Lumpy Skin Disease
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The ppt was presented during a one day workshop organised by Directorate SKUAST-K for field veterinarian of Animal and Sheep Husbandry department of Jammu and Kashmir.
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Lumpy skin disease
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) which affects cattle and water buffalo. It is characterized by fever, skin nodules, swollen lymph nodes, and reduced milk production. Transmission occurs through arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and flies. Diagnosis involves collecting blood, skin samples, or semen from infected animals showing symptoms like nodules and fever. Treatment focuses on isolation, supportive care, and prevention of secondary infections. Controlling vectors and movement of animals from infected areas are important for prevention along with vaccination of healthy animals near outbreak sites.
Lumpy skin disease
Lumpy skin disease is caused by a virus in cattle that causes raised circular nodules on the skin and other clinical signs. It can spread between cattle through mosquitoes and flies. The disease causes economic losses through reduced milk production, abortion, and hide damage. Diagnosis involves identifying characteristic skin lesions and confirming with virus isolation or serology testing. Control relies on quarantine of infected herds, vaccination in endemic areas, and insect control to prevent transmission.
Lumpy skin disease- ppt file
Lumpy skin disease is a pox viral disease of cattle characterized by fever, skin nodules, and lesions in the mouth and respiratory tract. It can infect up to 45% of cattle in a herd and cause mortality of up to 10% as well as reduced milk production and fertility. The disease is transmitted by biting flies and can also spread through milk, saliva, and shared water sources. There is no treatment for lumpy skin disease. Vaccination is the best form of prevention and should be given annually to all cattle, especially before wet summer months when flies are more prevalent.
Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
This document discusses recent advances in diagnosing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). It covers the importance of timely FMD diagnosis, the diagnostic window period, and methods for clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Key laboratory diagnostic techniques discussed include virus detection methods like real-time PCR and sequencing to identify FMD virus serotypes and lineages. Rapid pen-side diagnostics using lateral flow devices, infrared thermography and portable PCR platforms are also summarized. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provides a sensitive molecular diagnostic alternative in a portable, lab-on-card format. The conclusion calls for increasing molecular diagnostics in Kashmir to identify circulating strains and support vaccine selection and monitoring.
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local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and Control
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Blue tongue in India
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
Marek’s disease
This document provides information about Marek's Disease, including:
1) It is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by the Marek's Disease Virus (MDV), a herpesvirus. MDV has three serotypes, with Serotype 1 including the oncogenic strains responsible for Marek's Disease.
2) The virus spreads via dander from infected feather follicles through the air. It causes proliferation of lymphocytes which can deposit in various tissues, leading to neural, visceral, cutaneous or ocular forms of the disease.
3) Clinical signs include paralysis, enlarged organs, skin nodules or eye protrusion. Diagnosis involves post-mortem
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Lumpy skin disease
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) which affects cattle and water buffalo. It is characterized by fever, skin nodules, swollen lymph nodes, and reduced milk production. Transmission occurs through arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and flies. Diagnosis involves collecting blood, skin samples, or semen from infected animals showing symptoms like nodules and fever. Treatment focuses on isolation, supportive care, and prevention of secondary infections. Controlling vectors and movement of animals from infected areas are important for prevention along with vaccination of healthy animals near outbreak sites.
Lumpy skin disease
Lumpy skin disease is caused by a virus in cattle that causes raised circular nodules on the skin and other clinical signs. It can spread between cattle through mosquitoes and flies. The disease causes economic losses through reduced milk production, abortion, and hide damage. Diagnosis involves identifying characteristic skin lesions and confirming with virus isolation or serology testing. Control relies on quarantine of infected herds, vaccination in endemic areas, and insect control to prevent transmission.
Lumpy skin disease- ppt file
Lumpy skin disease is a pox viral disease of cattle characterized by fever, skin nodules, and lesions in the mouth and respiratory tract. It can infect up to 45% of cattle in a herd and cause mortality of up to 10% as well as reduced milk production and fertility. The disease is transmitted by biting flies and can also spread through milk, saliva, and shared water sources. There is no treatment for lumpy skin disease. Vaccination is the best form of prevention and should be given annually to all cattle, especially before wet summer months when flies are more prevalent.
Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
This document discusses recent advances in diagnosing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). It covers the importance of timely FMD diagnosis, the diagnostic window period, and methods for clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Key laboratory diagnostic techniques discussed include virus detection methods like real-time PCR and sequencing to identify FMD virus serotypes and lineages. Rapid pen-side diagnostics using lateral flow devices, infrared thermography and portable PCR platforms are also summarized. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provides a sensitive molecular diagnostic alternative in a portable, lab-on-card format. The conclusion calls for increasing molecular diagnostics in Kashmir to identify circulating strains and support vaccine selection and monitoring.
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE ( FMD)
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and Control
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Blue tongue in India
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
Marek’s disease
This document provides information about Marek's Disease, including:
1) It is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by the Marek's Disease Virus (MDV), a herpesvirus. MDV has three serotypes, with Serotype 1 including the oncogenic strains responsible for Marek's Disease.
2) The virus spreads via dander from infected feather follicles through the air. It causes proliferation of lymphocytes which can deposit in various tissues, leading to neural, visceral, cutaneous or ocular forms of the disease.
3) Clinical signs include paralysis, enlarged organs, skin nodules or eye protrusion. Diagnosis involves post-mortem
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals. It is characterized by blisters in the mouth and feet, excessive salivation, and lameness. The disease spreads through direct contact, aerosols, contaminated equipment and materials, people, predators, food, and semen. There is no treatment, but vaccination, sanitation, and biosecurity measures can control and prevent the spread.
Fowel Cholera
Fowl cholera is a contagious bacterial disease affecting domestic and wild birds worldwide, caused by Pasteurella multocida type A. It occurs sporadically or endemically in most countries. Clinical signs vary depending on the course of disease but commonly include fever, loss of appetite, respiratory difficulty, and hemorrhages. Post-mortem lesions show vascular disturbances like congestion and hemorrhages. Diagnosis requires isolating P. multocida from infected birds. Treatment involves antibiotics but does not eliminate the bacteria, so prevention focuses on sanitation, biosecurity, and vaccination.
AVIAN LEUCOSIS
Avian leukosis, also known as lymphoid leucosis or big liver disease, is a neoplastic disease of chickens caused by avian leukosis viruses. The disease starts with tumor formation in the bursa of fabricius and then metastasizes to other organs like the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Clinical signs include depression, weight loss, enlarged abdomen or organs. Diagnosis is based on post-mortem lesions and tumors occurring in chickens over 14 weeks old. There is no treatment, so prevention focuses on eradicating infected hens and reducing viral transmission through testing and discarding eggs from infected breeder flocks.
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Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that affects multiple carnivore species. It is characterized by fever, respiratory and gastrointestinal issues, and neurological complications. While vaccination has reduced cases, it remains a major disease. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and infected bodily fluids. Puppies and unvaccinated dogs are most at risk. Treatment focuses on supportive care, though the virus can cause lasting issues in survivors. Widespread vaccination is important to control the disease.
Newcastle Disease
Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral disease of birds caused by paramyxovirus-1. It is characterized by respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological signs. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with feces or respiratory secretions of infected birds, or indirect contact with contaminated feed, water, equipment, or clothing. Clinical signs include drops in egg production, edema around the eyes, greenish diarrhea, and neurological signs like tremors, circling, and twisting of the head. Post-mortem lesions include edema of tissues, hemorrhages in the trachea and intestines, and necrosis of lymphoid tissues. Diagnosis is made through virus isolation, identification, and serological tests. Prevention
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspects
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Ranikhet disease (new castle disease
Newcastle disease is a highly contagious and infectious viral disease affecting many bird species. It is characterized by respiratory distress and high mortality rates in chickens. Chicks are the most susceptible. The disease is caused by avian paramyxovirus type 1. Diagnosis can be made by detecting antibodies, isolating the virus, or identifying symptoms and lesions. Vaccination and strict biosecurity measures are important for prevention and control since there is no treatment available.
Colibacillosis
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Differential diagnosis-clinical-signs poultry
This document provides a list of clinical signs, diseases, and differential diagnoses for various organs and body parts of poultry. It includes 23 entries that describe clinical signs observed (such as pocklike lesions, emaciation, or swollen head) and then lists the potential poultry diseases that could be causing those signs (such as fowl pox, nutritional deficiency, or infectious coryza). The document was created by Dr. Nawar in 2014-2015 as part of a practical subject on poultry disease for a 4 stage program.
