The descriptions and discussion of Murray’s TAT card are divided into three sections:
1. Brief description of card.
2. Plots frequently encountered.
3. A general discussion of the significance and overall usefulness of the card.
The descriptions of each TAT card are from Handbook of Psychological Assessment by Groth et al
Murray (1943) describes the TAT as a “method of revealing to the trained interpreter some of the dominant drives, emotions, sentiments, complexes, and conflicts of personality. Special value resides in its power to expose underlying inhibited tendencies which the subject is not willing to admit, or cannot admit because he is unconscious of them”
The TAT was originally developed based on Murray’s concepts of personality.
At the core of his concepts was a focus on
How individuals interact with their environments?
How people are affected by external forces? and
How their unique sets of needs, attitudes, and values influence their reaction to the world around them.?
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in 1935 consisting of ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are asked to tell stories about each picture card to assess their personality traits, attitudes, and emotional responses. The TAT aims to reveal subjects' unconscious motivations and is interpreted by examining the content, tone, and structural elements of the stories they generate in response to the cards. It provides insights into how subjects view themselves and relationships with others. The TAT continues to be widely used for individual assessments and research into human psychology and personality.
The function of defenses has been modified over the years, from a counter-force against instincts to the protection of self-esteem.
To understand the role of defenses in pathological and normal development, a coding method to use with Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories – the Defense Mechanism Manual (Cramer, 1991a) – has been developed
Three broad defenses – Denial, Projection, and Identification – may be coded with this method.
Research has shown that the two ego functions of defense and IQ are not correlated in childhood and adolescence, but are correlated in adulthood defenses and IQ.
Importantly, IQ serves as a moderator for the effect of defense use on variables such as
Psychiatric symptom change,
Level of Ego Development, and
Big Five personality traits
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective personality test developed in 1935 using cards with ambiguous images. Participants are asked to tell stories about each image to reveal their attitudes, wishes, and view of the world. Examiners analyze the content, tone, and structure of the stories to understand the test taker's personality. While criticized for being unscientific, the TAT is still used for research and assessing individuals for employment, forensic, and consumer behavior studies. Accurate interpretation requires considering the subject's background characteristics.
McClelland's Needs Theory identifies three important needs that motivate behavior: the need for power, the need for affiliation, and the need for achievement. The need for power involves influencing and controlling others, while the need for affiliation centers around developing social relationships and avoiding rejection. The need for achievement involves taking moderate or calculated risks to achieve goals and overcome obstacles. McClelland determined that these needs are learned over time based on life experiences rather than innate, and they influence the types of situations and roles that motivate different people.
Protective Test - HFD- Personality AnalysisArora Mairaj
Aim of this lecture is to discuss HFD- as a technique for the assessment of Personality, with a brief review of Test , Types of Psychological Tests & Techniques.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s using ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are shown cards and asked to tell stories about what is happening in each picture. Their responses are analyzed to understand their inner drives, emotions, and personality conflicts. While widely used, the TAT lacks a standardized scoring and interpretation system. Different researchers have developed various scoring methods and card sets, but reliability and validity can vary depending on the system used. The TAT provides insights into a person's unconscious motivations but results depend heavily on the clinician's skill in administration and analysis.
Decoding TAT 3 & 4- McClelland ‘s need and Interpretation of card 1 based o...Col Mukteshwar Prasad
TAT tests in SSB consisting of 11 impulse and one blank is modification of original TAT to be suitable for mass testing to find suitability of a candidate for Armed Forces
Overall picture of a candidate profile is generated by assessing all 12 stories written and assess level of presence of 15 Officers’ Like qualities on a 10 point scale with highest as 1 and least at 10
Being human these 15 traits or qualities which must be present to various degree depending upon cleanness of personality of the candidate
Highest rating which a candidate has achieved is overall 5 with sprinkling from 5 to 8 in various OLQs
SSB test is a go and no go test in Engg Terms or Pass or fail and not to check personality disorder of all candidates
However report on possible failing in each qualities are noted and allowed to pass if in the opinion of Assessor he can improve after training with ample motivation and insight
Since it is an assessment for possible performance in future ,hence McClelland ‘s need of Achievement Motivation ,Affiliation and Power is vital.
If a candidate has to show these needs then he must act or project action through protagonist or Hero.
Achievement and relationship directly indicates Factor 1 and 2.If result is success the Factor 3 and 4 must necessarily be present
Ten Scale scoring guide can help an Assessor to be more accurate and realistic
Murray (1943) describes the TAT as a “method of revealing to the trained interpreter some of the dominant drives, emotions, sentiments, complexes, and conflicts of personality. Special value resides in its power to expose underlying inhibited tendencies which the subject is not willing to admit, or cannot admit because he is unconscious of them”
The TAT was originally developed based on Murray’s concepts of personality.
At the core of his concepts was a focus on
How individuals interact with their environments?
How people are affected by external forces? and
How their unique sets of needs, attitudes, and values influence their reaction to the world around them.?
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in 1935 consisting of ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are asked to tell stories about each picture card to assess their personality traits, attitudes, and emotional responses. The TAT aims to reveal subjects' unconscious motivations and is interpreted by examining the content, tone, and structural elements of the stories they generate in response to the cards. It provides insights into how subjects view themselves and relationships with others. The TAT continues to be widely used for individual assessments and research into human psychology and personality.
The function of defenses has been modified over the years, from a counter-force against instincts to the protection of self-esteem.
To understand the role of defenses in pathological and normal development, a coding method to use with Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories – the Defense Mechanism Manual (Cramer, 1991a) – has been developed
Three broad defenses – Denial, Projection, and Identification – may be coded with this method.
Research has shown that the two ego functions of defense and IQ are not correlated in childhood and adolescence, but are correlated in adulthood defenses and IQ.
Importantly, IQ serves as a moderator for the effect of defense use on variables such as
Psychiatric symptom change,
Level of Ego Development, and
Big Five personality traits
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective personality test developed in 1935 using cards with ambiguous images. Participants are asked to tell stories about each image to reveal their attitudes, wishes, and view of the world. Examiners analyze the content, tone, and structure of the stories to understand the test taker's personality. While criticized for being unscientific, the TAT is still used for research and assessing individuals for employment, forensic, and consumer behavior studies. Accurate interpretation requires considering the subject's background characteristics.
McClelland's Needs Theory identifies three important needs that motivate behavior: the need for power, the need for affiliation, and the need for achievement. The need for power involves influencing and controlling others, while the need for affiliation centers around developing social relationships and avoiding rejection. The need for achievement involves taking moderate or calculated risks to achieve goals and overcome obstacles. McClelland determined that these needs are learned over time based on life experiences rather than innate, and they influence the types of situations and roles that motivate different people.
Protective Test - HFD- Personality AnalysisArora Mairaj
Aim of this lecture is to discuss HFD- as a technique for the assessment of Personality, with a brief review of Test , Types of Psychological Tests & Techniques.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s using ambiguous picture cards. Subjects are shown cards and asked to tell stories about what is happening in each picture. Their responses are analyzed to understand their inner drives, emotions, and personality conflicts. While widely used, the TAT lacks a standardized scoring and interpretation system. Different researchers have developed various scoring methods and card sets, but reliability and validity can vary depending on the system used. The TAT provides insights into a person's unconscious motivations but results depend heavily on the clinician's skill in administration and analysis.
Decoding TAT 3 & 4- McClelland ‘s need and Interpretation of card 1 based o...Col Mukteshwar Prasad
TAT tests in SSB consisting of 11 impulse and one blank is modification of original TAT to be suitable for mass testing to find suitability of a candidate for Armed Forces
Overall picture of a candidate profile is generated by assessing all 12 stories written and assess level of presence of 15 Officers’ Like qualities on a 10 point scale with highest as 1 and least at 10
Being human these 15 traits or qualities which must be present to various degree depending upon cleanness of personality of the candidate
Highest rating which a candidate has achieved is overall 5 with sprinkling from 5 to 8 in various OLQs
SSB test is a go and no go test in Engg Terms or Pass or fail and not to check personality disorder of all candidates
However report on possible failing in each qualities are noted and allowed to pass if in the opinion of Assessor he can improve after training with ample motivation and insight
Since it is an assessment for possible performance in future ,hence McClelland ‘s need of Achievement Motivation ,Affiliation and Power is vital.
If a candidate has to show these needs then he must act or project action through protagonist or Hero.
Achievement and relationship directly indicates Factor 1 and 2.If result is success the Factor 3 and 4 must necessarily be present
Ten Scale scoring guide can help an Assessor to be more accurate and realistic
Decoding tat 12 the defense mechanism manual part 3 (identification)Col Mukteshwar Prasad
The Defense Mechanism Manual was developed to assess the use of three
defenses—denial, projection, and identification—as revealed in stories told to standard
The scoring for each defense is based on seven categories, each designed to reflect a
different aspect of the defense. Each category may be scored as often as necessary, with
the exception of a direct repetition in the story; in cases of repetition, the category is
scored only once
Although examples are provided to aid in deciding whether a category should be
scored or not, inevitably questions will arise. A thorough knowledge of the nature of the
defense mechanisms will help in answering these questions. Beyond this, the general rule
to be followed is, “When in doubt, leave it out.” That is, if there is a serious question
about whether or not the story segment is an example of the defense, do not score it.
Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale (SCORS) originally detailed by Westen (1995) and subsequently adopted as SCORS-G is another TAT interpretation tool being extensively utilized now.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test that involves presenting subjects with ambiguous pictures and asking them to tell a story about what is happening in the picture. It was developed in the 1930s by Henry Murray and Christina Morgan at Harvard Psychological Clinic as a way to reveal subjects' inner drives, emotions, and conflicts. Administration of the TAT provides insights into subjects' personality characteristics, interpersonal relationships, needs, and view of the world through analysis of the content, structure, and themes of the stories they generate. Interpretation considers both normative and individual factors and occurs at descriptive, interpretive, and diagnostic levels. The TAT continues to be used to better understand an individual's unconscious
TAT Interpretation
Interpretation: There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
General
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
It is useful to know the typical themes and stories that are elicited by each of the cards.
Deviations from these may offer rich interpretive value.
Typical themes are presented in Groth-Marnat (2003) Chapter 10, in Bellak (1997) Chapter 4, and in Teglasi, (2001).
It is important to look for corroboration of patterns in other stories, other test results, or in background information.
Bellak (1997) says "A repetitive pattern is the best assurance that one does not deal with an artifact".
In interpretation of the TAT is that the
Pictures are best seen psychologically as a series of social situations and interpersonal relations. Or
All characters in the stories are projected aspects of the self, keeping in mind that they may represent
The ideal self,
The real self,
The feared self, etc.
There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
The following are the types of variables that that analyzer should look for in scoring and analyzing a testee's test.
The Children's Apperception Test (CAT) is a projective personality test for children ages 3-10 that involves showing them a series of picture cards depicting animals or people in familiar situations. The child's stories in response are analyzed to understand their personality, maturity level, and psychological health. Specifically, the CAT aims to reveal a child's reality testing abilities, drive regulation, defenses, conflicts, and autonomy. It was developed based on the Thematic Apperception Test for adults and older children, but uses animal figures instead of humans. The CAT takes 20-45 minutes to administer by a trained professional and involves encouraging children to tell stories about what is happening in each card and what might occur. There are no right or
This document provides information about the Children's Apperception Test (CAT). It begins with a brief introduction of the test and then provides more details in subsequent sections. The CAT uses ambiguous pictures of animals to encourage children to tell stories about the situations depicted. By analyzing these stories, clinicians can assess aspects of the child's personality, maturity level, and psychological health. It is a projective test intended for children ages 3 to 10 years old. Administration involves showing cards to the child one by one and having them describe what is happening in the pictures as well as the characters' thoughts, feelings, and future actions. There are no right or wrong answers, and clinicians examine various elements of the stories to understand the child's underlying needs
The Child Apperception Test, often abbreviated as CAT, is an individually administered projective personality test appropriate for children aged 3 to 10 years old. The CAT, developed by psychiatrist and psychologist Leopold Bellak and Sonya Sorel Bellak and first published in 1949 It is based on the picture-story test called the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The TAT, created by psychologist Henry A. Murray for children (ten years old and older) as well as adults, uses a standard series of 31 picture cards in assessing perception of interpersonal relationships. The cards, which portray humans in a variety of common situations, are used to stimulate stories or descriptions (orally or in writing) about relationships or social situations and can help identify dominant drives, emotions, sentiments, conflicts and complexes. The examiner summarizes and interprets the stories in light of certain common psychological themes.
In creating the original CAT, animal figures were used instead of the human figures depicted in the TAT because it was assumed that children from three to ten years of age would identify more easily with drawings of animals. The original CAT consisted of ten cards depicting animal (CAT-A) figures in human social settings. The Bellaks later developed the CAT-H, which included human figures, for use in children who, for a variety of reasons, identified more closely with human rather than animal figures. A supplement to the CAT (the CAT-S), which included pictures of children in common family situations, was created to elicit specific rather than universal responses.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test that presents subjects with ambiguous pictures and asks them to tell stories about what is happening in the pictures. It was developed in 1935 by Henry Murray and Christina Morgan as a way to reveal subjects' dominant drives, emotions, and conflicts. The TAT consists of 20 picture cards administered over 50 minutes, with subjects providing details about the current situation, characters' thoughts and feelings, preceding events, and outcome. Examiners interpret responses at the descriptive, interpretive, and diagnostic levels to assess subjects' needs, traits, and psychological states.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s. It consists of a series of picture cards presented to examinees who are asked to tell stories about each picture. Examinees' stories are analyzed to understand their inner thoughts, feelings, and personality traits. The TAT was developed by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan and consists of 20 picture cards depicting ambiguous scenes. Examinees' stories are interpreted to gain insight into their inner conflicts, motivations, attitudes, and views of relationships and the world. The TAT is still commonly used by psychologists and therapists today to better understand patients on an individual level.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test where subjects are shown ambiguous pictures and asked to tell a story about what is happening. It is used to assess a person's locus of problems, nature of needs, and quality of interpersonal relationships by having them interpret the feelings and thoughts of characters in the pictures. However, the TAT lacks standardized administration procedures and norms, and an individual's culture, gender, and class must be accounted for in the interpretation.
The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) is a widely used assessment of the five factor model of personality. It measures the five domains of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The NEO-PI was developed by Costa and McCrae in 1978 and has since been revised multiple times, with the current version being the NEO-PI-3. It is a 240 item self-report inventory that is easy to administer and provides a comprehensive assessment of normal adult personality.
Decoding tat 11 the defense mechanism manual part 2 (projection)Col Mukteshwar Prasad
1. The document provides scoring categories for projection as a defense mechanism as measured on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
2. There are 7 main categories of projection scored: 1) Attribution of aggression, 2) Addition of ominous people/objects, 3) Magical or circumstantial thinking, 4) Concern for external threats, 5) Apprehensiveness of death or injury, 6) Pursuit and entrapment themes, 7) Bizarre or unusual story themes.
3. Examples are given for scoring responses under each category based on the TAT card presented. Responses must meet specific criteria to be considered projections rather than simple story elements.
The Rorschach inkblot test was developed in 1921 by Hermann Rorschach as a projective psychological test using inkblots. Over time, several scoring systems were developed including those by Beck, Klopfer, Rapaport, and Exner, with Exner's being the most extensive. Administration of the test involves introducing the subject to the technique, giving instructions, having them respond to each card and being questioned about their responses. Responses are then scored based on location, determinants, content, popularity, and form. Calculations are performed on the scores to obtain ratios and derive further scores which are then interpreted both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Projective techniques such as sentence completion tests and drawing tests are personality tests that involve responding to ambiguous stimuli. They aim to reveal unconscious motivations by having subjects provide first responses to open-ended prompts. Widely used sentence completion tests include the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank and Washington University Sentence Completion Test. Common drawing tests are the Draw-a-Person test, where subjects draw a figure and it is analyzed, and the House-Tree-Person test, where subjects draw those items and are questioned about their images. While projective tests provide insights, they also lack standardized scoring and validity between examiners.
The document discusses projective tests and provides details about the Rorschach inkblot test. It describes the key characteristics and assumptions of projective tests. It explains the different categories of projective tests and provides examples. It then focuses on describing the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test, outlining the various response determinants, content categories, qualitative signs, and their clinical implications.
The document provides information about the Pgi Memory Scale (PGIMS), a memory assessment instrument developed in India. It describes the scale's development and validation, the dimensions it measures, administration and scoring procedures, and psychometric properties. The PGIMS measures various aspects of memory including remote memory, recent memory, attention, recall, and recognition. It was standardized on Indian subjects and has good reliability and validity. The document reviews the scale's advantages in being developed locally but also notes some initial limitations in its development.
PPSS-R uses TAT response to assess how people are likely to resolve personal problems
Responses are scored across 4 categories
Story Design
Story Orientation
Story solution
Story resolution
PPSS-R uses stories generated to assess how people identify ,concetualize and resolve personal problems
Personal problem solving skill is inversely related to psychological distress
People who solve problems have good mental health
Components of personal problem solving
Identify accurately problem situation
Capacity to generate alternative solutions to a problem situation
Ability to generate step by step plan for problem resolution
Ability to understand one’s own motives and motives of others
4 Categories have 13 scoring criteria
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test that consists of a series of picture cards depicting ambiguous interpersonal scenes. Examinees create stories about each picture, which are analyzed by the administrator to gain insight into the examinee's inner motives, needs, concerns, and ways of perceiving social situations and relationships. The TAT was developed in the 1930s and consists of 20 cards, with standardized administration and scoring procedures. Interpretation focuses on themes in the stories regarding the hero, needs, presses (environmental influences), outcomes, and personality traits revealed. Results must be interpreted cautiously given the subjective nature of stories and pictures.
Thematic Appreception Test is a Psychological Test conducteddevendrasinght915
The Thematic Apperception Test is a projective psychological test that consists of presenting subjects with ambiguous picture stimuli and asking them to tell stories about what is happening in the pictures. It was developed in the 1930s as a way to reveal peoples' unconscious motivations, conflicts, and needs. Administration and interpretation of the TAT is not highly standardized. Stories are analyzed based on themes, characters, outcomes, and other elements to understand aspects of the subject's personality and psychology. While subjective, the TAT is still used by some clinicians and researchers to better understand individuals.
