Mist netting, #bats, wildlife Biology
•Download as DOCX, PDF•
1 like•429 views
Mist-netting is the standard method for capturing bats. Mist-nets of varying dimensions are placed in areas with high bat activity, like near roosts and water sources. The nets are erected at heights of 3-4 meters after dusk to intercept bats. Captured bats are removed immediately and their morphological measurements are taken, including weight. Tissue samples are preserved for further study before releasing the bats.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Mimicry (Evolutionary Biology)
When a perfectly harmless animal resembles in its colour and shape, with a well protected species, the phenomenon is called mimicry.
The concept of mimicry was first given by H. W. Bates in 1862.
Mimicry is an important feature of organism which protect the animals against enemies. Mimicry often used as self defense which increases the survival value of organisms.
Diversity Of Mammals Marsupials
Marsupials are mammals whose young develop in pouches. Examples include kangaroos, koalas, wombats, and Tasmanian devils. Kangaroos have strong tails and legs to jump long distances. Koalas mainly eat eucalyptus leaves and sleep 16-18 hours a day due to low metabolism. Wombats dig burrows with claws and teeth. Tasmanian devils are the largest carnivorous marsupials and get their name from loud fighting noises. While Australians may joke about dangerous "drop bears," these do not actually exist.
Evolution of horse in paleontology
The document summarizes the evolution of the horse over 50 million years from Eohippus to modern Equus. Key stages included Mesohippus which lived 38 million years ago in North America and had 3 toes, with the middle toe larger. Merychippus originated 12-6 million years ago and was the first single-toed horse with strong legs to increase speed and power. Pliohippus resembled a pony and lived in the late Miocene period in North America, being considered a direct link to modern Equus horses.
ICZN.pptx
The document discusses the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) which provides rules for formally naming animal species. It is published by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and aims to ensure every animal has a unique and universally accepted scientific name. The ICZN has six main principles including binomial nomenclature, priority, coordination, and typification to determine the correct scientific name of animal taxa. It also outlines how names are structured at different taxonomic ranks from species to orders.
Macroevolution
This document discusses factors involved in macroevolution, including adaptive radiation and orthogenesis. It provides examples of adaptive radiation in Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands, where 14 species evolved from a common ancestor to fill different ecological niches. Orthogenesis is the assumption that evolutionary changes occur in a straight line, such as the parallel reduction of side toes in unrelated artiodactyl genera. Allometry also plays a role, describing the relationship between organism and part size and how diversity arises from changes in relative part sizes within a common body plan.
Taxonomic procedures
Biological collections preserve plant and animal specimens through various methods. Dry collections involve preserving specimens without liquid through rigidity or highlighting distinguishing features. Wet collections submerge specimens in liquid preservatives to maintain body form and soft tissues. Low-temperature collections maintain specimens' viability for analysis by storing at cold temperatures. Microscopy collections prepare specimens for examination under microscopes. Proper collection, preservation, cataloging and storage help museums maintain valuable reference materials.
Defence behavior in mammals
Defense behavior occurs when an individual perceives a threat in a group. It involves devoting energy to defending oneself while still paying some attention to the common task. For example, cows will lower their heads, charge, and use their horns to protect calves from predators. Living in a herd helps overcome this problem through cooperation. Sheep also band together for safety and rely on humans for protection when separated from their group. Defensively aggressive dogs and cats may initially charge fearfully at a perceived threat, while whales find protection in their large size and social pods.
Integumentary derivative
vertebrate integument and its derivative
development general structure and function of integument and its derivative
gland, scales,horns, claws,nails, hooves, feathers and hairs.
Recommended
Mimicry (Evolutionary Biology)
When a perfectly harmless animal resembles in its colour and shape, with a well protected species, the phenomenon is called mimicry.
The concept of mimicry was first given by H. W. Bates in 1862.
Mimicry is an important feature of organism which protect the animals against enemies. Mimicry often used as self defense which increases the survival value of organisms.
Diversity Of Mammals Marsupials
Marsupials are mammals whose young develop in pouches. Examples include kangaroos, koalas, wombats, and Tasmanian devils. Kangaroos have strong tails and legs to jump long distances. Koalas mainly eat eucalyptus leaves and sleep 16-18 hours a day due to low metabolism. Wombats dig burrows with claws and teeth. Tasmanian devils are the largest carnivorous marsupials and get their name from loud fighting noises. While Australians may joke about dangerous "drop bears," these do not actually exist.
Evolution of horse in paleontology
The document summarizes the evolution of the horse over 50 million years from Eohippus to modern Equus. Key stages included Mesohippus which lived 38 million years ago in North America and had 3 toes, with the middle toe larger. Merychippus originated 12-6 million years ago and was the first single-toed horse with strong legs to increase speed and power. Pliohippus resembled a pony and lived in the late Miocene period in North America, being considered a direct link to modern Equus horses.
ICZN.pptx
The document discusses the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) which provides rules for formally naming animal species. It is published by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and aims to ensure every animal has a unique and universally accepted scientific name. The ICZN has six main principles including binomial nomenclature, priority, coordination, and typification to determine the correct scientific name of animal taxa. It also outlines how names are structured at different taxonomic ranks from species to orders.