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This document summarizes bacterial diseases that affect equines. It discusses key diseases such as glanders, strangles, tetanus, Rhodococcus equi, salmonellosis, anthrax, and others. For each disease, it describes the causative agent, transmission, clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis and treatment. It emphasizes the importance of understanding disease pathogenesis and implementing preventive control measures like biosecurity and surveillance to avoid production losses in equine farms.
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This document provides an overview of coccidiosis in poultry, including: Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. There are seven species that commonly infect chickens, each infecting a specific site in the intestine. The parasites undergo a life cycle of about 4-7 days within the host, multiplying and causing damage before being shed in oocysts. Clinical signs range from subclinical effects to bloody diarrhea and death. Diagnosis involves identifying oocysts in droppings and lesions in the intestines. Control is through management practices and vaccination to build immunity.
Colibacillosis in poultry
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
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This presentation was given at the Delmarva Small Ruminant Conference All Worms All Day on December 8, 2018, in Keedysville, Maryland. The presenter was Susan Schoenian.
GLANDERS
This document discusses glanders, a disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei that affects solipeds like horses and donkeys. It presents in three main forms - nasal, cutaneous, and pulmonary. Symptoms include nasal discharge, skin nodules and ulcers, and pneumonia. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacterium or using tests like the mallein test. There is no vaccine and infected animals should be slaughtered to prevent spread, as the disease can also infect humans. Antibiotics may treat the infection but are not usually recommended due to risk of transmission and carrier status.
Bovine Ephemeral Fever (Three Day Sickness)
- BEF, also known as three-day sickness, is an acute viral disease affecting cattle and buffalos. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and biting flies.
- The disease causes economic losses due to reduced milk yield, loss of condition, and infertility. Clinical signs include fever, lameness, stiffness, and difficulty rising.
- Diagnosis is based on clinical signs during outbreaks and confirmed with serology or PCR testing. Control relies on vaccination, vector control, and farm hygiene measures.
Hydropericardium in poultry
This document discusses hydropericardium syndrome, a disease affecting broiler chickens caused by group I adenovirus. The disease is characterized by an accumulation of fluid under the pericardium and liver necrosis. It is transmitted both vertically from breeders and horizontally. The virus infects the intestines then spreads systemically, being shed in feces. Affected chickens show sudden high mortality between 3-5 weeks with lethargy and yellow droppings. Necropsy reveals fluid in the pericardium and pale swollen liver and kidneys. Histopathology shows liver and heart lesions and inclusion bodies aid diagnosis along with PCR and immunofluorescence tests.
AN UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE (LSD) BY PROF (DR) N B SHRIDHAR
AN UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE (LSD) BY PROF (DR) N B SHRIDHARDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, KVAFSU,Veterinary College, Shivamogga
Lumpy skin disease is an infectious, eruptive, occasionally fatal disease of cattle characterized by nodules on the skin and other parts of the body. Secondary bacterial infection often aggravates the condition. Traditionally, lumpy skin disease is found in southern and eastern Africa, but in the 1970s it extended northwest through the continent into subSaharan west Africa. Since 2000, it has spread to several countries of the Middle East and in 2013 extended west into Turkey and several countries in the Balkans. More recently, outbreaks of lumpy skin disease were reported for the first time in Georgia, Russia, Bangladesh, and the People's Republic of China. The recent geographic spread of lumpy skin disease has caused international concern. The disease has not been recorded in the Western hemisphere or in Australia or New Zealand.Infectious laryngotracheitis - poultry
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. This highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The virus can be easily transmitted by infected birds and fomites. Lax biosecurity, transportation of infected birds, and spread of contaminated litter facilitates spread of the virus. Clinical signs of respiratory disease are not pathognomonic. Diagnosis is by real-time PCR and histopathology . Implementation of biosecurity is necessary for prevention, but vaccination is commonly used for control of the disease in endemic regions worldwide.
AN UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE WITH TREATMENT AND PREVENTION MEASURES
AN UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE WITH TREATMENT AND PREVENTION MEASURESDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, KVAFSU,Veterinary College, Shivamogga
Lumpy skin disease is caused by a poxvirus that affects cattle. It causes skin nodules and lesions and can lead to decreased milk production and weight loss in infected cattle. The disease spreads primarily through biting insects but can also spread through direct contact. While mortality is generally low, it can cause significant economic losses for farmers. The document discusses the virus that causes the disease, its signs, symptoms, transmission and recommendations for prevention and control.LSD symposium - P. Malik - Lumpy skin disease experience from India
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) was first reported in India in 2019. It has since spread to 23 states and union territories, affecting over 3 million animals and causing over 185,000 deaths. The disease manifests as skin nodules and lesions on internal organs. Vaccination is a key control strategy, with over 87 million animals vaccinated to date using a goatpox vaccine. ICAR has also developed an indigenous LSD vaccine that is undergoing field trials and licensing. States are implementing control measures like quarantine, vaccination, vector control and public awareness campaigns to curb the spread and impact of LSD.