Decoding tat 12 the defense mechanism manual part 3 (identification)Col Mukteshwar Prasad
The Defense Mechanism Manual was developed to assess the use of three
defenses—denial, projection, and identification—as revealed in stories told to standard
The scoring for each defense is based on seven categories, each designed to reflect a
different aspect of the defense. Each category may be scored as often as necessary, with
the exception of a direct repetition in the story; in cases of repetition, the category is
scored only once
Although examples are provided to aid in deciding whether a category should be
scored or not, inevitably questions will arise. A thorough knowledge of the nature of the
defense mechanisms will help in answering these questions. Beyond this, the general rule
to be followed is, “When in doubt, leave it out.” That is, if there is a serious question
about whether or not the story segment is an example of the defense, do not score it.
Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale (SCORS) originally detailed by Westen (1995) and subsequently adopted as SCORS-G is another TAT interpretation tool being extensively utilized now.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test that involves presenting subjects with ambiguous pictures and asking them to tell a story about what is happening in the picture. It was developed in the 1930s by Henry Murray and Christina Morgan at Harvard Psychological Clinic as a way to reveal subjects' inner drives, emotions, and conflicts. Administration of the TAT provides insights into subjects' personality characteristics, interpersonal relationships, needs, and view of the world through analysis of the content, structure, and themes of the stories they generate. Interpretation considers both normative and individual factors and occurs at descriptive, interpretive, and diagnostic levels. The TAT continues to be used to better understand an individual's unconscious
TAT Interpretation
Interpretation: There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
General
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
It is useful to know the typical themes and stories that are elicited by each of the cards.
Deviations from these may offer rich interpretive value.
Typical themes are presented in Groth-Marnat (2003) Chapter 10, in Bellak (1997) Chapter 4, and in Teglasi, (2001).
It is important to look for corroboration of patterns in other stories, other test results, or in background information.
Bellak (1997) says "A repetitive pattern is the best assurance that one does not deal with an artifact".
In interpretation of the TAT is that the
Pictures are best seen psychologically as a series of social situations and interpersonal relations. Or
All characters in the stories are projected aspects of the self, keeping in mind that they may represent
The ideal self,
The real self,
The feared self, etc.
There are no formal, normative standards for the TAT.
The simplest procedure for studying TAT responses is the inspection technique.
Most clinicians interpret the TAT stories informally; repetitive patterns or themes become apparent by reading through a subject's stories.
The following are the types of variables that that analyzer should look for in scoring and analyzing a testee's test.
The Children's Apperception Test (CAT) is a projective personality test for children ages 3-10 that involves showing them a series of picture cards depicting animals or people in familiar situations. The child's stories in response are analyzed to understand their personality, maturity level, and psychological health. Specifically, the CAT aims to reveal a child's reality testing abilities, drive regulation, defenses, conflicts, and autonomy. It was developed based on the Thematic Apperception Test for adults and older children, but uses animal figures instead of humans. The CAT takes 20-45 minutes to administer by a trained professional and involves encouraging children to tell stories about what is happening in each card and what might occur. There are no right or
This document provides information about the Children's Apperception Test (CAT). It begins with a brief introduction of the test and then provides more details in subsequent sections. The CAT uses ambiguous pictures of animals to encourage children to tell stories about the situations depicted. By analyzing these stories, clinicians can assess aspects of the child's personality, maturity level, and psychological health. It is a projective test intended for children ages 3 to 10 years old. Administration involves showing cards to the child one by one and having them describe what is happening in the pictures as well as the characters' thoughts, feelings, and future actions. There are no right or wrong answers, and clinicians examine various elements of the stories to understand the child's underlying needs
The Child Apperception Test, often abbreviated as CAT, is an individually administered projective personality test appropriate for children aged 3 to 10 years old. The CAT, developed by psychiatrist and psychologist Leopold Bellak and Sonya Sorel Bellak and first published in 1949 It is based on the picture-story test called the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The TAT, created by psychologist Henry A. Murray for children (ten years old and older) as well as adults, uses a standard series of 31 picture cards in assessing perception of interpersonal relationships. The cards, which portray humans in a variety of common situations, are used to stimulate stories or descriptions (orally or in writing) about relationships or social situations and can help identify dominant drives, emotions, sentiments, conflicts and complexes. The examiner summarizes and interprets the stories in light of certain common psychological themes.
In creating the original CAT, animal figures were used instead of the human figures depicted in the TAT because it was assumed that children from three to ten years of age would identify more easily with drawings of animals. The original CAT consisted of ten cards depicting animal (CAT-A) figures in human social settings. The Bellaks later developed the CAT-H, which included human figures, for use in children who, for a variety of reasons, identified more closely with human rather than animal figures. A supplement to the CAT (the CAT-S), which included pictures of children in common family situations, was created to elicit specific rather than universal responses.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test that presents subjects with ambiguous pictures and asks them to tell stories about what is happening in the pictures. It was developed in 1935 by Henry Murray and Christina Morgan as a way to reveal subjects' dominant drives, emotions, and conflicts. The TAT consists of 20 picture cards administered over 50 minutes, with subjects providing details about the current situation, characters' thoughts and feelings, preceding events, and outcome. Examiners interpret responses at the descriptive, interpretive, and diagnostic levels to assess subjects' needs, traits, and psychological states.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s. It consists of a series of picture cards presented to examinees who are asked to tell stories about each picture. Examinees' stories are analyzed to understand their inner thoughts, feelings, and personality traits. The TAT was developed by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan and consists of 20 picture cards depicting ambiguous scenes. Examinees' stories are interpreted to gain insight into their inner conflicts, motivations, attitudes, and views of relationships and the world. The TAT is still commonly used by psychologists and therapists today to better understand patients on an individual level.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test where subjects are shown ambiguous pictures and asked to tell a story about what is happening. It is used to assess a person's locus of problems, nature of needs, and quality of interpersonal relationships by having them interpret the feelings and thoughts of characters in the pictures. However, the TAT lacks standardized administration procedures and norms, and an individual's culture, gender, and class must be accounted for in the interpretation.
The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) is a widely used assessment of the five factor model of personality. It measures the five domains of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The NEO-PI was developed by Costa and McCrae in 1978 and has since been revised multiple times, with the current version being the NEO-PI-3. It is a 240 item self-report inventory that is easy to administer and provides a comprehensive assessment of normal adult personality.
Decoding tat 11 the defense mechanism manual part 2 (projection)Col Mukteshwar Prasad
1. The document provides scoring categories for projection as a defense mechanism as measured on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
2. There are 7 main categories of projection scored: 1) Attribution of aggression, 2) Addition of ominous people/objects, 3) Magical or circumstantial thinking, 4) Concern for external threats, 5) Apprehensiveness of death or injury, 6) Pursuit and entrapment themes, 7) Bizarre or unusual story themes.
3. Examples are given for scoring responses under each category based on the TAT card presented. Responses must meet specific criteria to be considered projections rather than simple story elements.
The Rorschach inkblot test was developed in 1921 by Hermann Rorschach as a projective psychological test using inkblots. Over time, several scoring systems were developed including those by Beck, Klopfer, Rapaport, and Exner, with Exner's being the most extensive. Administration of the test involves introducing the subject to the technique, giving instructions, having them respond to each card and being questioned about their responses. Responses are then scored based on location, determinants, content, popularity, and form. Calculations are performed on the scores to obtain ratios and derive further scores which are then interpreted both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Projective techniques such as sentence completion tests and drawing tests are personality tests that involve responding to ambiguous stimuli. They aim to reveal unconscious motivations by having subjects provide first responses to open-ended prompts. Widely used sentence completion tests include the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank and Washington University Sentence Completion Test. Common drawing tests are the Draw-a-Person test, where subjects draw a figure and it is analyzed, and the House-Tree-Person test, where subjects draw those items and are questioned about their images. While projective tests provide insights, they also lack standardized scoring and validity between examiners.
The document discusses projective tests and provides details about the Rorschach inkblot test. It describes the key characteristics and assumptions of projective tests. It explains the different categories of projective tests and provides examples. It then focuses on describing the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test, outlining the various response determinants, content categories, qualitative signs, and their clinical implications.
The document provides information about the Pgi Memory Scale (PGIMS), a memory assessment instrument developed in India. It describes the scale's development and validation, the dimensions it measures, administration and scoring procedures, and psychometric properties. The PGIMS measures various aspects of memory including remote memory, recent memory, attention, recall, and recognition. It was standardized on Indian subjects and has good reliability and validity. The document reviews the scale's advantages in being developed locally but also notes some initial limitations in its development.
PPSS-R uses TAT response to assess how people are likely to resolve personal problems
Responses are scored across 4 categories
Story Design
Story Orientation
Story solution
Story resolution
PPSS-R uses stories generated to assess how people identify ,concetualize and resolve personal problems
Personal problem solving skill is inversely related to psychological distress
People who solve problems have good mental health
Components of personal problem solving
Identify accurately problem situation
Capacity to generate alternative solutions to a problem situation
Ability to generate step by step plan for problem resolution
Ability to understand one’s own motives and motives of others
4 Categories have 13 scoring criteria
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test that consists of a series of picture cards depicting ambiguous interpersonal scenes. Examinees create stories about each picture, which are analyzed by the administrator to gain insight into the examinee's inner motives, needs, concerns, and ways of perceiving social situations and relationships. The TAT was developed in the 1930s and consists of 20 cards, with standardized administration and scoring procedures. Interpretation focuses on themes in the stories regarding the hero, needs, presses (environmental influences), outcomes, and personality traits revealed. Results must be interpreted cautiously given the subjective nature of stories and pictures.
