This document provides an overview of organ transplantation, including:
1. A brief history of transplantation from early experiments to modern developments in immunosuppression.
2. Definitions of different types of transplants including autotransplants, allotransplants, and xenotransplants.
3. A discussion of transplant immunobiology including allorecognition and the mechanisms of rejection.
4. Descriptions of different types of clinical rejection such as hyperacute, acute, and chronic rejection.
5. An overview of commonly used immunosuppressive drugs including corticosteroids, cyclosporine, and monoclonal antibodies.
Transplantation basics explained with history . For details look at the subtext for every slide. Immune suppression drugs. Body reaction to grafts are all explained
History
Introduction
Classification of grafts
The Immunology of Allogeneic Transplantation
Genetics of graft rejection
Types of rejection
Recognition of Alloantigens
Effector Mechanisms of Allograft Rejection
Prevention of graft rejection
Graft versus host reaction
Transplantation basics explained with history . For details look at the subtext for every slide. Immune suppression drugs. Body reaction to grafts are all explained
History
Introduction
Classification of grafts
The Immunology of Allogeneic Transplantation
Genetics of graft rejection
Types of rejection
Recognition of Alloantigens
Effector Mechanisms of Allograft Rejection
Prevention of graft rejection
Graft versus host reaction
Immunological Basis of Graft Rejection
Transplantation in immunology, refers to the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another.
A healthy organ, tissue, cells which is provided by a donor is termed as a GRAFT.
The immune system has evolved elaborate and effective mechanisms to protect the organism from attack by foreign agents, and these same mechanisms cause rejection of grafts from anyone who is not genetically identical to the recipient.
Transplant Immunology is known as a providential cure in medical sciences. People recommend it to patients for getting rid of many kinds of problems which are related to health. It involves a surgical operation where a body part is removed from one location and transplanted to another.
Description of various immunological mechanisms involved in the rejection of transplants. Lecture notes for medical, dental and allied health sciences undergraduate medical students.
Transplantation immunology - sequence of events that occurs after an allograft or xenograft is removed from donor and then transplanted into a recipient.
A major limitation to the success of transplantation is the immune response of the recipient to the donor tissue.
The transplant of organs is one of the greatest therapeutic
achievements of the twentieth-century. In organ transplantation,
the adaptive immunity is considered the main response exerted to the transplanted tissue, since the principal target of the immune response are the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules expressed on the surface of donor cells
Immunological Basis of Graft Rejection
Transplantation in immunology, refers to the act of transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another.
A healthy organ, tissue, cells which is provided by a donor is termed as a GRAFT.
The immune system has evolved elaborate and effective mechanisms to protect the organism from attack by foreign agents, and these same mechanisms cause rejection of grafts from anyone who is not genetically identical to the recipient.
Transplant Immunology is known as a providential cure in medical sciences. People recommend it to patients for getting rid of many kinds of problems which are related to health. It involves a surgical operation where a body part is removed from one location and transplanted to another.
Description of various immunological mechanisms involved in the rejection of transplants. Lecture notes for medical, dental and allied health sciences undergraduate medical students.
Transplantation immunology - sequence of events that occurs after an allograft or xenograft is removed from donor and then transplanted into a recipient.
A major limitation to the success of transplantation is the immune response of the recipient to the donor tissue.
The transplant of organs is one of the greatest therapeutic
achievements of the twentieth-century. In organ transplantation,
the adaptive immunity is considered the main response exerted to the transplanted tissue, since the principal target of the immune response are the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules expressed on the surface of donor cells
ORGAN FAILURE AND TRANSPLANTATION MEDICINEdrpriyanka8
TRANSPLANTATION
GRAFT
ORGAN TRANSPLANT
HEART, KIDNEY, LIVER, LUNG FAILURE
HISTORY
TYPES OF TRANSPLANT
ALLOGRAFT
XENOGRAFT
ISOGRAFT
ALLOGRAFT
TYPES OF DONOR
GRAFT ACCEPTANCE
GRAFT REJECTION
ROLE OF T CELL
GENETICS
RECOGINITION OF ALLOANTIGENS
EFFECT OF HLA MATCHING
ROLE OF BLOOD GROUPS
MECHANISM OF ACCEPTANCE
MECHANISM OF REJECTION
STAGES OF REJECTION
GRAFT VS HOST REACTION
MANIFESTATIONS
PREVENTION OF REJECTION
IMMUNOSUPPRESION
Involves the principles of organ transplantation - basics of immunology and organ donation, preservation and eventual transplantation in the recipient.
The field of organ transplantation has made remarkable progress in a short period of time.
Transplantation has evolved to become the treatment of choice for end-stage organ failure resulting from almost any of a wide variety of causes .
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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