Macroevolution
This document discusses factors involved in macroevolution, including adaptive radiation and orthogenesis. It provides examples of adaptive radiation in Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands, where 14 species evolved from a common ancestor to fill different ecological niches. Orthogenesis is the assumption that evolutionary changes occur in a straight line, such as the parallel reduction of side toes in unrelated artiodactyl genera. Allometry also plays a role, describing the relationship between organism and part size and how diversity arises from changes in relative part sizes within a common body plan.
Taxonomic procedures
Biological collections preserve plant and animal specimens through various methods. Dry collections involve preserving specimens without liquid through rigidity or highlighting distinguishing features. Wet collections submerge specimens in liquid preservatives to maintain body form and soft tissues. Low-temperature collections maintain specimens' viability for analysis by storing at cold temperatures. Microscopy collections prepare specimens for examination under microscopes. Proper collection, preservation, cataloging and storage help museums maintain valuable reference materials.
Defence behavior in mammals
Defense behavior occurs when an individual perceives a threat in a group. It involves devoting energy to defending oneself while still paying some attention to the common task. For example, cows will lower their heads, charge, and use their horns to protect calves from predators. Living in a herd helps overcome this problem through cooperation. Sheep also band together for safety and rely on humans for protection when separated from their group. Defensively aggressive dogs and cats may initially charge fearfully at a perceived threat, while whales find protection in their large size and social pods.
Integumentary derivative
vertebrate integument and its derivative
development general structure and function of integument and its derivative
gland, scales,horns, claws,nails, hooves, feathers and hairs.
Animal Behavior: Habitat selection sudeshrathod
Animal Behavior: Habitat selection sudeshrathodDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc. ANTENNAE.pptx
The document discusses the different types of antennae found in insects. It begins by providing background on antennae, noting that they are sensory organs located on the head of most arthropods. It then describes 13 main types of insect antennae based on their shape, including filiform, ensiform, setaceous, moniliform, capitate, clavate, serrate, lamellate, flabellate, pectinate, bi-pectinate, plumose, and geniculate antennae. Each type is defined and examples are given of insect orders that possess that antenna type. The document aims to provide classification and identification of antennae among insects.
Animal behavior
Animal behavior types can be categorized into several types including learning, habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, trial and error learning, latent learning, insight, reasoning, and cognition. Learning is the modification of behavior based on experiences and can range from simple to complex. Habituation is the decrease in response to repeated stimuli over time. Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period where young animals learn recognition and attraction patterns. Classical conditioning pairs an innate response with a new stimulus. Trial and error and insight involve solving problems through testing or understanding relationships. Latent learning occurs without reinforcement. Animal cognition allows perception, processing, and use of information.
Learning and Memory
Animal behaviour includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. It is defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus.
Altruism in animals and its type
This presentation is mainly about animal behavior topics, Altruism, Kin Selecetion, reciprocal altruism, and Hamilton's rule.
Hibernation
Hibernation : Hibernation is the way that some animals adapt to the climate and land around them during winter.
A hibernating animal will enter into a very ‘deep sleep’.
While in a state of true hibernation, the animal will appear to be dead.
During hibernation, the animal’s body processes, like breathing, slow down, and they survive on stored food or fat.
There is no movement and it takes a long time for the animal to wake up.
Regeneration in animals
This document discusses regeneration in different animal groups. It explains that regeneration involves reactivating development to restore missing tissue. Regeneration occurs through stem cell mediated regeneration, epimorphosis, morphallaxis, and compensatory regeneration. Epimorphosis involves dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, as seen in salamander limb regeneration. Compensatory regeneration uses differentiated cells and is seen in liver and zebrafish heart regeneration. Regeneration also relies on signaling gradients that establish polarity and pattern formation.
Flight adaptation and Mechanism Of Flight in Birds.
This document discusses flight adaptations and the mechanism of flight in birds. It describes the key morphological adaptations birds have developed for flight including their streamlined bodies, lightweight feathers, modified forelimbs that form wings, and other adaptations. It also discusses important anatomical modifications such as their lightweight skeletons, strong breast muscles, and efficient respiratory and circulatory systems. Finally, it explains how birds generate lift through their airfoils and use a downward power stroke and upward recovery stroke of their wings to fly through flapping.
Calws hoofs and nails (final)
Claws are curved structures that extend from the digits of amniotic animals. They consist of keratinized bone and are used for various functions like scratching, clutching, digging, climbing, defense, and hunting. Different animals have claws and talons of varying shapes and sizes depending on their habitat and food sources. Claws can be retractable, non-retractable, dew claws, or grooming claws. Nails evolved from claws and provide protection and sensitivity to primate digits. Hooves, made of keratin, cover the tips of toes in some mammals and provide protection, traction, digging, and weapons. Hooves have cloven or non-cloven structures and require natural or domestic care.
Innate Behavior (Animal Behavior) Taxis, Fixed Action Pattern, reflex.
Animal behavior includes how animals act and interact with stimuli in their environment. Behaviors can be innate, meaning genetically determined, or learned through experience. Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, especially regarding natural environments and evolution. Behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction. They can be analyzed based on their causes, development, function, and whether they are innate or learned. Examples of innate behaviors include reflexes, kinesis, taxis, and fixed action patterns.