Thematic Appreception Test is a Psychological Test conducteddevendrasinght915
The Thematic Apperception Test is a projective psychological test that consists of presenting subjects with ambiguous picture stimuli and asking them to tell stories about what is happening in the pictures. It was developed in the 1930s as a way to reveal peoples' unconscious motivations, conflicts, and needs. Administration and interpretation of the TAT is not highly standardized. Stories are analyzed based on themes, characters, outcomes, and other elements to understand aspects of the subject's personality and psychology. While subjective, the TAT is still used by some clinicians and researchers to better understand individuals.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) uses 31 cards with vague images to elicit stories from subjects and understand their unconscious thoughts and motivations. Administrators record the stories verbatim and analyze elements like the hero's needs, interactions with their environment, and the outcome, to draw conclusions about the subject's personality type and problems. However, the TAT has limitations in terms of its applicability only to more intelligent subjects, low validity without standardized procedures, and difficulties reliably scoring fantasies versus real-life reflections.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed in the 1930s using a series of vague picture cards. The test exposes a person's unconscious desires and needs by having them tell stories based on the pictures. It was an improvement over the Rorschach inkblot test. The test consists of 31 cards, with different sets for males/females over and under age 14. Responses are analyzed to understand characters, motives, environment influences, outcomes, and interests to draw conclusions about the test taker's personality. However, the TAT has limitations including low validity and reliability due to a lack of standardization.
Unit – Individual ProjectcloseAPA Style Format 6Th EditionY.docxdickonsondorris
Unit – Individual Projectclose
APA Style Format 6Th Edition
Your supervisor has been asked to give a presentation on the effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on employer discrimination at an upcoming conference. She has asked your team to research recent court decisions and analyze the impact the ADA is having in the workplace. She will create her presentation based on your findings.
Individual deliverable: 2 pages (100 points possible):
Use the Library or other web resources to locate a recent court decision involving the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA).
· Summarize the relevant facts of the case
· Discuss how the ADA applies to this case
Unit – Individual Projectclose
APA Style Format 6Th Edition
Individual deliverable: 2 pages (100 points possible):
The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) was designed to protect workers with disabilities against employer discrimination. As a individual discuss the following:
· Explain the difference in protection for someone with a correctable disability and a non-correctable disability.
THE CASE OF JIM
Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Data
The Rorschach Inkblot Test and the thematic apperception test (TAT) were administered to Jim by a professional clinical psychologist. On the Rorschach, Jim gave relatively few responses—22 in all. This is surprising in view of other evidence of his intelligence and creative potential. It may be interesting to follow his responses to the first two cards and to consider the interpretations formulated by the psychologist, who also is a practicing psychoanalyst.
CARD 1
JIM: The first thing that comes to mind is a butterfly.
INTERPRETATION: Initially cautious and acts conventionally in a novel situation.
JIM: This reminds me of a frog. Not a whole frog, like a frog’s eyes. Really just reminds me of a frog.
INTERPRETATION: He becomes more circumspect, almost picky, and yet tends to overgeneralize while feeling inadequate about it.
JIM: Could be a bat. More spooky than the butterfly because there is no color. Dark and ominous.
INTERPRETATION: Phobic, worried, depressed, and pessimistic.
CARD 2
JIM: Could be two headless people with their arms touching. Looks like they are wearing heavy dresses. Could be one touching her hand against a mirror. If they’re women, their figures are not good. Look heavy.
INTERPRETATION: Alert to people. Concern or confusion about sexual role. Anal-compulsive features. Disparaging of women and hostile to them—headless and figures not good. Narcissism expressed in mirror image.
JIM: This looks like two faces facing each other. Masks, profiles—more masks than faces—not full, more of a facade, like one with a smile and one with a frown.
INTERPRETATION: He presents a facade, can smile or frown, but doesn’t feel genuine. Despite facade of poise, feels tense with people. Repeated several times that he was not imaginative. Is he worried about his productivity and importance?
A number of interesting responses ...
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Psychodynamic TheoriesPsychodynamic TheoriesRead the C.docxleonorepour284
Psychodynamic Theories
Psychodynamic Theories
Read the Case of Jim in Chapter 4
Each team member should discuss the case using the psychodynamic theory as a model. Then use the psychodynamic theory to discuss how you would use it to assess the client.
Post an initial response
to this case analysis (approximately 350 words with at least 1 scholarly source).
THE CASE OF JIM
RORSCHACH AND THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT) DATA
The Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) were administered to Jim by, a professional clinical psychologist. On the Rorschach, Jim gave relatively few responses--22 in all. This is surprising in view of other evidence of his intelligence and creative potential. It may be interesting to follow his responses to the first two cards and to consider the interpretations formulated by the psychologist, who also is a practicing psychoanalyst.
CARD 1
JIM The first thing that comes to mind is a butterfly.
INTERPRETATION Initially cautious and acts conventionally in a novel situation.
JIM This reminds me of a frog. Not a whole frog, like a frog's eyes. Really just reminds me of a frog.
interpretation He becomes more circumspect, almost picky, and yet tends to overgeneralize while feeling inadequate about it.
JIM Could be a bat. More spooky than the butterfly because there is no color. Dark and ominous.
INTERPRETATION Phobic, worried, depressed, and pessimistic.
CARD 2
JIM Could be two headless people with their arms touching. Looks like they are wearing heavy dresses. Could be one touching her hand against a mirror. If they're women, their figures are not good. Look heavy.
INTERPRETATION Alert to people. Concern or confusion about sexual role. Anal-compulsive features. Disparaging of women and hostile to them--headless and figures not good. Narcissism expressed in mirror image.
JIM This looks like two faces facing each other. Masks, profiles--more masks than faces--not full, more of a façade, like one with a smile and one with a frown. He presents a façade, can smile or frown, but doesn't feel genuine. Despite façade of poise, feels tense with people. Repeated several times that he was not imaginative. Is he worried about his productivity and importance?
A number of interesting responses occurred on other cards. On the third card Jim perceived women trying to lift weights. Here again was a suggestion of conflict about his sexual role and about a passive as opposed to an active orientation. On the following card he commented that "somehow they all have an Alfred Hitchcock look of spooky animals," again suggesting a possible phobic quality to his behavior and a tendency to project dangers into the environment. His occasional references to symmetry and details suggested the use of compulsive defenses and intellectualization while experiencing threat. Disturbed and conflicted references to women come up in a number of places. On .
The document discusses themes and characters in the first chapter of the graphic novel Watchmen. It examines how characters and objects are framed visually and symbolically. Color is also analyzed for its symbolic meanings. The main characters introduced - Dr. Manhattan, Rorschach, The Comedian, Silk Spectre, and Nite Owl - are assessed as either round characters that undergo change, or flat characters that remain static.
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The document discusses how birth order can influence personality types. Research has found quite defined personality types for each birth order group, suggesting that order born has an influence. Firstborns often take on responsibilities and are reliable, while middle children are cooperative peacemakers. Youngest children are free-spirited and independent as parents are more relaxed. Only children can be intelligent and resourceful from learning to be self-sufficient. In the end, awareness of these patterns is the first step to potentially changing them, as personality is not entirely determined by birth order alone.
Similar to Decoding tat 5 theme elicited from murray's cards (15)
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Leaders are often faced with ethical conundrums(a confusing and difficult problem or question). So how can they determine when they’re inching toward dangerous territory? There are three main psychological dynamics that lead to crossing moral lines.
There’s omnipotence: when someone feels so aggrandized and entitled that they believe the rules of decent behavior don’t apply to them.
Consider cultural numbness: when others play along and gradually begin to accept and embody deviant norms.
Finally, when people don’t speak up because they are thinking of more immediate rewards, we see justified neglect.
Generally most people mean well, but simply execute their job poorly sometimes and sometimes, there are BAD bosses. We must learn “to Work "on Bad Boss
According to dictionary.com, “to work” something or someone is to put them into effective operation, to operate that thing or person for productive purposes.
Put your Bad Boss into effective operation to get whatever you want in your job or career by learning your boss’s secret desire and secret fear
Two biggest issues of Bad Boss are:
They can negatively impact our work performance.
They can make life miserable
We often hear “being difficult.” about Bad Boss. It’s hard to know exactly where the difficulty lie. All we know is it is difficult to work successfully with this person.
An incompetent person is someone who is
Functionally inadequate or
Insufficient in Knowledge, Skills, Judgment, or Strength
Mindset is a mental attitude that determines how we interpret and respond to situations.
Dweck has found that it is your mindset that plays a significant role in determining achievement and success.
A mindset refers to whether you believe qualities such as intelligence and talent are fixed or changeable traits.
People with a fixed mindset believe that these qualities are inborn, fixed, and unchangeable.
Those with a growth mindset, on the other hand, believe that these abilities can be developed and strengthened by way of commitment and hard work.
Story of Katalin Karikó, a researcher who won the Nobel prize for medicine for her work on modifying the RNA molecule to avoid triggering a harmful immune response is a classical example of mindset.
Yet, her life was full of rejection and doubt.
Her achievement had much to do with her mindset.
A theory is a based upon a hypothesis and backed by evidence.