Lecture 5 : Animal diseases
The document provides information on various topics related to veterinary science and disease control for UPSC CSE exams. It discusses herd immunity and how vaccinating a high percentage of animals can protect the unvaccinated. It defines disease-free zones and explains their importance for international trade. The zero disease concept and chemoprophylaxis are also summarized. Methods for disease surveillance and control in poultry are outlined, including vaccination, parasite control, and separating flocks by age.
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Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals. It is characterized by blisters in the mouth and feet, excessive salivation, and lameness. The disease spreads through direct contact, aerosols, contaminated equipment and materials, people, predators, food, and semen. There is no treatment, but vaccination, sanitation, and biosecurity measures can control and prevent the spread.
Fowel Cholera
Fowl cholera is a contagious bacterial disease affecting domestic and wild birds worldwide, caused by Pasteurella multocida type A. It occurs sporadically or endemically in most countries. Clinical signs vary depending on the course of disease but commonly include fever, loss of appetite, respiratory difficulty, and hemorrhages. Post-mortem lesions show vascular disturbances like congestion and hemorrhages. Diagnosis requires isolating P. multocida from infected birds. Treatment involves antibiotics but does not eliminate the bacteria, so prevention focuses on sanitation, biosecurity, and vaccination.
AVIAN LEUCOSIS
Avian leukosis, also known as lymphoid leucosis or big liver disease, is a neoplastic disease of chickens caused by avian leukosis viruses. The disease starts with tumor formation in the bursa of fabricius and then metastasizes to other organs like the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Clinical signs include depression, weight loss, enlarged abdomen or organs. Diagnosis is based on post-mortem lesions and tumors occurring in chickens over 14 weeks old. There is no treatment, so prevention focuses on eradicating infected hens and reducing viral transmission through testing and discarding eggs from infected breeder flocks.
Canine Distemper
Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that affects multiple carnivore species. It is characterized by fever, respiratory and gastrointestinal issues, and neurological complications. While vaccination has reduced cases, it remains a major disease. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and infected bodily fluids. Puppies and unvaccinated dogs are most at risk. Treatment focuses on supportive care, though the virus can cause lasting issues in survivors. Widespread vaccination is important to control the disease.
Newcastle Disease
Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral disease of birds caused by paramyxovirus-1. It is characterized by respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological signs. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with feces or respiratory secretions of infected birds, or indirect contact with contaminated feed, water, equipment, or clothing. Clinical signs include drops in egg production, edema around the eyes, greenish diarrhea, and neurological signs like tremors, circling, and twisting of the head. Post-mortem lesions include edema of tissues, hemorrhages in the trachea and intestines, and necrosis of lymphoid tissues. Diagnosis is made through virus isolation, identification, and serological tests. Prevention
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspects
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Ranikhet disease (new castle disease
Newcastle disease is a highly contagious and infectious viral disease affecting many bird species. It is characterized by respiratory distress and high mortality rates in chickens. Chicks are the most susceptible. The disease is caused by avian paramyxovirus type 1. Diagnosis can be made by detecting antibodies, isolating the virus, or identifying symptoms and lesions. Vaccination and strict biosecurity measures are important for prevention and control since there is no treatment available.
Colibacillosis
Colibacillosis is caused by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. It affects poultry and can cause diseases like colisepticaemia, egg peritonitis, yolk sac infection, and coligranuloma. Colisepticaemia is the most serious form, seen in young broilers as bacteremia. Predisposing factors allow E. coli to enter through the respiratory tract, causing lesions in multiple organs. Clinical signs include depression, breathing difficulties, and mortality rates varying from 5-10% to over 50%.
Differential diagnosis-clinical-signs poultry
This document provides a list of clinical signs, diseases, and differential diagnoses for various organs and body parts of poultry. It includes 23 entries that describe clinical signs observed (such as pocklike lesions, emaciation, or swollen head) and then lists the potential poultry diseases that could be causing those signs (such as fowl pox, nutritional deficiency, or infectious coryza). The document was created by Dr. Nawar in 2014-2015 as part of a practical subject on poultry disease for a 4 stage program.