Animal behaviour
Behavior is everything an organism does in response to stimuli from both the external environment and internal bodily states. It includes innate behaviors that are genetically determined and critical for survival, such as feeding, grooming, and reproduction, as well as learned behaviors influenced by environmental factors. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology and focuses on understanding behavior in natural habitats and social contexts.
Modern method of apiculture - Apiculture - Beekeeping
The document discusses the modern methods of apiculture (beekeeping). It describes five key parts: 1) the typical movable hive, which allows beekeeping in different locations; 2) the queen excluder, which prevents the queen from entering the honey storage area; 3) the honey extractor, which uses centrifugal force to remove honey from combs without damage; 4) the uncapping knife, which removes wax seals from honey-filled combs; and 5) other equipment like protective gear for safe bee handling. The typical hive framework includes a stand, bottom board, brood chamber for larvae, supers for extra space, inner cover for ventilation, and a top cover for protection from rain.
Social behavior in termites
Termites live in complex colonies found in regions around the world. They communicate chemically through pheromones and live in castes that work cooperatively. The colonies contain a king and queen that lay eggs, supplementary royalty, wingless workers that build and maintain the nest, soldiers that defend the colony, and proboscideans that have elongated heads. Termites digest wood and plant material with the help of symbiotic protozoa.
Courtship Kalyan.pptx
Courtship refers to behavioral interactions between males and females of a species before, during, and after mating. It allows animals to select partners for reproduction and is influenced by evolutionary factors. Courtship behaviors serve to find mates, persuade females, synchronize reproduction, and promote reproductive isolation. Examples of courtship discussed include spiders presenting gifts to females, scorpions' promenade dance, fish nest-building and egg-fertilization, amphibian sound-making, reptile dancing, bird head-bobbing, and elephant trunk-caressing. Courtship is essential for successful reproduction and continuation of species.
Reptilian skin
Reptilian skin consists of a thick, tough, dry, and waterproof epidermis layer containing lipids and keratin that provides excellent protection. The skin contains scales made of keratin in the epidermis rather than the dermis like fish. Some reptiles can rapidly change the color of their skin through chromatophores in the dermis for camouflage. The thick skin has been modified into claws, scutes, horns, and rattles in some reptiles.
Bird migration, Types of birds, Advantages and disadvantages of birds
Bird migration is a regular, two-way movement of birds between breeding and wintering regions to take advantage of favorable conditions, with different types including latitudinal, longitudinal, and altitudinal movements. Migration is driven by internal biological clocks and environmental factors, and allows birds to access food, breeding grounds, and escape harsh weather, though it also carries risks of death from storms, predators, or human activities.
Differential Cell Affinity & Cell Adhesion Molecules
This a brief account of cellular affinities and the role of adhesion molecules in keeping similar cells together.
Parental care of fishes
Parental care in fishes ranges from simple nest building to carrying eggs and live birth. Some common types of parental care seen in fishes are nest building like bubble nests and weed nests. Other fishes attach eggs to their bodies like pipefish and sea horses where males carry fertilized eggs in brood pouches. Mouth brooding is also common where parents incubate eggs in their mouths. Some sharks and rays enclose eggs in leathery mermaid's purses. The highest level of care is viviparity where young develop internally and receive nourishment from a placenta.
Types of silk
There are five major types of silk produced in India from different silkworm species that feed on various food plants. Mulberry silk is considered the highest quality and is produced from the Bombyx mori silkworm that feeds solely on mulberry leaves. The major mulberry silk producing states in India are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Jammu & Kashmir, which account for 92% of the country's total mulberry silk production. Tasar silk is produced by silkworms that feed on Sal and Arjun trees, and is mainly produced in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh,
Parental care in amphibians
Parental care is common among amphibians, with 18% of salamander species and 6% of frog and toad species receiving care from both parents. Amphibians exhibit various forms of parental care including building nests, transporting tadpoles, carrying eggs attached to their bodies, and giving live birth (viviparity). In frogs, parental care involves nest building and guarding of eggs, transporting tadpoles, or carrying eggs in pouches or stomachs. In salamanders, both parents may coil around and guard eggs or exhibit viviparity by retaining young in the uterus until metamorphosis. While methods vary across the three amphibian classes, parental care helps increase offspring survival.
Method review
This study examined the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis, trail following behavior in response to varying concentrations of gaster extract trails. The key findings were:
1) Optimal trail following occurred at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 ant equivalents per 50 cm trail. Following decreased by 50% at concentrations one decade above or below the optimum.
2) At higher concentrations (5.0 ant equivalents), ants followed trails further from the center, up to 5 mm beyond the applied trail boundaries.
3) Ants followed "airborne" trail components when the actual trail was suspended 3-6 mm above them, but following ceased at distances of 8-12 mm
PROTOCOL Bat sampling method
This document provides a protocol for safely collecting pooled biological samples from wild bat roosting sites in 3 sentences:
It outlines supplies needed, methods for placing tarps under tree-roosting and cave-dwelling bat colonies to collect urine and feces samples before the bats leave at dawn, and guidance for collecting and recording the samples while minimizing risks to field workers. Examples of bat feces are also provided to help with identification and differentiation from other animal waste.