A theory presents a concept or idea that is testable.
In science, a theory is not merely a guess.
A theory is a fact-based framework for describing a phenomenon.
In psychology, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Hence study of Psychology theory is essential for SSB and all types of Interviewas it helps us to understand our own developmental psychology.k
Personality theorists should study normal individuals
All behavior is interactive
The person must be studied in terms of interactions with their environment
The brain is the locus of personality
There is a biological basis to personality
Definition of Personality
1- Personality is an abstraction formulated by a theorist.
2- It refers to series of events that ideally span over life time from childhood to adulthood
3-It reflects novel, unique, recurrent and enduring patterns of behaviours – his education and training .
4- Personality is located in brain- imagination, perception
5.Personality comprises the person’s central organizing and governing processes, whose function is to
Resolve conflicts,
Satisfy needs, and
Plan for future goals.
There are three components to emotions: subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response. Regarding subjective experience, emotions can vary in intensity between individuals and be mixed. Physiological responses are regulated by the autonomic nervous system and brain areas like the amygdala. Behavioral responses involve facial expressions and body language, which can be interpreted and expressed differently across cultures. There are several theories of emotion, such as those proposed by Darwin, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer. Ekman identified six universal emotions - happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise - while Plutchik developed a wheel to show how emotions can be combined. Emotions differ from
Anger is an intense emotion you feel when
Something has gone wrong or
Someone has wronged you.
It is typically characterized by feelings of
Stress,
Frustration, and
Irritation.
Anger is a perfectly normal response to frustrating or difficult situations.
Anger only becomes a problem when
It’s excessively displayed and
Begins to affect your daily functioning and the way you relate with people.
Anger can range in intensity, from a slight annoyance to rage.
It can sometimes be excessive or irrational.
In these cases, it can be hard to keep the emotion in check and could cause you to behave in ways you wouldn’t otherwise behave.
Cognitive distortions are negative or irrational patterns of thinking that reinforce negative self-perceptions. Common cognitive distortions include all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, mental filters, discounting the positive, jumping to conclusions, magnification, emotional reasoning, 'should' statements, labeling, and personalization. These distortions can contribute to problems like anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. To cope, people can recognize distortions, challenge irrational thoughts, seek therapy which uses techniques like cognitive behavioral therapy to change distorted thinking patterns. Addressing cognitive distortions can improve mental health and well-being.
Trauma Bonding is the attachment an abused person feels for their abuser, specifically in a relationship with a cyclical pattern of abuse.
Is created due to a cycle of abuse and positive reinforcement
After each circumstance of abuse, the abuser professes love, regret, and trying to make the relationship feel safe and needed for the abused person.
Hence Abused
Finds leaving an abusive situation confusing and overwhelming
Involves positive and/or loving feelings for an abuser
Also feel attached to and dependent on their abuser.
Emotional abuse involves controlling another person by using emotions to Criticize , Embarrass ,Shame ,Blame or
Manipulate .
To be abusive there must be a consistent pattern of abusive words and bullying behaviours that Wear down a person’s Self-esteem and Undermine Their mental health.
Most common in married relationships,
Mental or emotional abuse can occur in any relationship—including among
Friends
Family members and
Co-workers
Attachment-related patterns that differ between individuals are commonly called "attachment styles."
There seems to be an association between a person’s attachment characteristics early in life and in adulthood, but the correlations are far from perfect.
Many adults feel secure in their relationships and comfortable depending on others (echoing “secure” attachment in children).
Others tend to feel anxious about their connection with close others—or prefer to avoid getting close to them in the first place (echoing “insecure” attachment in children).
Borderline personality disorder, characterized by a longing for intimacy and a hypersensitivity to rejection, have shown a high prevalence and severity of insecure attachment.
Attachment styles in adulthood (similar to attachment patterns in children):
Secure
Anxious-preoccupied (high anxiety, low avoidance)
Dismissing-avoidant (low anxiety, high avoidance)
Fearful-avoidant (high anxiety, high avoidance)
Conduct disorder is an ongoing pattern of behaviour marked by emotional and behavioural problems.
Ways in which Children with conduct disorder behave are
Angry,
Aggressive,
Argumentative, and
Disruptive ways.
It is a diagnosable mental health condition that is characterized by patterns of violating
Societal norms and
Rights of others
It's estimated that around 3% of school-aged children have conduct disorder and require professional treatment .
It is more common in boys than in girls.
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric disorder that typically emerges in childhood, between ages 6 and 8, and can last throughout adulthood.
ODD is more than just normal childhood tantrums
Frequency and severity of ODD causes difficulty at home and at school.
Children with ODD also struggle with learning problems related to their behavior.
Two types of oppositional defiant disorder:
Childhood-onset ODD:
Present from an early age
Requires early intervention and treatment to prevent it from progressing into a more serious conduct disorder
Adolescent-onset ODD:
Begins suddenly in the middle- and high-school years, causing conflict at home and in school
There have been at least 13 different types of intelligence that have been identified so far.
These different ways of being smart can help people perform in different areas from their personal life, business, to sports and relationships.
Attachment is an emotional bond with another person. John Bowlby described attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.“
Earliest bonds formed by children (with caregivers) have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life and Attachment so developed
Serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival.
Are innate drive Children are born with and is a product of evolutionary processes
Emerges and are regulated through the process of natural selection,
Are characterized by clear behavioural and motivation patterns.
Nurturance and responsiveness were the primary determinants of attachment.
Children who maintained proximity to an attachment figure were more likely to
Receive comfort and protection, and
More likely to survive to adulthood.
This document discusses two defense mechanisms: splitting and projective identification. Splitting involves viewing oneself or others in an all-good or all-bad way without integrating both positive and negative qualities. It serves to minimize anxiety about how others may view one. Projective identification involves projecting one's own unacceptable feelings onto others and perceiving them as the source, while still being aware of the original feelings. It often induces the feelings in others that were initially projected. Both defenses allow avoidance of anxiety but maintain inflexible and distorted perceptions.
e-RUPI is a cashless and contactless digital payment solution launched by NPCI in partnership with several entities. It involves the generation of an e-voucher that is shared with beneficiaries via SMS or QR code to enable them to redeem the voucher value for a specific good or service without cards, apps or accounts. e-RUPI streamlines targeted delivery of benefits, reduces costs associated with physical voucher distribution, and maintains user privacy by avoiding the need for personal details during redemption at participating merchant locations.
The term ‘Moonlighting’ became popular in America when people started working a second job in addition to their regular 9-to-5 jobs. Since the rise of the work-from-home concept during the pandemic, employees got free time after work hours. While some took up their hobby in their free time, others started searching for part-time jobs. Especially in the IT industry, employees took up two jobs simultaneously and took advantage of the remote working model. This concept of working for two companies/organisations is referred to as moonlighting.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
1. Compiled by Col Mukteshwar Prasad(Retd),
Mtech(IITD),CE(I),FIE(I),FIETE,FISLE,FInstOD,AMCSI
Contact -9007224278, e-mail –muktesh_prasad@yahoo.co.in
for book ”Decoding Services Selection Board” and SSB
guidance and training at Shivnandani Edu and Defence
Academy
Decoding TAT 5
Typical Theme Elicited from Murray’s TAT
cards/Pictures
Ref-Handbook of Psychological Assessment Chapter 11 by Groth and Marnat
2. Typical Theme Elicited from Murray’s TAT
cards/Pictures
No formal normative standards have been developed for the TAT.
The “norms” that are available are descriptions of the typical themes
that occur for the different cards combined with clinical
experience with these themes.
Hence awareness of possible significant variations from the more
frequent plots must be accepted.
Deviations from clichéd or stereotyped responses can be significant as
it may represent important areas of
Conflict,
Creative thinking , or
Important features of the subject’s overall personality.
3. Typical Theme Elicited from Murray’s TAT
cards/Pictures
These expectations of variation will enable an Assessor to
(a) Observe more easily specific attitudes toward the central
problem;
(b)Notice gaps where the inquiry can begin;
(c)Assess which type of information the subject resists, as
indicated by the use of noncommittal clichés; and
(d) Notice any deviation from the expected information that may
contain significant and interpretable responses.
The descriptions and discussion of Murray’s TAT card are divided into
three sections:
1. Brief description of card.
2. Plots frequently encountered.
3. A general discussion of the significance and overall usefulness of
the card.
The descriptions of each TAT card are from Handbook of
Psychological Assessment by Groth et al
4.
5. Card 1
1.Description of Card-A boy is sitting at a table looking at a violin placed
on the table in front of him.
2.Frequent Plots-Typical stories emerging from this card revolve around
Either a self-motivated boy who is daydreaming about becoming an
outstanding violinist, or
A rebellious boy being forced by his parents, or some other significant
authority figure, to play the violin.
3.General Discussion-This is often considered to be the most useful
picture in the entire TAT (Bellak & Abrams, 1997).
It usually elicits stories describing how the subject deals with the
general issue of impulse versus control, or,
in a wider sense, the conflict between personal demands and
external controlling agents.
It also aids in providing information about the client’s relationship with his
or her parents, by making It relatively easy to see whether the parents
are viewed as
Domineering,
Controlling,
In-different,
Helpful,
Understanding, or
Protecting (Bellak & Abrams, 1997).
