.
“Great leaders do both,” Cliff said during the session. “Every strength taken to an extreme becomes a weakness.” Polarity thinking, both men said, gives systems thinking a theory, process, or tool that lets us tap into the thinking of each side in order to minimize the fear that each one may conjure up.Nov 7, 2011
Top of FormBottom of FormStrategies for Decision MakingPro.docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Strategies for Decision Making
Problem Solving and Decision Making
Components of a problem
· Givens: pieces of information that are provided when the problem is presented
· Goal: The desired end state – what a problem solution will hopefully accomplish
· Operations: Actions that can be performed to approach or reach the goal
Steps in Problem-Solving Process
What is Groupthink?
Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that may cause a failure of a group’s performance. This is a trap that any previously successful group may get in.
The "groupthink" term was proposed by social psychologist Irving Janis (1972). It occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment” (p. 9). The alternatives are ignored and irrational actions dehumanize other groups. A group is especially vulnerable to groupthink when its members are similar in background, when the group is insulated from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making.
Janis, Irving L. (1972). Victims of Groupthink. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Janis, Irving L. (1982). Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Second Edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Symptoms of Groupthink
There are eight symptoms of groupthink:
· Illusion of invulnerability –Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks.
· Collective rationalization – Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions.
· Belief in inherent morality – Members believe in the rightness of their cause and therefore ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions.
· Stereotyped views of out-groups – Negative views of the “enemy” make effective responses to conflict seem unnecessary.
· Direct pressure on dissenters – Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group’s views.
· Self-censorship – Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed.
· Illusion of unanimity – The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous.
· Self-appointed ‘mindguards’ – Members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group’s cohesiveness, view, and/or decisions.
Remedies for Groupthink
Decision experts have determined that groupthink may be prevented by adopting some of the following measures:
1. The leader should assign the role of critical evaluator to each member
2. The leader should avoid stating preferences and expectations at the outset
3. Each member of the group should routinely discuss the group's deliberations with a trusted associate and report back to the group on the associate's reactions
4. One or more experts should be invited to each meeting on a staggered basis. The outside experts should be encouraged to challenge views of the members.
5. At least one articulate and knowledgeable member should be given the role of devi ...
This file Discusses the following ....
A problem ( in general )
Problem solving
What is " Problem solving" technique?
Problem-solving strategies
Improving Problem Solving Skills
Writing the Exam
How to answer the exam?
Chapter 5 – Improving Your Study SkillsIn Chapter 4 we explore.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 5 – Improving Your Study Skills
In Chapter 4 we explored the power of the brain. It has the ability to:
remember unlimited amounts of information
reason, sense patterns, and analyze information
think critically and creatively, and solve problems
These are physiological functions (mechanical) that the brain performs. But for most people, the brain does not separate the process of thinking from emotion. So, how you think is influenced by how you feel.
Likewise, how you think and feel influence your ability to learn.
Feeling
Thinking
Learning
How Do We Learn – Learning Styles
People are diverse in both how they think and how they learn.
One of the most common models used to explain learning differences include the following styles:
Visual
Auditory
Kinesthetic/Tactile
Several researchers have challenged the theory of learning styles. These challenges are based on the fact that:
There is no definitive test that identifies an individual's unique learning style, and,
Efforts to customize learning toward a student's particular learning style have shown no significant improvement in achievement.
It is probably better to say that we all have many learning styles but have a preference for one of them when we are learning new information or specific types of information.
We may use a different learning style than our preference to reinforce or review something we have learned.
Challenges to the Learning Styles Theory
Challenges To Learning
In some cases a learning style is not a preference, but instead, is a concrete reality.
Students who have challenges to learning, such as dyslexia, ADHD, visual or hearing impairment, may require accommodations in order to fully and equally participate in traditional classroom environments.
A learning disability is not an indication of inferior intelligence.
In high school, accommodations are arranged for these students by the school.
In college it is up to the student to seek out this assistance and advocate for themselves.
The Division of Student Services at TSU assists students in achieving their academic goals and enhancing their personal, intellectual and social development through the provision of a broad range of programs and services.
Intelligence
Intelligence has been defined in many different ways - someone's capacity for logical thinking, abstract thought, understanding, self-awareness, communication, learning, emotional knowledge, memory, planning, creativity and problem solving (Wikipedia).