More Related Content
What's hot
Animal Behavior: Habitat selection sudeshrathod
Animal Behavior: Habitat selection sudeshrathodDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc. ANTENNAE.pptx
The document discusses the different types of antennae found in insects. It begins by providing background on antennae, noting that they are sensory organs located on the head of most arthropods. It then describes 13 main types of insect antennae based on their shape, including filiform, ensiform, setaceous, moniliform, capitate, clavate, serrate, lamellate, flabellate, pectinate, bi-pectinate, plumose, and geniculate antennae. Each type is defined and examples are given of insect orders that possess that antenna type. The document aims to provide classification and identification of antennae among insects.
Animal behavior
Animal behavior types can be categorized into several types including learning, habituation, imprinting, classical conditioning, trial and error learning, latent learning, insight, reasoning, and cognition. Learning is the modification of behavior based on experiences and can range from simple to complex. Habituation is the decrease in response to repeated stimuli over time. Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period where young animals learn recognition and attraction patterns. Classical conditioning pairs an innate response with a new stimulus. Trial and error and insight involve solving problems through testing or understanding relationships. Latent learning occurs without reinforcement. Animal cognition allows perception, processing, and use of information.
Learning and Memory
Animal behaviour includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. It is defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus.
Altruism in animals and its type
This presentation is mainly about animal behavior topics, Altruism, Kin Selecetion, reciprocal altruism, and Hamilton's rule.
Hibernation
Hibernation : Hibernation is the way that some animals adapt to the climate and land around them during winter.
A hibernating animal will enter into a very ‘deep sleep’.
While in a state of true hibernation, the animal will appear to be dead.
During hibernation, the animal’s body processes, like breathing, slow down, and they survive on stored food or fat.
There is no movement and it takes a long time for the animal to wake up.
Regeneration in animals
This document discusses regeneration in different animal groups. It explains that regeneration involves reactivating development to restore missing tissue. Regeneration occurs through stem cell mediated regeneration, epimorphosis, morphallaxis, and compensatory regeneration. Epimorphosis involves dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, as seen in salamander limb regeneration. Compensatory regeneration uses differentiated cells and is seen in liver and zebrafish heart regeneration. Regeneration also relies on signaling gradients that establish polarity and pattern formation.
Flight adaptation and Mechanism Of Flight in Birds.
This document discusses flight adaptations and the mechanism of flight in birds. It describes the key morphological adaptations birds have developed for flight including their streamlined bodies, lightweight feathers, modified forelimbs that form wings, and other adaptations. It also discusses important anatomical modifications such as their lightweight skeletons, strong breast muscles, and efficient respiratory and circulatory systems. Finally, it explains how birds generate lift through their airfoils and use a downward power stroke and upward recovery stroke of their wings to fly through flapping.
Calws hoofs and nails (final)
Claws are curved structures that extend from the digits of amniotic animals. They consist of keratinized bone and are used for various functions like scratching, clutching, digging, climbing, defense, and hunting. Different animals have claws and talons of varying shapes and sizes depending on their habitat and food sources. Claws can be retractable, non-retractable, dew claws, or grooming claws. Nails evolved from claws and provide protection and sensitivity to primate digits. Hooves, made of keratin, cover the tips of toes in some mammals and provide protection, traction, digging, and weapons. Hooves have cloven or non-cloven structures and require natural or domestic care.
Innate Behavior (Animal Behavior) Taxis, Fixed Action Pattern, reflex.
Animal behavior includes how animals act and interact with stimuli in their environment. Behaviors can be innate, meaning genetically determined, or learned through experience. Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, especially regarding natural environments and evolution. Behaviors increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction. They can be analyzed based on their causes, development, function, and whether they are innate or learned. Examples of innate behaviors include reflexes, kinesis, taxis, and fixed action patterns.
Animal behaviour
Behavior is everything an organism does in response to stimuli from both the external environment and internal bodily states. It includes innate behaviors that are genetically determined and critical for survival, such as feeding, grooming, and reproduction, as well as learned behaviors influenced by environmental factors. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology and focuses on understanding behavior in natural habitats and social contexts.
Modern method of apiculture - Apiculture - Beekeeping
The document discusses the modern methods of apiculture (beekeeping). It describes five key parts: 1) the typical movable hive, which allows beekeeping in different locations; 2) the queen excluder, which prevents the queen from entering the honey storage area; 3) the honey extractor, which uses centrifugal force to remove honey from combs without damage; 4) the uncapping knife, which removes wax seals from honey-filled combs; and 5) other equipment like protective gear for safe bee handling. The typical hive framework includes a stand, bottom board, brood chamber for larvae, supers for extra space, inner cover for ventilation, and a top cover for protection from rain.
Social behavior in termites
Termites live in complex colonies found in regions around the world. They communicate chemically through pheromones and live in castes that work cooperatively. The colonies contain a king and queen that lay eggs, supplementary royalty, wingless workers that build and maintain the nest, soldiers that defend the colony, and proboscideans that have elongated heads. Termites digest wood and plant material with the help of symbiotic protozoa.