6. Card 1
This card frequently gives
Specific information regarding the need for achievement, and
How any expressed achievement is accomplished.
Variation from frequent plot are likely to provide important reflections of
the subject’s characteristic modes of functioning.
For example,
The attitude toward, and relationship with, any introduced
figures, or
Their identification as parents or peers, is given special
attention.
Also of importance are the way in which the issue of impulse
versus control is handled,
Any themes of aggression that might emerge, and, particularly,
the specific outcome of the story.
7. Picture 2 : Country scene with a woman holding
a book in the foreground. In the background,
a man is working a field while a woman
watches.
8. Card 2
1.Description of Card-Country scene with a woman holding a book in the
fore-ground. In the background, a man is working a field while a woman
watches.
2.Frequent Plots-Stories for this card often involve a young girl who is
leaving the farm to increase her education or to seek opportunities that her
present home environment cannot provide.
Usually, the family is seen as working hard to gain a living from the soil.
The family values often center on maintaining the status quo.
3.General Discussion-This picture usually provides an excellent description
of family relations.
As with Picture 1, various themes relate to autonomy from the family
versus compliance with the status quo.
This is one of the only cards in the series that presents the subject with a
group scene and thus gives information relating to how the individual
deals with the challenge of people living together.
The card it self deals with a younger woman and an older male and
female.
Thus, it elicits stories dealing with
Parent-child and
Heterosexual relationships.
There is usually the added dimension of contrasting the new and the
old, and demonstrating attitudes toward personal mobility and ambition.
9. Card 2
This card may elicit stories relating to competition by the younger
daughter for the attention of both or one of the parents.
In these stories, her rival is either a sibling, particularly an older female,
or the other parent.
The extent to which separations or alliances occur among the three figures
represented can also be quite revealing. For example,
The two women may be united against the male who is “merely a hired
hand,” or
The older male and female may be united against the younger
female(Khap Panchayat).
Within either of these possible formations, it is important to note the attributes of
Each person, and the patterns and
Styles of interaction.
Because this card is relatively complex and has a large number of details,
compulsive patients often spend an inordinate amount of time
commenting and elaborating on the many small details.
Typic
10. Picture 3BM : A boy is huddled next to a couch.
On the floor next to him is an ambiguous
object that could be a set of keys or a
revolver.
11. Card 3BM
1.Description of Card-A boy is huddled next to a couch. On the floor next to
him is an ambiguous object that could be a set of keys or a revolver.
2.Frequent Plots-The stories usually center on an individual who has been
emotionally involved with another person or who is feeling guilty over some
past behavior he has committed. Drug abusers often perceive the person in
the picture as an addict and interpret the “revolver ” as a hypodermic needle.
3.General Discussion-his has been identified as one of the most useful
pictures(Bellak & Abrams, 1997; Keiser & Prather, 1990) because it concerns
themes of
Guilt,
Depression,
Aggression, and
Impulse control.
The manner in which the object on the left is seen and described often
gives good information regarding problems concerning aggression. For
example, if the object is described as a gun, is it used or intended to be used for
Intra-aggression (the subject is going to use it to do damage to self ) or for
Extra-aggression (the subject has used it, or is going to use it, to harm
another person)?
If it is used for externally directed aggression, what are the
consequences, if any, for the focal figure as portrayed in the outcome?
12. Card 3BM
This picture is particularly important for depressed patients, whether male or
female, because it can reveal important dynamics regarding the manner in
which the depression developed and how it is currently being maintained.
For example, denial of aggressive conflict may be represented by complete
revolver looking the gun or rendering it harmless by depicting it as a toy
pistol or a set of keys.
On the other hand, excessive hesitation and detailed consideration of
what the object might be could represent a compulsive defense
surrounding conflictual aggressive feelings.
Because this picture contains a lone figure, attitudes toward the isolated
self are often aroused.
The picture might be particularly useful for drug abusers because it frequently
brings out themes and attitudes toward
Overdosing,
Drug use,
Mechanisms for coping,
Self-destructive tendencies, and
Extent of social supports.
13. Picture 3GF : A woman is standing next to an
open door with one hand grabbing the side
of the door and the other holding her
downcast face.
14. Card 3GF
1.Description of Card-A woman is standing
next to an open door with one hand grabbing
the side of the door and the other holding her
downcast face.
2.Frequent Plots-As with Picture 3BM, the
stories usually revolve around themes of
interpersonal loss and contemplated harm
directed internally because of guilt over past
behavior.
3.General Discussion-The same general
trends that hold for Picture 3BM are also true
here, in that both pictures tend to bring out
depressive feelings.
Frequently , however, Picture 3BM brings out
somewhat richer stories and allows both
15. Picture 4 : A woman is grabbing the shoulders
of a man who is turning away from her.
16. Card 4
1.Description of Card-A woman is grabbing the shoulders of a man who is
turning away from her.
2.Frequent Plots-The primary task is to form some conceptualization as to
why the woman is restraining the man. Often, the woman is seen as an
advice-giving moral agent who is struggling with the more impulsive and
irrational man. In approximately half the stories, the vague image of a woman
in the background is brought into the story plot.
3.General Discussion-This picture typically elicits a good deal of information
relating to the feelings and attitudes surrounding male-female relationships.
Frequently, themes of infidelity and betrayal emerge, and details regarding
the male attitude toward the role of women may be discussed.
For example, the woman may be seen as a protector who attempts to
prevent the man from becoming involved in self-destructive behavior, or as a
siren who tries to detain and control him for evil purposes.
Likewise, a woman’s attitude toward past male aggressiveness and
impulsiveness may be revealed .
A further area of interest is the vague image of a seminude woman in the
back-ground.
This often provokes themes of triangular jealousy in which one or more
characters have been betrayed.
When this picture is described, it is important to note whether the woman is
depicted as a sexually threatening person or is seen as more benign .
17. Picture 5 : A woman is looking into a room from
the threshold of a door.
18. Card 5
1.Description of Card-A woman is looking into a room from the threshold of
a door.
2.Frequent Plots-In the most frequent plot, a mother has either caught her
child misbehaving or is surprised by an intruder entering her house.
3.General Discussion-This picture often reveals information surrounding
attitudes about the subject’s mother in her role of observing and
possibly judging behavior
It is important to note how the woman is perceived and how the situation is
resolved.
Is she understanding and sympathetic?
Does she attempt to invoke guilt? Or,
Is she seen as severely restricting the child’s autonomy?
Sometimes, voyeuristic(sexual pleasure gained from watching others when they are
naked or engaged in sexual activity./seeing others in pain ) themes are dis-cussed,
including feelings related to the act of observing others’ misbehavior.
The examiner notes whether these feelings include guilt, anger,
indifference, or fear,and the manner in which these feelings are resolved.
Often, this card elicits paranoid fears of attack or intrusion by an outsider,
represented by stories in which the woman is surprised by a burglar.
19. Picture 6BM : An elderly woman is standing
parallel to a window. Behind her is a younger
man with his face down. He is holding onto
his hat.
20. Card 6BM
1.Description of Card-An elderly woman is standing parallel to a window.
Be-hind her is a younger man with his face down. He is holding onto his hat.
2.Frequent Plots-This picture typically elicits stories of a son who is either
presenting sad news to his mother, or attempting to prepare her for his
departure to some distant location.
3.General Discussion-This picture can be important to include when testing
males.
It usually proves to be a rich source of information regarding attitudes and
feelings toward their mothers or maternal figures in general.
Because the stories usually revolve around a young man striving for
independence, the specific manner in which the subject depicts this struggle
is important.
Does the struggle include an exaggerated amount of guilt?
Is there unexpressed or even overt anger toward the older woman? or
Does the young man succumb to the woman’s wishes?
Of equal importance is the mother’s reaction to her son’s behavior.
To what extent does she control him, and how?
It is also of interest to note whether the subject accepts the traditional
mother-son version, or
Whether he or she chooses to avoid discussing this relationship directly.
If such an avoidance is evident, how are mother-son themes depicted in
21. Picture 6GF : A young woman sitting on the
edge of a sofa looks back over her shoulder
at an older man with a pipe in his mouth who
seems to be addressing her.
22. Card 6GF
1.Descriptionof Card-A young woman sitting on the edge of a sofa looks backover
her shoulder at an older man with a pipe in his mouth who seems to be address-ing
her.
2.Frequent Plots.The man is usually seen as proposing some sort of an activityto the
woman, and the plot often includes her reaction to this suggestion.
3.General Discussion.This card was originally intended to be the female counterpart
to Picture 6BM, and it was hoped that it, too, would elicit attitudes and feelings toward
paternal figures.
However, because the two figures are often seen as being about equal in age, the
card frequently does not accomplish its intended purpose.
When clear father -daughter plots are not discussed, the picture reflects the subject’s
style and approach to unstructured heterosexual relationships.
For example, the subject may describe the woman as being startled or embarrassed
or, on the other hand, may have her respond in a spontaneous and comfortable
manner.
It is important to note the manner in which the man is perceived by the woman.
Is he seen as a seducer?
Does he offer her helpful advice?
Is he intrusive? Or,
is he perceived as a welcome addition?
A person who mistrusts interpersonal relationships typically creates a story in
which the man is intrusive and the woman’s reaction is one of defensiveness and
surprise.