But what is less understood or agreed upon is what constitutes evidence of intelligence. How do you measure intelligence?
The IQ test is probably the most familiar assessment used to measure intelligence.
High IQ Score ≠ Future Success
Average to Low IQ Score ≠ Future Life of Failure
In his article on the significance of IQ Tests, titled Rational and Irrational Thought: The Thinking That IQ Tests Miss, Keith E. Stanovich proposes that dysrationalia - the inability to think and behave r ...
Similar to Problem in Psychology and its solution.pptx (20)
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Leaders are often faced with ethical conundrums(a confusing and difficult problem or question). So how can they determine when they’re inching toward dangerous territory? There are three main psychological dynamics that lead to crossing moral lines.
There’s omnipotence: when someone feels so aggrandized and entitled that they believe the rules of decent behavior don’t apply to them.
Consider cultural numbness: when others play along and gradually begin to accept and embody deviant norms.
Finally, when people don’t speak up because they are thinking of more immediate rewards, we see justified neglect.
Generally most people mean well, but simply execute their job poorly sometimes and sometimes, there are BAD bosses. We must learn “to Work "on Bad Boss
According to dictionary.com, “to work” something or someone is to put them into effective operation, to operate that thing or person for productive purposes.
Put your Bad Boss into effective operation to get whatever you want in your job or career by learning your boss’s secret desire and secret fear
Two biggest issues of Bad Boss are:
They can negatively impact our work performance.
They can make life miserable
We often hear “being difficult.” about Bad Boss. It’s hard to know exactly where the difficulty lie. All we know is it is difficult to work successfully with this person.
An incompetent person is someone who is
Functionally inadequate or
Insufficient in Knowledge, Skills, Judgment, or Strength
Mindset is a mental attitude that determines how we interpret and respond to situations.
Dweck has found that it is your mindset that plays a significant role in determining achievement and success.
A mindset refers to whether you believe qualities such as intelligence and talent are fixed or changeable traits.
People with a fixed mindset believe that these qualities are inborn, fixed, and unchangeable.
Those with a growth mindset, on the other hand, believe that these abilities can be developed and strengthened by way of commitment and hard work.
Story of Katalin Karikó, a researcher who won the Nobel prize for medicine for her work on modifying the RNA molecule to avoid triggering a harmful immune response is a classical example of mindset.
Yet, her life was full of rejection and doubt.
Her achievement had much to do with her mindset.
A theory is a based upon a hypothesis and backed by evidence.
A theory presents a concept or idea that is testable.
In science, a theory is not merely a guess.
A theory is a fact-based framework for describing a phenomenon.
In psychology, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Hence study of Psychology theory is essential for SSB and all types of Interviewas it helps us to understand our own developmental psychology.k
Personality theorists should study normal individuals
All behavior is interactive
The person must be studied in terms of interactions with their environment
The brain is the locus of personality
There is a biological basis to personality
Definition of Personality
1- Personality is an abstraction formulated by a theorist.
2- It refers to series of events that ideally span over life time from childhood to adulthood
3-It reflects novel, unique, recurrent and enduring patterns of behaviours – his education and training .
4- Personality is located in brain- imagination, perception
5.Personality comprises the person’s central organizing and governing processes, whose function is to
Resolve conflicts,
Satisfy needs, and
Plan for future goals.
” Emotions are complex psychological states involving three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response”
"Discovering Psychology," by Don Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury
In 1972, psychologist Paul Ekman suggested that there are six basic emotions that are universal throughout human cultures: fear, disgust, anger, surprise, joy, and sadness.
In the 1980s, Robert Plutchik introduced another emotion classification system known as the wheel of emotions. This model demonstrated how different emotions can be combined or mixed together, much like the way an artist mixes primary colors to create other colors.
Plutchik proposed eight primary emotional dimensions: joy vs. sadness, anger vs. fear, trust vs. disgust, and surprise vs. anticipation.
These emotions can then be combined to create others, such as happiness + anticipation = excitement.
In 1999, Ekman expanded his list to include a number of other basic emotions, including embarrassment, excitement, contempt, shame, pride, satisfaction, and amusement
Anger is an intense emotion you feel when
Something has gone wrong or
Someone has wronged you.
It is typically characterized by feelings of
Stress,
Frustration, and
Irritation.
Anger is a perfectly normal response to frustrating or difficult situations.