Courtship Kalyan.pptx
Courtship refers to behavioral interactions between males and females of a species before, during, and after mating. It allows animals to select partners for reproduction and is influenced by evolutionary factors. Courtship behaviors serve to find mates, persuade females, synchronize reproduction, and promote reproductive isolation. Examples of courtship discussed include spiders presenting gifts to females, scorpions' promenade dance, fish nest-building and egg-fertilization, amphibian sound-making, reptile dancing, bird head-bobbing, and elephant trunk-caressing. Courtship is essential for successful reproduction and continuation of species.
Reptilian skin
Reptilian skin consists of a thick, tough, dry, and waterproof epidermis layer containing lipids and keratin that provides excellent protection. The skin contains scales made of keratin in the epidermis rather than the dermis like fish. Some reptiles can rapidly change the color of their skin through chromatophores in the dermis for camouflage. The thick skin has been modified into claws, scutes, horns, and rattles in some reptiles.
Bird migration, Types of birds, Advantages and disadvantages of birds
Bird migration is a regular, two-way movement of birds between breeding and wintering regions to take advantage of favorable conditions, with different types including latitudinal, longitudinal, and altitudinal movements. Migration is driven by internal biological clocks and environmental factors, and allows birds to access food, breeding grounds, and escape harsh weather, though it also carries risks of death from storms, predators, or human activities.
Differential Cell Affinity & Cell Adhesion Molecules
This a brief account of cellular affinities and the role of adhesion molecules in keeping similar cells together.
Parental care of fishes
Parental care in fishes ranges from simple nest building to carrying eggs and live birth. Some common types of parental care seen in fishes are nest building like bubble nests and weed nests. Other fishes attach eggs to their bodies like pipefish and sea horses where males carry fertilized eggs in brood pouches. Mouth brooding is also common where parents incubate eggs in their mouths. Some sharks and rays enclose eggs in leathery mermaid's purses. The highest level of care is viviparity where young develop internally and receive nourishment from a placenta.
Types of silk
There are five major types of silk produced in India from different silkworm species that feed on various food plants. Mulberry silk is considered the highest quality and is produced from the Bombyx mori silkworm that feeds solely on mulberry leaves. The major mulberry silk producing states in India are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Jammu & Kashmir, which account for 92% of the country's total mulberry silk production. Tasar silk is produced by silkworms that feed on Sal and Arjun trees, and is mainly produced in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh,
Parental care in amphibians
Parental care is common among amphibians, with 18% of salamander species and 6% of frog and toad species receiving care from both parents. Amphibians exhibit various forms of parental care including building nests, transporting tadpoles, carrying eggs attached to their bodies, and giving live birth (viviparity). In frogs, parental care involves nest building and guarding of eggs, transporting tadpoles, or carrying eggs in pouches or stomachs. In salamanders, both parents may coil around and guard eggs or exhibit viviparity by retaining young in the uterus until metamorphosis. While methods vary across the three amphibian classes, parental care helps increase offspring survival.
What's hot (20)
Flight adaptation and Mechanism Of Flight in Birds.
Flight adaptation and Mechanism Of Flight in Birds.
Innate Behavior (Animal Behavior) Taxis, Fixed Action Pattern, reflex.
Innate Behavior (Animal Behavior) Taxis, Fixed Action Pattern, reflex.
Modern method of apiculture - Apiculture - Beekeeping
Modern method of apiculture - Apiculture - Beekeeping
Bird migration, Types of birds, Advantages and disadvantages of birds
Bird migration, Types of birds, Advantages and disadvantages of birds
Differential Cell Affinity & Cell Adhesion Molecules
Differential Cell Affinity & Cell Adhesion Molecules
Similar to Mist netting, #bats, wildlife Biology
Method review
This study examined the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis, trail following behavior in response to varying concentrations of gaster extract trails. The key findings were:
1) Optimal trail following occurred at concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 ant equivalents per 50 cm trail. Following decreased by 50% at concentrations one decade above or below the optimum.
2) At higher concentrations (5.0 ant equivalents), ants followed trails further from the center, up to 5 mm beyond the applied trail boundaries.
3) Ants followed "airborne" trail components when the actual trail was suspended 3-6 mm above them, but following ceased at distances of 8-12 mm
PROTOCOL Bat sampling method
This document provides a protocol for safely collecting pooled biological samples from wild bat roosting sites in 3 sentences:
It outlines supplies needed, methods for placing tarps under tree-roosting and cave-dwelling bat colonies to collect urine and feces samples before the bats leave at dawn, and guidance for collecting and recording the samples while minimizing risks to field workers. Examples of bat feces are also provided to help with identification and differentiation from other animal waste.
One
The document discusses determining the optimum adult population density for rearing Chrysoperla carnea (green lacewings) in cages. It finds that glass cages were best, allowing easier feeding, egg harvesting, and cleaning. Experiments testing densities of 50, 100, 150, and 200 adults found the lowest mortality (10%) and highest egg production (630 eggs) at the lowest density of 50 adults. Higher densities led to increased mortality and fewer eggs laid.
A new trap for glossina morsitans as a strategy for quality improvement of a...
- The researcher compared the effectiveness of 4 different traps for catching Glossina morsitans tsetse flies: the F3 trap, Epsilon trap, a newly designed trap (called the Mbangala trap), and the biconical trap.