Bacterial Disease Of Equine by Surya Kant Agarwal
This document summarizes bacterial diseases that affect equines. It discusses key diseases such as glanders, strangles, tetanus, Rhodococcus equi, salmonellosis, anthrax, and others. For each disease, it describes the causative agent, transmission, clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis and treatment. It emphasizes the importance of understanding disease pathogenesis and implementing preventive control measures like biosecurity and surveillance to avoid production losses in equine farms.
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Overview of Coccidiosis in Poultry
This document provides an overview of coccidiosis in poultry, including: Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. There are seven species that commonly infect chickens, each infecting a specific site in the intestine. The parasites undergo a life cycle of about 4-7 days within the host, multiplying and causing damage before being shed in oocysts. Clinical signs range from subclinical effects to bloody diarrhea and death. Diagnosis involves identifying oocysts in droppings and lesions in the intestines. Control is through management practices and vaccination to build immunity.
Colibacillosis in poultry
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
Coccidiosis
This presentation was given at the Delmarva Small Ruminant Conference All Worms All Day on December 8, 2018, in Keedysville, Maryland. The presenter was Susan Schoenian.
GLANDERS
This document discusses glanders, a disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei that affects solipeds like horses and donkeys. It presents in three main forms - nasal, cutaneous, and pulmonary. Symptoms include nasal discharge, skin nodules and ulcers, and pneumonia. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacterium or using tests like the mallein test. There is no vaccine and infected animals should be slaughtered to prevent spread, as the disease can also infect humans. Antibiotics may treat the infection but are not usually recommended due to risk of transmission and carrier status.
Bovine Ephemeral Fever (Three Day Sickness)
- BEF, also known as three-day sickness, is an acute viral disease affecting cattle and buffalos. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and biting flies.
- The disease causes economic losses due to reduced milk yield, loss of condition, and infertility. Clinical signs include fever, lameness, stiffness, and difficulty rising.
- Diagnosis is based on clinical signs during outbreaks and confirmed with serology or PCR testing. Control relies on vaccination, vector control, and farm hygiene measures.
Hydropericardium in poultry
This document discusses hydropericardium syndrome, a disease affecting broiler chickens caused by group I adenovirus. The disease is characterized by an accumulation of fluid under the pericardium and liver necrosis. It is transmitted both vertically from breeders and horizontally. The virus infects the intestines then spreads systemically, being shed in feces. Affected chickens show sudden high mortality between 3-5 weeks with lethargy and yellow droppings. Necropsy reveals fluid in the pericardium and pale swollen liver and kidneys. Histopathology shows liver and heart lesions and inclusion bodies aid diagnosis along with PCR and immunofluorescence tests.
AN UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE (LSD) BY PROF (DR) N B SHRIDHAR
AN UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE (LSD) BY PROF (DR) N B SHRIDHARDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, KVAFSU,Veterinary College, Shivamogga
Lumpy skin disease is an infectious, eruptive, occasionally fatal disease of cattle characterized by nodules on the skin and other parts of the body. Secondary bacterial infection often aggravates the condition. Traditionally, lumpy skin disease is found in southern and eastern Africa, but in the 1970s it extended northwest through the continent into subSaharan west Africa. Since 2000, it has spread to several countries of the Middle East and in 2013 extended west into Turkey and several countries in the Balkans. More recently, outbreaks of lumpy skin disease were reported for the first time in Georgia, Russia, Bangladesh, and the People's Republic of China. The recent geographic spread of lumpy skin disease has caused international concern. The disease has not been recorded in the Western hemisphere or in Australia or New Zealand.Infectious laryngotracheitis - poultry
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. This highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The virus can be easily transmitted by infected birds and fomites. Lax biosecurity, transportation of infected birds, and spread of contaminated litter facilitates spread of the virus. Clinical signs of respiratory disease are not pathognomonic. Diagnosis is by real-time PCR and histopathology . Implementation of biosecurity is necessary for prevention, but vaccination is commonly used for control of the disease in endemic regions worldwide.
AN UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE WITH TREATMENT AND PREVENTION MEASURES
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Lumpy skin disease is caused by a poxvirus that affects cattle. It causes skin nodules and lesions and can lead to decreased milk production and weight loss in infected cattle. The disease spreads primarily through biting insects but can also spread through direct contact. While mortality is generally low, it can cause significant economic losses for farmers. The document discusses the virus that causes the disease, its signs, symptoms, transmission and recommendations for prevention and control.What's hot (20)
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Presented by Theo Knight-Jones to 5th year veterinary students at the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, 16 February 2015.