Anger only becomes a problem when
It’s excessively displayed and
Begins to affect your daily functioning and the way you relate with people.
Anger can range in intensity, from a slight annoyance to rage.
It can sometimes be excessive or irrational.
In these cases, it can be hard to keep the emotion in check and could cause you to behave in ways you wouldn’t otherwise behave.
Cognitive distortions are
Negative or irrational patterns of thinking.
Simply ways that Impostor Syndrome convinces us to believe things that aren’t really true.
Inaccurate thought patterns that
Reinforce our negative self perception and
Keep us feeling bad about ourselves
These negative thought patterns can play a role in
Diminishing our motivation,
Lowering our self-esteem
Contributing to problems like
Anxiety,
Depression, and
Substance use.
Trauma Bonding is the attachment an abused person feels for their abuser, specifically in a relationship with a cyclical pattern of abuse.
Is created due to a cycle of abuse and positive reinforcement
After each circumstance of abuse, the abuser professes love, regret, and trying to make the relationship feel safe and needed for the abused person.
Hence Abused
Finds leaving an abusive situation confusing and overwhelming
Involves positive and/or loving feelings for an abuser
Also feel attached to and dependent on their abuser.
Emotional abuse involves controlling another person by using emotions to Criticize , Embarrass ,Shame ,Blame or
Manipulate .
To be abusive there must be a consistent pattern of abusive words and bullying behaviours that Wear down a person’s Self-esteem and Undermine Their mental health.
Most common in married relationships,
Mental or emotional abuse can occur in any relationship—including among
Friends
Family members and
Co-workers
Attachment-related patterns that differ between individuals are commonly called "attachment styles."
There seems to be an association between a person’s attachment characteristics early in life and in adulthood, but the correlations are far from perfect.
Many adults feel secure in their relationships and comfortable depending on others (echoing “secure” attachment in children).
Others tend to feel anxious about their connection with close others—or prefer to avoid getting close to them in the first place (echoing “insecure” attachment in children).
Borderline personality disorder, characterized by a longing for intimacy and a hypersensitivity to rejection, have shown a high prevalence and severity of insecure attachment.
Attachment styles in adulthood (similar to attachment patterns in children):
Secure
Anxious-preoccupied (high anxiety, low avoidance)
Dismissing-avoidant (low anxiety, high avoidance)
Fearful-avoidant (high anxiety, high avoidance)
Conduct disorder is an ongoing pattern of behaviour marked by emotional and behavioural problems.
Ways in which Children with conduct disorder behave are
Angry,
Aggressive,
Argumentative, and
Disruptive ways.
It is a diagnosable mental health condition that is characterized by patterns of violating
Societal norms and
Rights of others
It's estimated that around 3% of school-aged children have conduct disorder and require professional treatment .
It is more common in boys than in girls.
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric disorder that typically emerges in childhood, between ages 6 and 8, and can last throughout adulthood.
ODD is more than just normal childhood tantrums
Frequency and severity of ODD causes difficulty at home and at school.
Children with ODD also struggle with learning problems related to their behavior.
Two types of oppositional defiant disorder:
Childhood-onset ODD:
Present from an early age
Requires early intervention and treatment to prevent it from progressing into a more serious conduct disorder
Adolescent-onset ODD:
Begins suddenly in the middle- and high-school years, causing conflict at home and in school
There have been at least 13 different types of intelligence that have been identified so far.
These different ways of being smart can help people perform in different areas from their personal life, business, to sports and relationships.
Attachment is an emotional bond with another person. John Bowlby described attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.“
Earliest bonds formed by children (with caregivers) have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life and Attachment so developed
Serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival.
Are innate drive Children are born with and is a product of evolutionary processes
Emerges and are regulated through the process of natural selection,
Are characterized by clear behavioural and motivation patterns.
Nurturance and responsiveness were the primary determinants of attachment.
