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Primates, wildlife Biology
- 1. PRIMATES
- 2. Cercopithecidae • Old World Monkeys • Medium-sized to large monkeys with long trunks, ischial callosities narrow nasal opening and palate, dagger-like canines, molars with two ridges, and tail lacking or short in some, long in most; males usually larges than females • 90-180 cm • Palearctic, Afrotropical and Indo-Malayan region • 23 genera, 159 species
- 4. Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus • Endemic to Western Ghats • Adult males are 33% larger than adult females • The face is all black and surrounded by a large characteristic grayish-brown cheek and chin ruff • Tail is 55-75% of the head-body length and has a tuft of hair at the end
- 5. • Fruits of Artocarpus and flowers and fruits of Cullenia exarillata are important foods that are available through out the year • Diurnal and arboreal • Live in groups of 4-30 individuals • EN
- 7. Northern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca leonina • Distinguished by deeply parted, dark cap of short hair and short, naked, erect tail, slightly curled at the tip • Most arboreal and frugivorous of north-eastern macaques • VU
- 9. Bonnet Macaque Macaca radiata • Distinguished by a cap or bonnet of long hair, arranged in a whorl and parted clearly, and a very long tail that is longer than body • Face and ears are bare, with skin of adults being brown to pinkish or bright scarlet in some females • Males are larger and more heavily set than females
- 11. • M. r. radiata is common in places that have human habitation while M. r. diluta is more a forest inhabitant • Diet includes ripe fruits, seeds, flowers, shoots, animals etc. • In urban areas they raid garbage dumps and home gardens
- 12. • M. r. radiata – Dark-bellied Bonnet Macaque • M. r. diluta – Light-bellied Bonnet Macaque • The former has grayish brown crown while the latter has pale yellowish-brown crown.
- 14. Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis • Is a heavy, thickset forest macaque with a brownish grey coat and pale venter • It superficially resembles the Rhesus but lacks the orange- tinted posterior and has a different tail carriage
- 15. • M. a. assamensis – Eastern Assamese Macaque • M. a. pelops – Western Assamese Macaque • NT
- 17. Arunachal Macaque Macaca munzula • A dark patch or whorl of hair on the central crown, sometimes surrounded by pale hairs, is distinctive • Dark brown face has a heavy jaw and is not bearded like the Assamese Macaque • EN
- 19. Stump-Tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides • Also known as the Bear Macaque • Largest macaque species in India • Unique crown of hair that radiates from a central whorl and falls sleekly to the back of the head and reddish pink face • Prominent cheek pouches
- 20. • It has the shortest tail among macaques and is extremely territorial by nature • Grows bald with age • VU
- 22. Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis • M. f. umbrosus • Also called the Crab-eating Macaque • Found on the Nicobar Islands • Has a long tail, short, stout legs and a heavy bottom • Adept swimmer, arboreal in inland forests and more terrestrial on coasts • VU
- 24. Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta • Most widespread • Brown in colour with fur varying from very thick and dark to sparse sandy brown • Orangish tint to the fur in its hindquarters and loins • Carries its medium-sized tail erect with a bend at the tip
- 26. • Dominance behavior by alpha males and sub-adults include threat displays such as shaking tree branches (electric lines in cities) • Most diverse habitat user – temple surrounds, urban, rural, village- cum-pond, pond sides, road sides, canal sides and forests • Hybridization with Assamese Macaque
- 28. Bengal Sacred Langur Semnopithecus entellus • Northern Plains Langur • Most widely spread langur in India • It is a crestless, average-sized langur, overall yellowish brown or pale orange, ventrally suffused with buff on the chest • It is black-pawed up to the wrist and has a forward-looped tail
- 29. • Male langurs possess harem and do not tolerate subadults or even very young males in the troop. This makes it more peaceful • Found in all habitats except desert, and also found near human settlements
- 31. Chamba Sacred Langur Semnopithecus ajax • A large hill langur, blunt headed, maned, mauve-brown backed with whitish venter and dark hands and forearms. • Dark silvery dorsal fur • EN
- 33. Terai Sacred Langur Semnopithecus hector • Medium-sized crestless race, greyish brown on the back and buff-white/pale grey venter • Distinctive grey moustache on a black face and uniformly pale grey hands
- 35. Nepal Sacred Langur Semnopithecus schistaceus • It is a maned, pale-pawed race similar in most respects to the Terai Langur. It has a darker, mauvish brown back than S. hector • The ventral colour is whiter and the ruff around the head can be heavy in higher altitudes
- 37. Malabar Sacred Langur Semnopithecus hypoleucos • An average-sized crestless langur with a backward- looped tail and limbs black below elbows and knees • It has a brownish streak between the eye and the ear • S. h. iulus – Black-legged Langur • S. h. achates – Northern Malabar Langur • S. h. hypoleucos – Travancore Langur • VU
- 39. Tufted Gray Langur Semnopithecus priam • It has a clear crest, the tips of fingers are black in colour • S. p. anchises – Central Indian Gray Langur • S. p. priam – Madras Gray Langur • S. p. thersites – Srilankan Gray Langur
- 41. Nilgiri Langur Semnopithecus johnii • The most vocal of southern forest monkeys, its characteristic ‘hoo-hoo’ call can be heard mostly at dawn and sometimes at dusk • Endemic to Western Ghats • VU
- 43. Golden Langur Trachypithecus geei • It has deep cream to off- white fur in the non-breeding season and golden orange or deep golden fur in the breeding season • Infants are orange-brown with pink faces, palms and soles • EN
- 45. Capped Langur Trachypithecus pileatus • Found in North East India • Varying belly colouration used to separate subspecies • They live exclusively on trees and seldom come down to ground • VU
- 47. Phayre’s Langur Trachypithecus phayrei • Also called Phayre’s Leaf Monkey • The male has circular white rings compared with the females whose eye rings are roughly triangular • Infant is golden coloured • EN
- 49. Hylobatidae • Gibbons • Small to medium-sized apes with slender body, short trunk, broad chest, very long arms, short legs, ischial callosities, short muzzle, shallow face, long canine teeth, simple molar teeth, long, curved, slender digits, robust thumb and big toe, coat nearly black to almost cream and no external tail; no sexual dimorphism • 40-90 cm • Indo-Malayan region • 4 genera, 19 species
- 50. Western Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock hoolock • Second largest gibbon in the world after the Siamang • Gibbons are monogamous and are thought to pair for life • Male are uniform black and females are uniform blonde in colour • EN
- 52. Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys • Female is paler than Western Hoolock and not uniformly coloured • Males have white genital tufts, white eyebrows have distinct gap • VU
- 54. Hominidae • Great Apes • Large apes with relatively short trunk, broad chest, long arms, robust canine teeth, simple molar teeth, long hands and feet, and no external tail; males larger than females • 70-200 cm • Afrotropical and Indo-Malayan region • 3 genera, 6 species
- 57. Chimpanzee
- 58. Orangutan
- 59. Small Indian Mongoose, Herpestes auropunctatus • LC • Social unit – Solitary • Distribution in India: Northern plains, extending to WB • Some authors considered both Small Indian Mongoose & Javan Mongoose as same species under the name of H. javanicus or H. auropunctatus • Subspecies = 5 • Taxonomic revision needed • Herpestes auropunctatus auropunctatus