- Experiments were conducted in Tanzania over 16 days using acetone as an odor bait. A total of 782 flies were caught. The new Mbangala trap caught 49% of flies, followed by the Epsilon trap at 26%, the F3 trap at 16%, and the biconical trap at 9%.
- Statistical analysis showed that the Mbangala trap was significantly more effective than the Epsilon trap, which was significantly more effective than
Termite evolution: Rise of Termitidae
PPT explains how Higher termites evoled, how termites acquired gut microbes, How they lost gut protists
Thesis absolute final checked M Wilson
This document summarizes a study on the behaviors of two captive Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatra) housed at Chester Zoo in England. The study analyzed the effects of visitor numbers and noise levels on the tigers' behaviors. Behaviors like resting, exploring, and stereotypic pacing were recorded and compared to environmental factors. The tigers preferred elevated wooden platforms near dense vegetation, spending over 70% of their time in these areas. Visitor numbers affected behaviors more than noise levels. The male tiger engaged in more stereotypic pacing than exploratory behaviors.
Sydney's Best Pest Control
Sydney's Best Pest Control are the leaders in pest management services in Sydney and surrounding suburbs. If you have a pest issue that you need handled, the team will be more than happy to assist.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of Insects
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
Muhammad kabir
This document summarizes a study on the status of common leopards in and around Machiara National Park in Pakistan. The study found:
1) Through sightings and pugmark surveys, the presence of common leopards was confirmed at 23 locations within the park boundaries. An estimated population of 9 individual leopards was found inhabiting the area.
2) High levels of human disturbance from activities like grazing, fuelwood collection, and fodder cutting were measured along monitoring transects, indicating the park suffers from human encroachment.
3) Retaliatory killing by locals remains a threat, with an average of 1-2 leopards killed annually in the study area
Cuanto afinar??
The T13 project aimed to reduce Merino wool fibre diameter to 13 microns through selective breeding while avoiding negative impacts on other traits like fleece weight. Over seven years, the average fibre diameter of ewes in the T13 flock was reduced by 0.3 microns per year to around 15 microns, demonstrating fibre finer than previously thought possible. No detrimental effects on style or staple strength were observed. The involvement of commercial breeders helped validate the research for industry application and the ultrafine wool sold successfully.
Urban IPM Webinar Presentation
This document provides an overview of a webinar on ant management. It includes presentations from several experts on identifying common ant species, including pharaoh ants, carpenter ants, and odorous house ants. The document discusses the biology and behavior of different ant species, challenges in their control, and strategies for integrated pest management, including sanitation, monitoring, baiting, and targeted use of insecticides. Identification resources and extension materials for ant management are also listed.
Presentation-for-defense-Monica.pptx
The document summarizes a study that assessed the terrestrial vertebrate diversity in Mount Parker, T'boli, South Cotabato, Philippines. The study identified terrestrial vertebrate species through visual surveys, live trapping, and mist netting across three different sites ranging from the base to the mid-mountain forested areas of Mount Parker. Species were identified using dichotomous keys and diversity was calculated using Simpson's index. The results can inform local conservation management and protection of biodiversity in the area.
Session 6: Combining monitoring and incursion surveillance for grains
Session 6: Combining monitoring and incursion surveillance for grainsPlant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre
The aim of this project is to develop multispecies trapping strategies for the stored grain beetles Rhyzopertha dominica, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae (all established in Australia) and Prostephanus truncatus (not present in Australia) in outdoor environments.Microtomy
This document discusses microtomy, which is the process of cutting very thin sections of tissues, organs, or whole animals for histological studies using a microtome machine. It describes the basic parts and functioning of rotatory microtomes, which cut sections through rotation rather than rocking. The document outlines the key steps involved in microtomy, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration, embedding, section cutting, staining, and mounting. Microtomy requires careful attention to detail at each step to avoid spoiling the final histological preparation.
Hamster workshop handout
This document provides information and instructions for conducting a biomethodology workshop on working with hamsters. It covers objectives of the workshop including safe handling, restraint, injection techniques, blood collection, anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia. It then provides details on hamster biology, husbandry, identification, and techniques for injections, blood collection, and other procedures. The workshop is intended to instruct participants in humane and effective methods for working with hamsters in research.
Similar to Mist netting, #bats, wildlife Biology (16)
A new trap for glossina morsitans as a strategy for quality improvement of a...
A new trap for glossina morsitans as a strategy for quality improvement of a...
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of Insects
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of Insects
POPULATION INDICES (CAMERA TRAPS ) by Shivanshu Tyagi
POPULATION INDICES (CAMERA TRAPS ) by Shivanshu Tyagi
Session 6: Combining monitoring and incursion surveillance for grains
Session 6: Combining monitoring and incursion surveillance for grains
More from DeepakYadav843
Teak ( Tectona grandis ) vs Balck siris ( albizia odoratissima )
- Tectona grandis (teak) and Albizia odoratissima (black siris) are both large, deciduous trees native to parts of Asia. Teak is known for its high quality, durable wood used for furniture and construction, while black siris fixes nitrogen in the soil and provides shade. Both species can grow in a wide range of climates and soil types. Teak has large, opposite leaves and white fragrant flowers, producing hard brown drupes. Black siris has bipinnately compound leaves and pale yellow flowers, forming pods with reddish-brown seeds. Both are commonly propagated through seeds for planting.