Children who maintained proximity to an attachment figure were more likely to
Receive comfort and protection, and
More likely to survive to adulthood.
e-RUPI is a person and purpose-specific cashless e-voucher designed to guarantee
that the stored money value reaches its intended beneficiary and can only be used for
the specific benefit or purpose for which it was intended. The idea is to create a minimal
logistics, leak-proof delivery mechanism for a wide range of government Direct Benefit
Transfer (DBT) programs across the country. The digital e-voucher platform can also
be used by organizations who wish to support welfare services through e-RUPI instead
of cash
The term ‘Moonlighting’ became popular in America when people started working a second job in addition to their regular 9-to-5 jobs. Since the rise of the work-from-home concept during the pandemic, employees got free time after work hours. While some took up their hobby in their free time, others started searching for part-time jobs. Especially in the IT industry, employees took up two jobs simultaneously and took advantage of the remote working model. This concept of working for two companies/organisations is referred to as moonlighting.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Problem in Psychology and its solution.pptx
1. Compiled by Col Mukteshwar Prasad(Retd),
MTech(IITD),CE(I),FIE(I),FIETE,FISLE,FInstOD,AMCSI
Contact -9007224278, e-mail –
muktesh_prasad@yahoo.co.in
for book ”Decoding Services Selection Board” and SSB
ON line guidance and training at Shivnandani Edu and
Defence Academy
Problem in Psychology and it’s solution
2. Problem and Response
Situation-One or more circumstances, conditions, states, or
entities in the environment that have the potential to exert
causal influences on an individual's behavior.
What is a problem in psychology?
In the context of cognitive psychology, a problem is any
situation in which we are trying to reach a goal and we
must find a means to reach that goal.
In general, situational meaning refers to how a person
appraises ongoing events (e.g. the immediate situation or
one's life in general) in terms of personal relevance and the
ability to cope, and to the options available for coping.
3. Response and Reaction
Response(Showing a favorable reaction)
Responses are typically the outcome of thoughtfulness,
reflection, and consideration of the relevant factors, and
they are often carefully formulated and well-presented.
Reaction (Acting in opposition to a force or influence.)
A reaction may occur within the space of seconds being
usually immediate
Often without any thought or deliberation
Hence may not be the optimal way to handle a situation.
Reactions are normal and expected.
In psychology, reaction formation is a defense mechanism in
which a person unconsciously replaces an unwanted or
anxiety-provoking impulse with its opposite, often
expressed in an exaggerated or showy way.
4.
5. 3 Problem Types
Simple problems -Are ones that have a single cause, are well
defined and have a clear and unambiguous solution.
Working out a route to travel e.g. from Kolkata to Delhi or
finding lost keys
SRT Problems in SSB
Complex problems -Tend to have multiple causes, are difficult
to understand and their solutions can lead to other problems
and unintended consequences.
E.g. Addressing traffic congestion in a busy town or
organizing picnic for 200 students
IO’s probing questions / WAT in SSB
Wicked problems are problems that seem to be so complex it’s
difficult to envision a solution. Climate change is an example of
a wicked problem/Group discussion in GTO/PGT IN GTO /
TAT/IO,s CIQs .
6. 3 Problem Types
Wicked problems are like a tangled mess of thread – it’s
difficult to know which to pull first. Rittel and Webber, who
formulated the concept of wicked problems, identified them as
having the following characteristics:
Difficult to define the problem.
Difficult to know when the problem has been solved.
No clear right or wrong solutions.
Difficult to learn from previous success to solve the
problem.
Each problem is unique.
There are too many possible solutions to list and
compare.
7. Problem Solution
Problems, of all types, can benefit from a systematic approach to
being solved.
There are many frameworks that can be used for addressing problems
4S Method proposed by Garrette, Phelps and Sibony is one of them
which can be extended to SSB problems solving in all three techniques viz.
Psychology , GTO and IO
Works with four, iterative steps: State, Structure, Solve and Sell.
1.State the Problem.
Though sounds obvious but unless you understand exactly what
the problem is you are trying to solve it’s going to be very difficult
to come up with a solution.
The first step is therefore to state exactly what the problem is.
2.Structure the Problem.
Having clearly stated the problem you now know how complex, or
even wicked, it is.
Structure the problem by breaking down into smaller more
manageable parts
Each of which can hopefully be solved through analysis.
8. Problem Solution
4S Method proposed by Garrette, Phelps and Sibony……
3.Solve the Problem.
Having broken the problem down each sub problems
can now be solved separately.
The authors of this method suggest three main
approached:
Hypothesis-driven problem solving,
Issue-driven problem solving, or
Creative path of design thinking.
4.Sell the Solution.
Having come up with an innovative solution to the problem,
You must Sell the solution
Persuade others of its value and feasibility else it will never
be implemented
While selling focus on the solution