Foot-and-mouth disease: Control and vaccination
Presentation by Theo Knight-Jones at a lecture to 5th year veterinary students at the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, 1 June 2016.
Rabies-P&C
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of rabid animals, with dogs being the main source of human infections. The document discusses strategies for rabies prevention and control, including mass dog vaccination, movement restrictions, and controlling stray dog populations (animal control). It also discusses human prevention through pre-exposure vaccination, wound management, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) consisting of both vaccine and immunoglobulin administration. PEP guidelines are provided for immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals depending on their vaccination history and exposure category.
Principles of disease control.pptx
1. Preventing the entry of exotic animal diseases is important and can be done through efficient quarantine services at international borders to control the movement of animals, animal products, and other goods.
2. Core functions of quarantine programs include border controls, import quarantine with testing and certification, inspection of people and goods arriving internationally, and safe disposal of food waste.
3. Controlling the spread of epidemic livestock diseases requires a combination of approaches, including denying access to the disease agent, avoiding contact between infected and susceptible animals through movement controls and quarantines, removing infected animals, reducing susceptible animal populations, and reducing vector access.
National rabies guidelines
This document provides national guidelines on rabies prophylaxis in India. It outlines recommendations for post-exposure prophylaxis following animal bites, including immediate wound cleansing with soap and water, application of a viricidal agent, infiltration of rabies immunoglobulin for category III exposures, and vaccination. It emphasizes starting prophylaxis as early as possible, and describes management approaches based on the category of exposure and vaccination status of the biting animal. Proper wound management and vaccination are essential to prevent rabies, along with annual vaccination of pets.
rabies.pdf is a must needed thing nowadays just
This document provides national guidelines on rabies prophylaxis in India from the National Centre for Disease Control. It recommends that all animal bites be considered medical emergencies and treated immediately with post-exposure prophylaxis due to the 100% fatality rate of rabies infection. It provides guidance on wound management, use of rabies immunoglobulin and vaccines, and protocols for both post-exposure and pre-exposure prophylaxis depending on circumstances of exposure. The guidelines aim to standardize rabies prevention practices and ensure timely and appropriate management of all animal bite victims.
Presentation1.pptx
- The document discusses the National Rabies Prevention and Control Program in the Philippines, with a vision of achieving a rabies-free country by 2030. It outlines the program's goals, partners involved, and approaches which include socio-cultural, technical, organizational, political and resource-based strategies.
- Rabies remains endemic in the Philippines and is transmitted most commonly through dog bites. The document provides details on rabies transmission, pathogenesis, clinical stages, diagnosis and assessment of animal bite exposures to determine appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis.
- Rabies prevention relies on responsible dog ownership including registration, vaccination and containment of dogs after possible exposures to reduce human deaths from rabies.
Rabies prevention and control
This document outlines measures for rabies prevention and control, including animal and human components. Animal rabies control involves mass dog vaccination, movement restrictions, and stray dog control. Human prevention includes avoiding animal exposures, pre-exposure vaccination for high-risk groups, and post-exposure prophylaxis consisting of wound treatment, vaccination, and possibly rabies immunoglobulin. Effective rabies prevention and control requires legal frameworks, adequate resources, expanded diagnostics, collaboration among stakeholders, and community education.
Rabies
This document provides information about rabies and its management. It defines rabies as a fatal viral infection caused by rabies virus. Rabies is a zoonotic disease transmitted primarily through bites from rabid animals, most commonly dogs. The document discusses the magnitude of rabies in India, describing clinical features and pathogenesis. It outlines post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines including wound management, vaccination schedules and use of immunoglobulins. Risk groups for pre-exposure prophylaxis and special considerations for management are also covered.
DOG BITE management in pediatrics # for Pediatric pgs# topic presentation # f...