Subjects who are more trusting and comfortable usually develop themes in which
the woman responds in a more accepting and flexible manner
23. Picture 7BM : An older man is looking at a
younger man, who appears to be peering
into space.
24. Card 7BM
Desiption of Card-An older man is looking at a younger man, who
appearsto be peering into space.
2.Frequent Plots-Stories usually describe either a father-son relationship or
a boss-employee situation. Regardless of which of these variations is
chosen, the older man is most frequently in the position of advising or
instructing the younger one.
3.General Discussion-This card is extremely useful in obtaining information
about authority figures and, more specifically, the subject’s own father.
The picture deals with hierarchical personal relationships and
Usually takes the form of an older , more experienced man interacting with a younger,
less experienced one.
Thus, the card can clearly show how the subject deals with external
demands and attitudes to-ward authority.
Picture 7GF1.Description of Card.A young girl is seated on a couch and is
holding a doll inher hands. Behind her is an older woman who appears to be
reading to her out of a book.
25. Picture 7GF : A young girl is seated on a couch
and is holding a doll in her hands. Behind
her is an older woman who appears to be
reading to her out of a book.
26. Card 7GF
1.Description of Card.A young girl is seated on a couch and is holding a doll
in her hands. Behind her is an older woman who appears to be reading to
her out of a book.
2.Frequent Plots-This picture is usually perceived as a mother and her
daughter , with the mother advising, consoling, scolding, or instructing the
child. Less frequently , there are themes in which the mother is reading to the
child for pleasure or entertainment.
3.General Discussion-The intention here is to bring out the style and
manner of mother-child interaction.
When older women are the subjects, the picture often elicits feelings and
attitudes toward children.
Because both figures are looking away, either figure is sometimes perceived
as rejecting the other.
Thus, the card often elicits negative feelings and interactions, and it is
important to note how these feelings are resolved, expressed, or avoided.
Sometimes the older woman is described as reading a fairy story to the
younger girl. Often, the most instructive data then comes from the fairy story
itself .
27. Picture 8BM : A young boy in the foreground is
staring directly out of the picture. In the
background is a hazy image of two men
performing surgery on a patient who is lying
down.
28. Card 8BM
1.Description of Card-A young boy in the foreground is staring directly out
of the picture. In the background is a hazy image of two men performing
surgery on a patient who is lying down.
2.Frequent Plots- Stories revolve around either ambition (the young man
may have aspirations toward becoming a doctor) or aggression.
Frequently, the aggressive stories relate to fears of becoming harmed or
mutilated while in a passive state.
An-other somewhat less frequent theme describes a scene in which
someone was shot and is now being operated on.
3.General Discussion- The picture can be seen as a thinly veiled depiction
of a young man’s oedipal conflicts, with concomitant feelings of
castration anxiety and hostility.
Feelings the boy or other characters toward the older man performing the
surgery must be noted.
If the story depicts a need for achievement younger man will identify with the
older one and perhaps use him as an example. In this case, the details of
process of identification and specific feelings regarding the identification
29. Picture 8GF : A woman is sitting on a chair
staring into space with her chin resting in her
hand.
30. Card 8GF
1.Description of Card-A woman is sitting on a chair staring into space with
herchin resting in her hand.
2.Frequent Plots-Because this picture is vague and nonspecific, extremely
diverse plots are developed and there are no frequently encountered themes.
3.General Discussion-This picture is difficult to generalize about.
Typically, it produces somewhat shallow stories of a contemplative nature
31. Picture 9BM : Four men in a field are lying
against one another.
32. Card 9BM
1.Description of Card-Four men in a field are lying
against one another.
2.Frequent Plots-Stories typically provide some
explanation of why the men are there and frequently
describe them either as homeless wanderers or as working
men who are taking a much-needed rest or a group of
soldiers relaxing.
3.General Discussion-This picture is particularly helpful in
providing information about relations with members of the
same sex.
Are the men comfortable with one another?
Is there any competitiveness?
Is the central person in the story merely observing the
four men, or is he one of the four men in the picture?
Sometimes, homosexual tendencies or fears regarding
such tendencies become evident in the story plot.
Social prejudice surrounding attitudes toward “lazy,” lower
33. Picture 9GF : A woman in the foreground is
standing behind a tree, observing another
woman who is running along a beach below.
34. Card 9GF
1.Description of Card-A woman in the foreground is standing behind a tree,
ob-serving another woman who is running along a beach below.
2.Frequent Plots-Usually, the two women are seen as being in some sort of
conflict, often over a man.
Frequently, either in addition to this theme or in a separate story , the woman
“ hiding behind” the tree has done something wrong.
It is very unusual to have a story in which cooperation between the women is
the central plot.
3.General Discussion-This card basically deals with female peer relations
and is important in elaborating on issues such as conflict resolution,
jealousy, sibling rivalry , and competitiveness.
Because the figure standing behind the tree is carefully observing the
woman on the beach, stories may provide details surrounding paranoid
ideation.
At the very least, the dynamics of suspiciousness and distrust are
usually discussed.
Frequently, a man is introduced into the story, often in the role of a long
lost lover whom one or both of the women are running to meet, or a sexual
attacker, from whom the woman on the beach is attempting to escape .
35. Picture 10 : One person is holding his or her
head against another person’s shoulder. The
gender of the two persons is not defined.
36. Card 10
1.Description of Card-One person is holding his or her
head against another per-son’s shoulder. The gender of
the two persons is not defined.
2.Frequent Plots-Stories usually center around some
interaction between a male and a female, and may involve
either a greeting between the two or a departure.
3.General Discussion-This card often gives useful
information regarding how the subject perceives male-
female relationships, particularly those involving some
degree of closeness and intimacy.
It might be helpful to notice the relative degree of comfort
or discomfort evoked by emotional closeness.
A story of departure or of termination of the relationship
may be reflective of either overt or denied hostility on the
part of the subject.
Sometimes, males interpret the embrace as involving two
males, which may suggest the possibility of a repressed or
37. Picture 11 : On a road in a chasm, several
figures are proceeding along a path toward a
bridge. Above them and against the side of a
cliff appears to be a dragon.
38. Card 11
1.Description of Card-On a road in a chasm, several figures are proceeding
along a path toward a bridge. Above them and against the side of a cliff
appears to be a dragon.
2.Frequent Plot-Typically, stories of attack and escape are elicited in
which the subject takes into account the dragon, the path, and the obscure
figures in the distance.
3.General Discussion-Because the form of this picture is quite vague and
ambiguous, it is a good test of the subjects’ imaginative abilities and their
skills in integrating irregular and poorly defined stimuli.
The picture also represents unknown and threatening forces, and reflects
the manner in which the subjects deal with fear of attack.
Characters in the story either escape or become victims of their attackers.
If they escape, how effective and coherent was the plan they devised to
avoid danger?
Were they instead saved by chance or “ the forces of fate”?
Subjects’ stories can often suggest the degree to which they experience
a sense of control over their environment and the course of their lives .
The dragon may be seen as coming out of the cliff and attacking people
(representing aggressive forces in the environment), or as a protecting
creature whom the characters are using for refuge and safety (a need for
protection).
39. Picture 12M : A man with his hand raised is
standing above a boy who is lying on a bed
with his eyes closed.
40. Card 12M
1.Description of Card-A man with his hand raised is standing above a boy
who is lying on a bed with his eyes closed.
2.Frequent Plots-Stories center on illness and/or the older man’s use of
hypnosis or some form of religious rite on the younger, reclining figure.
3.General Discussion-The picture often elicits themes regarding the
relation-ship between an older (usually more authoritative) man and a
younger one.
The manner in which the older man is perceived is particularly
important.
Is he sympathetic and giving aid, or is he described in more sinister terms?
Thus, the picture can represent specifics of the transference relationship
and, as such, can be an aid in interpreting and providing feedback to the
client regarding this relationship.
It can also be used to predict a client’s attitude toward, and response to,
hypnotic procedures.
Stories related to this picture may also represent whether passivity is
compatible with a subject’s personality or is regarded with discomfort.
In particular, subjects frequently reveal attitudes toward some external
controlling force .
41. Picture 12F : A portrait of a woman is in the
foreground; an older woman holding her chin
is in the background.
42. Card 12F
1.Description of Card-A portrait of a woman is
in the foreground; an older woman holding her
chin is in the background.
2.Frequent Plots-Stories center on the
relationship or specific communications
between the two figures.
3.General Discussion-This picture elicits
descriptions and conceptions of mother figures.
The background figure is frequently seen as a
mother-in-law who has a variety of evil qualities.
Often, these negative qualities are feelings that
the subject has toward her own mother but can
indirectly, and, therefore, more safely, project
onto the figure of a mother-in-law.
43. Picture 12BG : A country setting depicts a tree,
with a rowboat pulled up next to it. No
human figures are present.
44. Card 12BG
1.Description of Card-A country setting depicts
a tree, with a rowboat pulled up next to it. No
human figures are present.
2.Frequent Plots-Stories frequently center on
themes of loneliness, peace, or enjoyment of
nature.
3.General Discussion-With suicidal or
depressed subjects, there may be an
elaboration of feelings of abandonment and
isolation—
for example, someone has been lost or has
fallen from the boat.
More stable, adjusted subjects are likely to
discuss the peace of being alone in the woods
45. Picture 13MF : A young man is standing in the
foreground with his head in his arms. In the
background is a woman lying in a bed.