Wood anatomy and structure , wood and its products
This document provides an overview of wood structure and anatomy at different structural levels from gross to microscopic. It discusses the gross structure of wood including heartwood, sapwood, growth rings, and defects. It then covers the microstructure of wood including different cell types in softwoods and hardwoods such as tracheids, fibres, vessels, and parenchyma. Specific features of softwood and hardwood microstructure are described along with cell wall features, extractives in heartwood, and reaction wood.
Theodolite survey
The theodolite is an instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles that is more precise than a magnetic compass. It can measure angles to an accuracy of 10-20 seconds whereas a compass is only accurate to 30 minutes. The theodolite is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles when objects are at a distance or elevation where more precise measurements are needed. The method of surveying that uses a theodolite to measure angles is called theodolite surveying. The theodolite can be used to measure angles, bearings, distances, elevations, set out curves, and for mapping and construction applications.
Cytology and genetics notes
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Geology & soil notes
The document appears to be a scanned copy of a legal contract for the sale of a residential property located in California. The contract details the purchase price of $1,100,000, down payment of $110,000, closing date, responsibilities of buyer and seller, contingencies for inspection and financing approval, and other standard terms for a real estate transaction. The signatures on the final pages indicate it is a binding agreement between the named buyer and seller for the purchase of the property.
Order - Cetaceae, wildlife Biology
Sea mammals like whales, dolphins, and porpoises are highly adapted for marine life. They have torpedo-shaped bodies, lack external ears and hind limbs, and use tail flukes for propulsion. Their bones are lightweight and they have thick blubber for insulation. There are two orders - Cetacea including whales, dolphins, and porpoises which breathe air and give live birth, and Sirenia including manatees and dugongs which are herbivorous and inhabit fresh or marine waters. Cetaceans are divided into baleen whales which filter feed and toothed whales which hunt for food.
Primates, wildlife Biology
This document provides information on different primate species found in India and surrounding regions. It describes their physical characteristics, behaviors, diets, habitats, conservation statuses, and taxonomic classifications. The document covers several families of primates including Old World monkeys, langurs, gibbons, great apes, and the small Indian mongoose.
Order - Perissodactyla, wildlife Biology
- Perissodactyla are odd-toed ungulates that include horses, tapirs, and rhinoceroses. They evolved during the Paleocene epoch around 60 million years ago.
- There are 3 families within Perissodactyla: Equidae (horses and related species), Tapiridae (tapirs), and Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses).
- Rhinoceroses have thick skin, are herbivores, and have either one or two horns made of keratin. There are 5 extant rhinoceros species that are endangered due to habitat loss and poaching.
Order - Chiroptera, wildlife Biology
1) Bats make up approximately 21% of all mammal species and are the second largest order of mammals. They are divided into two suborders: Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera.
2) Bats play an important ecological role through pollination, seed dispersal, insect pest control, and contributing to forest ecosystem health. An estimated 300 plant species rely on bats for propagation.
3) Despite their importance, many bat species are threatened due to habitat loss and disturbance of roosting sites. Bats represent 14% of all mammal species listed as threatened by the IUCN. Their decline could seriously impact forest ecosystems and agriculture.
Order- carnivora, carnivores animals
This document provides information on various carnivorous mammal species found in India, including their classifications, characteristics, distributions, conservation statuses, and subspecies. It covers 12 families containing over 200 total species found worldwide, with 59 species and 24 genera represented in India. For several example species, details are given on their physical traits, social behaviors, habitats and ranges. The document focuses on identifying information and conservation statuses to concisely summarize key facts about India's carnivorous mammal diversity.
Camera trapping, wildlife Biology
Camera trapping is a capture-recapture technique used to document the presence of warm-blooded wild animals. Infrared cameras are set up in the field and take photos whenever an animal passes in front of the camera. The cameras can identify individual tigers based on their unique stripe patterns. Camera traps are also effective for surveying small carnivores. Sites are selected after a reconnaissance survey to identify potential animal activity areas. Digital cameras with infrared and motion sensors are used and placed at heights of 30-40cm apart from each other. The cameras remain active for 10-20 days at each station to photograph animals and record the date and time.
Wildlife biology notes
The document outlines the key terms of a lease agreement between John Doe as the landlord and Jane Smith as the tenant. It specifies the monthly rent amount and due date, the security deposit required, allows for pets but prohibits smoking, and describes the process for repairs, entry by the landlord, and early termination of the lease. The landlord and tenant must both sign the agreement to make it legally binding.
Order - Rodentia, wildlife
This document provides information about rodents in India. It states that rodents comprise the largest order of mammals, with over 2,200 species worldwide. In India, there are 8 rodent families and over 100 species. The most common families are murids (rats and mice) and sciurids (squirrels). Rodents play important ecological roles as prey for other animals, through seed dispersal and pollination. They also impact soils, vegetation, and food webs. Though some rodent species are considered agricultural pests, many are threatened in India. The conservation status of the rodent order is of concern, with over 30% of species considered vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered.