This document provides information on rabies pathogenesis, clinical features, post-exposure prophylaxis, and vaccination. It discusses that rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted primarily via dog bites. Post-exposure prophylaxis includes wound cleansing, passive immunization with rabies immunoglobulin, and active immunization with rabies vaccine. The WHO-recommended post-exposure prophylaxis regimen is 1-week vaccination on days 0, 3, and 7 with intradermal injections. Pre-exposure vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of exposure such as veterinarians and animal handlers.
rabies-ppt-180628094835.pptx
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of infected mammals, most commonly dogs. It causes inflammation of the brain and is preventable if post-exposure prophylaxis is administered promptly. India has a high burden of rabies with an estimated 18,000-20,000 deaths annually, mostly in children under 15. Dogs are the main reservoir with transmission occurring through bites, scratches or licks. Post-exposure prophylaxis consists of thorough wound cleansing along with rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin administration. Mass dog vaccination programs combined with stray dog population control are effective control strategies. While there is no cure for clinical rabies, prevention through dog vaccination and public health education can reduce deaths from this deadly disease
rabies review
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of infected mammals, most commonly dogs. It causes inflammation of the brain and is preventable if post-exposure prophylaxis is administered promptly. India has a high burden of rabies with an estimated 18,000-20,000 deaths annually, mostly in children under 15. Dogs are the main reservoir with transmission occurring through bites, scratches or licks. Post-exposure prophylaxis consists of wound cleansing, vaccine administration, and possibly rabies immunoglobulin depending on the exposure category. Mass dog vaccination programs combined with stray dog population control are effective control strategies.
Rabies ppt
This ppt is About Rabies epidemiology and treatment .
This is done by using Park book 24th edition of PSM .
This presentation is presented in academics of Master of public health in Christian medical college .
One more Important thing is that that zareb regime (intramuscular ) is not practiced . We try to make this ppt lucid. and the statistics is used in the presentation is upto 27 june 2018
rabies-ppt-180628094835.pdf
Rabies is a fatal viral disease spread through bites or scratches from infected animals. It causes inflammation of the brain and is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. Dogs are the main source of human rabies globally, transmitting the virus through bites in over 95% of cases. Post-exposure prophylaxis consists of thorough wound cleansing, vaccine administration, and possibly rabies immunoglobulin, depending on the category of animal contact. The standard vaccine regimen involves doses on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28, though abbreviated regimens also exist. Timely post-exposure prophylaxis is highly effective at preventing rabies in exposed individuals.
gigitan binatang dan tetanus.pptx
The document discusses animal bites and the pathogens associated with different animal species. It provides guidance on wound management, antibiotic prophylaxis, tetanus prophylaxis, and rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. Common bacteria involved in soft tissue infections from animal bites are Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Pasteurella species. Rabies virus is a concern for bites from mammals and bats.
Rabies
This document provides an overview of rabies, including its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, classification of animal bites, prevention, and control programs. Rabies is a fatal viral infection transmitted through animal bites that is preventable through vaccination. It remains a public health problem worldwide, with tens of thousands of deaths annually, primarily in Asia and Africa. Dogs are the main reservoir and source of human infections. Post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleansing and vaccination is effective but must be administered promptly after exposure to prevent onset of symptoms.
hiv in pregnancy.pptx
This document discusses HIV and pregnancy. It notes that perinatal transmission of HIV from mother to fetus or newborn can occur during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding, ranging from 15-35% without intervention. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy and delivery, such as the ACTG 076 or CDC Thai regimens, can significantly reduce transmission rates. ART is also recommended for the newborn. The document outlines screening, management, and risks during antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum periods, as well as recommendations regarding breastfeeding.
Similar to Lumpy Skin Disease (20)
LSD symposium - P. Malik - Lumpy skin disease experience from India
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DOG BITE management in pediatrics # for Pediatric pgs# topic presentation # f...