46. Card 13MF
1.Description of Card-A young man is standing in the foreground with his
head in his arms. In the background is a woman lying in a bed.
2.Frequent Plots-The most frequent plot centers on guilt induced by illicit
sexual activity.
Themes involving the death of the woman on the bed and the resulting
grief of the man, who is often depicted as her husband, are somewhat
less frequent.
3.General Discussion-This picture is often considered to be helpful in
revealing sexual conflicts.
In a general way, it provides information on a subject’s attitudes and
feelings toward his or her partner, particularly attitudes just before and
immediately following sexual intercourse.
Stories in which there are overt expressions of aggression or revulsion are
significant variations and should be noted as relatively unusual.
In particular, the relation between a subject’s aggressive and sexual
feelings is frequently portrayed .
Because this picture has a relatively large number of details, obsessive-
compulsive personalities frequently spend an excessive amount of time
describing and explaining these details.
If it has a shock effect then anxiety is created.
The obsessive-compulsive’s style of handling anxiety by externally focusing
47. Picture 13B : A boy is sitting in the doorway of a
log cabin.
48. Card 13B
Description of Card-A boy is sitting in the
doorway of a log cabin.
2.Frequent Plots-Themes of loneliness and
stories of childhood are often elicited.
However, because the stimulus is somewhat
vague, the content and the nature of these
stories tend to be extremely varied.
3.General Discussion-This picture may help
both adults and children to reveal attitudes
toward introspection or loneliness.
In adults, it frequently elicits reveries involving
childhood memories.
49. Picture 13G : A girl is climbing a flight of stairs.
50. Card 13G
1.Description of Card-A girl is climbing a f light of
stairs.
2.Frequent Plots.
The plots are similar to Picture 13B, usually involving
themes of loneliness and/or distant childhood
memories.
51. Picture 14 : A person is silhouetted against a
window.
52. Picture 14
1. Description of Card- A person is silhouetted against a window.
2. Frequent Plots-This card produces themes of
Contemplation,
Wish fulfillment, or
Depression, or
Feelings related to burglary.
3. General Discussion- If a subject’s presenting problem is
depression, especially if there is evidence of suicidal ideation, this
card, along with Picture 3BM, is essential.
This type of subject often describes the figure in the picture and, more
importantly , discusses the events, feelings, and attitudes that led up to
the current self-destructive behavior.
Methods and styles of problem solving that the story character has
attempted or is attempting may be assessed.
53. Picture 14…
Also significant are the character’s internal dialogues and personal
reactions as he or she relates to different life stresses.
This picture may also reveal the subject’s aesthetic interests and
personal philosophical beliefs or wish fulfillments.
If a story involving burglary is depicted, it can be useful to consider the
character’s level of impulse control and guilt, or the consequences of
his or her behavior.
For example, is the character apprehended and punished for his or her
behavior, or is he or she allowed to go free and enjoy the profits of his or
her misdeeds?
54. Picture 15 : A man is standing among
tombstones with his hands clasped together.
55. Picture 15
1. Description of Card- A man is standing among tombstones with his
hands clasped together.
2. Frequent Plots- Themes usually revolve around beliefs or events
surrounding death and a hereafter.
3. General Discussion- Stories from Picture 15 reflect the subject’s
particular beliefs about, and attitudes toward, death and the dying
process.
For example, death may be viewed as a passive, quiet process, or, in
contrast, it can be experienced as a violent , aggressive situation.
If the subject is having an extremely difficult time coping with the death of a
friend or relative, the themes on Picture 15 can provide useful information
as to why this difficulty is being experienced.
For example, the story may reveal a method of adjustment based on
excessive denial and a seeming inability to engage in grieving, from
which a lack of resolution results.
The story might also indicate unexpressed and problematic anger
directed toward the dead person, because of a sense of abandonment.
57. Picture 16
1. Description of Card- Blank card.
2. Frequent Plots- Stories from this card are highly varied. It frequently
elicits narratives related to a person’s life (current marital, family, and
personal situation) and, to a lesser extent, idyllic, defensive, catastrophic,
and achievement-oriented concerns.
3. General Discussion- Instructions for this card are: Imagine a picture
and then tell a story about it.
From subjects with vivid and active imaginations, this card often elicits
extremely rich, useful stories; and the amount of detail and complexity
in a person’s stories have been found to correlate with different
measures of creativity (Wakefield,1986).
The card does little to shape or influence the subject’s fantasy material and
can thus be seen as a relatively pure product of his or her
unconscious.
However , for anxious, resistant, or noncreative subjects, this card is
often of little or no value because the stories are usually brief and lack
depth or richness.
In considering the story , it is helpful to note whether the depiction
involves a scene that is vital and optimistic , or one that is desolate
58. Picture 17BM : A naked man is climbing up (or
down) a rope.
59. Picture 17BM
1. Description of Card- A naked man is climbing up (or down) a rope.
2. Frequent Plots- Stories usually involve someone escaping from a
dangerous situation or an athletic event of a competitive nature.
3. General Discussion- Because the card depicts a naked man,
attitudes regarding the subject’s personal body images are often revealed.
They in turn may bring out themes of
Achievement,
Physical prowess,
Adulation, and
Narcissism.
Possible homosexual feelings or anxiety related to homosexuality also
becomes evident in the stories of some subjects.
60. Picture 17GF : A female is standing on a bridge
over water. Above the bridge is a tall
building, and behind the building the sun is
shining from behind clouds.
61. Picture 17GF
1. Description of Card- A female is standing on a bridge over water.
Above the bridge is a tall building, and behind the building the sun is
shining from behind clouds.
2. Frequent Plots- A great variety of stories are elicited, although
themes surrounding departure and social or emotional distance do occur
with some frequency.
3. General Discussion- Attitudes toward a recent separation or the
impending arrival of a loved one are sometimes described.
This card can be particularly useful in cases of suicidal depression,
where the figure on the bridge is perceived as contemplating jumping off, as
a last attempt to resolve her difficulties.
As with Pictures 3BM and 14, an inquiry into the specific difficulties the story
character has encountered and the manner in which she has attempted to
resolve these difficulties can often reflect the subject’s manner and style of
coping with his or her own difficulties.
Personal reactions to, and internal dialogue involving, life stresses
can also be extremely informative.
However, some of this material is available only through reading other
62. Picture 18BM : A man dressed in a long coat is
being grabbed from behind. Three hands are
visible.
63. Picture 18BM
1. Description of Card- A man dressed in a long coat is being grabbed
from behind. Three hands are visible.
2. Frequent Plots- Typical themes involve either drunkenness on the
part of the figure who is being supported by the three hands, or stories in
which he is being attacked from behind.
3. General Discussion- This picture, more than any of the others, is
likely to produce anxiety because of the suggestive depiction of invisible
forces attacking the figure.
Thus, it is important to note how the subject handles his or her own
anxiety, as well as how the story character deals with his situation.
Does the latter see himself as the victim of circumstance in which he is
completely helpless?
If so, how does he eventually resolve his feelings of helplessness?
Is the helplessness a momentary phenomenon , or is it an ongoing
personality trait?
If the character is seen as the recipient of hard luck, then specifically what
situation does the subject perceive as comprising hard luck?
64. Picture 18GF : A woman has her hands around
the throat of another woman. In the
background is a flight of stairs.
65. Picture 18GF
1. Description of Card- A woman has her hands around the throat of
another woman. In the background is a flight of stairs.
2. Frequent Plots- Aggressive mother-daughter interactions or sibling
relationships are often disclosed in response to this picture.
3. General Discussion- The manner in which the subject handles
aggressive, hostile relationships with other women is the primary type of
information this picture elicits.
Particular note should be made of what types of events trigger this
aggressiveness, and of the manner in which the conflict is or is not
resolved.
Does the character submit passively, withdraw from the relationship,
plot revenge, or negotiate change?
Feelings of inferiority, jealousy, and response to being dominated are
also often described.
Although the representation of aggressiveness in the picture is quite explicit
, subjects occasionally attempt to deny or avoid this aggressiveness by
creating a story in which one figure is attempting to help the other one up
the stairs.
66. Picture 19 : A surreal depiction of clouds and a
home covered with snow.
67. Picture 19
1. Description of Card- A surreal depiction of clouds and a home
covered with snow.
2. Frequent Plots- Stories are highly varied because of the
unstructured and ambiguous nature of the stimuli.
3. General Discussion- Because this is one of the more unstructured
cards, the subject’s ability to integrate disparate visual stimuli is tested.
For certain subjects, the ambiguous nature of this picture can create
anxiety and insecurity.
The examiner can then observe how the subject handles his or her
anxiety in the context of the story.
Often, the stories produced deal with impersonal aggression from
forces such as nature or the supernatural.
Picture 20
68. Picture 20 : A hazy, nighttime picture of a man
leaning against a lamppost.
69. Picture 20
1. Description of Card- A hazy, nighttime picture of a man leaning
against a lamppost.
2. Frequent Plots- Stories range from the benign theme of a late
evening date to more sinister circumstances, perhaps involving a gangster
who is in imminent danger.
3. General Discussion- The picture often elicits information regarding
a subject’s attitude toward loneliness, darkness, and uncertainty.
Fears may be stated explicitly through gangster stories.
As with Picture 18BM, the method of handling these fears and the
examinee’s response to physical danger should be noted.