Wildlife Biology, wild Physiology and introduction
This document summarizes key concepts in wildlife physiology and ecology. It discusses the circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and nervous systems of mammals. It also covers wildlife habitat components, limiting factors, food chains and webs, ecological pyramids, carrying capacity, niche, and the effects of temperature, light, soil types, and productivity on animals and their distribution. Habitats provide wildlife with requirements like appropriate temperatures, fresh water, food sources, and places to raise young. Animal behavior is studied in ethology and can be instinctive or learned through experiences.
Class - Mammalia, mammals classification
This document provides a classification of mammals and describes various primate species found in India. It begins with the high level classification of mammals such as Mammalia, Theria, Eutheria, Metatheria and Prototheria. It then describes characteristics and orders of marsupials and monotremes. The majority of the document focuses on describing characteristics, distributions and conservation statuses of various primate species found in India, including several species of macaques, langurs and gibbons.
Agriculture meteorology book pdf, G.S.L.H.V. Prasada Rao
The document appears to be a scanned copy of a legal contract or agreement spanning multiple pages. It includes standard legal language and clauses addressing terms such as compensation, benefits, termination, confidentiality, and dispute resolution. While the specific details are unclear due to the poor quality scan, the overall content suggests a formal agreement was made between two or more parties regarding employment terms and obligations.
Climate change during 20th century
This document discusses climate change during the 20th century, historical perspectives on climate change, and monitoring and mitigation of climate change. It notes that global average surface temperatures increased 0.6 degrees Celsius per year during the 20th century, primarily in the periods of 1910-1945 and 1976-2000. It also discusses trends such as decreasing snow and ice cover, rising sea levels, and increased precipitation in northern hemispheres. The document outlines methods to monitor climate change through satellite data, ground-based measurements, and forecast models. It also describes various approaches to mitigate climate change through sustainable practices, forest management, clean energy, and more.
More from DeepakYadav843 (17)
Teak ( Tectona grandis ) vs Balck siris ( albizia odoratissima )
Teak ( Tectona grandis ) vs Balck siris ( albizia odoratissima )
Wood anatomy and structure , wood and its products
Wood anatomy and structure , wood and its products
Wildlife Biology, wild Physiology and introduction
Wildlife Biology, wild Physiology and introduction
Agriculture meteorology book pdf, G.S.L.H.V. Prasada Rao
Agriculture meteorology book pdf, G.S.L.H.V. Prasada Rao
Recently uploaded
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)Academy of Science of South Africa
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Types of Herbal Cosmetics its standardization.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Recently uploaded (20)
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
Mist netting, #bats, wildlife Biology
- 1. MIST-NETTING Mist-netting is the standard methodology adopted for the capturing of bats. The mist-nets will placed in sites where bats showed a high rate of activity such as near bat roosts, water bodies, feeding sites of the bats, along flyways such as trails, and openings in the natural forest. The mist-nets are made of monofilament nylon with a usual mesh size of 36mm. Different dimensions of mist-nets are available such as 10 x 1.5m, 12 x 3m and 15 x 3m etc. Mist-nettings were done in selected sites at a height of 3-4m from the ground. The mist-nets should be kept open prior to the dusk, before the bats actually leave the roost, and was kept open for four to five hours. The mist nets will erected across the corridors (gap between rows of trees) to enhance the capture success. Mist net
- 2. Mist-net set for capturing bats Mist-nettings will not be done continuously on the same site for more than two days, as it would affect the capture success. Nets were watched continuously, if left unattended, the captured bats struggles and become completely entangled that they cannot be removed easily and can also lead injury to bats and damages to nets. It can also result in the small sized bats to chew out of the net if it left unattended for long. For capturing bats from roosts, insect nets were used and mist-nets were also used by spreading it in front of the roost while it’s a cave roost or tunnel like structure. Processing of specimens As soon as the bats were caught in the mistnet, it have to removed immediately into a cloth bag. On all the captured bats the standard morphological measurements will have to take and the sex of the animal also has to be noted. The measurements were taken using a digital calliper. The major external measurements measured on the bats were head to body length (HB), tail length (T), hind foot length (HF), length of tibia (TIB), forearm length (FA), wing span length (WSP), length of ear (E), Thumb, third metacarpal (3MT), fourth metacarpal (4MT), first
- 3. (1PH3MT) and second (2PH3MT) phalanx of the third metacarpal and first (1PH4MT) and second (2PH4MT) phalanx of the fourth metacarpal. Measuring morphological measurements using Digital Calliper Fresh weight of each bat will be measured using a weighing balance. The tissue samples of the bats will be preserved in 70 percent ethyl alcohol after fixing using 10 percent formalin for further laboratory studies. Weighing bats using Persola balance
- 4. Morphological measurements in bats Skulling The skull of bat specimens will pulled out using the standard procedure, and the skull was processed by boiling it for 2 minutes and treating using hydrogen peroxide (30% solution) through immersing the skull into it and cleaned using forceps and then the standard measurements on the skull were taken. The cranial and dental measurements will be taken which included greatest length of the skull (GTL), condylo-basal length (CBL), condylo- canine length (CCL), breadth of braincase (BB), zygomatic breadth (ZB), mandible length (M), maxillary toothrow (C-Mn), mandibular toothrow (C-Mn), posterior palatal width (Mn-Mn) and anterior palatal width (C1-C1).
- 5. Cranial measurements in bats Measuring cranial measurements using Digital Calliper