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Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
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Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
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DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
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measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
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the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
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mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
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Lumpy Skin Disease
- 1. Lumpy Skin Disease: Prophyltic Vaccination and Biosecurity Control Measures Dr Pervaiz Dar Scientist, KVK Ganderbal
- 2. Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
- 3. Outbreaks marked with blue dots were reported in 2006–2013, yellow in 2014– 2018, and red in 2019–2021. Lumpy skin disease was first seen as an epidemic in Zambia in 1929
- 4. Indian Scenario of LSD Introduction and spread of LSD closely related to livestock trade with the neighboring countries and stray cattle populations
- 5. Control Strategies • Stamping out: Quick stamping out of infected animals and offering farmer compensation: fair and timely • Stamping out policy is not feasible in India due to religious beliefs and cultural traditions as well as economical considerations • Slaughter campaigns: Slaughtering and processing of the carcass for consumption is an option to reduce virus load and virus spread without culling. This will reduce economic losses and improve reporting • Vaccination: vaccination is the only effective measure against the disease especially prophylactic vaccination
- 6. Vaccine against LSD • Live Attenuated Homologous Vaccines • South African Neethling strain • Confers immunity after 3 weeks up to 3 years • Neethling response • Heterologous Vaccines • Goatpox Virus-Based Vaccines • Gorgan goatpox strain • Sheeppox Virus-Based Vaccines • SPPV RM65 strain • Romanian SPPV strain Require higher dose Not recommended in Sheep/goat pox free areas Do not provide complete immunity especially SPPV
- 7. Most commonly used vaccines registered for use in cattle against lumpy skin disease (LSD). First indigenous vaccine launched by NRCE in collaboration with IVRI
- 8. Vaccination of animals • Vaccination of susceptible populations with >80 percent coverage • In non-vaccinated herds - Vaccination of bovines of all ages • In previously vaccinated herds-Vaccination of calves at 3 - 4 months of age • Annual vaccination (at least three years) • The best is to vaccinate before the start of the vector activity.
- 9. Vaccinations Strategy to be adopted for LSD Control • Pre-emptive vaccination in high-risk regions • Zone or buffer vaccination • Emergency vaccination in outbreak situation. • barrier vaccination • blanket vaccination • ring vaccination • targeted vaccination
- 10. • Efficacy of the vaccine product • Efficient delivery (transport, cold chain, suitable equipment, correct dosage, application and biosecurity) • Vaccination coverage (80–100 percent) • Sufficient trained personnel for the veterinary services to carry out the vaccination campaign/surveillance programs. Factors decisive for efficient vaccination outcome
- 12. Biosecurity measures should be based on Epidemiology of LSDV
- 13. MOVEMENT CONTROL • Strict border control • Quarantine • Restriction of movement to communal sharing of watering and grazing areas • Restriction to trade activities of live bovine animals, their products (hides, carcasses, semen), animal by- products • 28 day post vaccination standstill: Animals not allowed to move outside vaccination area with 28 days (3 weeks to full disease protection +1 week to cover the maximum disease incubation period) • Zoning around the outbreak area
- 14. Vector control • Understanding vector ecology • Clearing or limiting vector breeding sites, such as standing water sources, slurry and manure and improved drainage • Repellents and insecticides by dipping, spraying or spot on • Netting in animal houses especially Insecticide-impregnated netting
- 15. Disposal of carcass • Composting • Above ground burial • Deep burial • Incineration
- 16. Disinfection of premises LSDV is Susceptible to: • Ether (20%) • Chloroform (20%) • Formalin (1%) • Detergents ( sodium dodecyl sulphate and detergents containing lipid solvents) • Phenol (2% for 15 minutes) • Bleach (sodium hypochlorite 2%–3%) • Virkon® (2%) Can survive up to 35 days in the environment in desiccated scabs The virus is stable for extended periods of time for at least 10 years in skin lesions that are frozen at −80 °C
- 17. Semen transmission • LSDV can be shed in bull semen following infection so bull need to be tested for LSDV before natural breeding or Artificial insemination • Artificial insemination (AI) poses a biosecurity risk • Iatrogenic Transmission: • intra- or inter-herd transmission may occur via contaminated needles during vaccination or other injections if needles are not changed between animals or herds
- 18. Surveillance Passive and Active surveillance • clinical examination, PCR, and ELISA Preferred sample types are • skin lesions and scabs • saliva or nasal swabs • EDTA blood for PCR assay • whole blood for serology Surveillance should take place both outside (in a 20–50 km zone starting from the borders of the vaccination zone) and inside the vaccination zone, before and after vaccination
- 19. Awareness • Awareness campaigns should be targeted at official and private veterinarians, Veterinary students, farmers, herders, cattle traders, cattle truck drivers and artificial inseminators about signs of clinical diseases, biosecurity risks, prevention and control measures
- 20. Recommendations • Control movement of susceptible animals, set up road check points and establish authorized, trained units to enforce these measures. • Perform a mass vaccination programmed targeting all susceptible animals, with regular post-vaccination monitoring to evaluate the programme’s effectiveness. • Improved biosecurity at all levels of the cattle/buffalo production and value chain, as well as cleaning, disinfection and vector control. • Active clinical surveillance and awareness campaigns on clinical disease signs, prevention and control among practitioners and government and private veterinarians and paraprofessionals
- 21. Thank you