- The document discusses the National Rabies Prevention and Control Program in the Philippines, with a vision of achieving a rabies-free country by 2030. It outlines the program's goals, partners involved, and approaches which include socio-cultural, technical, organizational, political and resource-based strategies.
- Rabies remains endemic in the Philippines and is transmitted most commonly through dog bites. The document provides details on rabies transmission, pathogenesis, clinical stages, diagnosis and assessment of animal bite exposures to determine appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis.
- Rabies prevention relies on responsible dog ownership including registration, vaccination and containment of dogs after possible exposures to reduce human deaths from rabies.
Zoonoses :- derived from the Greek words
Zoon- Animal & Noson – Disease
Zoonoses was coined and first used by Rudolf Virchow who defined it for communicable diseases.
Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959
Of the 1415 microbial diseases affecting humans, 61% are zoonotic with 13% species regarded as emerging or reemerging
Link b/w human & animals with their surrounding are very close especially in developing countries
all about rabies
epidemiology of rabies,
pathogenesis of rabies,
clinical features of rabies,
treatment of rabies,
prevention of rabies,
rabies virus,
post exposure prophylaxis,
rabies in dogs
Zoonoses :- derived from the Greek words
Zoon- Animal & Noson – Disease
Zoonoses was coined and first used by Rudolf Virchow who defined it for communicable diseases.
Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959
Of the 1415 microbial diseases affecting humans, 61% are zoonotic with 13% species regarded as emerging or reemerging
Link b/w human & animals with their surrounding are very close especially in developing countries
all about rabies
epidemiology of rabies,
pathogenesis of rabies,
clinical features of rabies,
treatment of rabies,
prevention of rabies,
rabies virus,
post exposure prophylaxis,
rabies in dogs
Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted from animals(Mammals) to humans).
Caused by the rabies virus (The Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae).
Domestic dogs are the most common reservoir of the virus, with more than 95% of human deaths caused by dog-mediated rabies. Let's know the Sign symptoms, Treatment and Prevention of rabies which is 100% fatal and 100% preventable.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
Presentation by Delia Grace at the first United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Science-Policy Forum ahead of the Second Session of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-2), Nairobi, Kenya, 20 May 2016.
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted from animals(Mammals) to humans).
Caused by the rabies virus (The Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae).
Domestic dogs are the most common reservoir of the virus, with more than 95% of human deaths caused by dog-mediated rabies. Let's know the Sign symptoms, Treatment and Prevention of rabies which is 100% fatal and 100% preventable.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
Presentation by Delia Grace at the first United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Science-Policy Forum ahead of the Second Session of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-2), Nairobi, Kenya, 20 May 2016.
Zoonoses : are infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and people.
The term zoonosis'Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
People, animals, birds, arthropods and the inanimate environment are all involved in cycles of zoonotic infection
Monkeypox is a rare zoonosis caused by monkeypox virus. This disease is similar to smallpox disease but with lesser severity. This disease is common among Africans. It can be prevented by avoiding contact with contaminated animal and human fluids as well as respiratory droplets. It require a multidisciplinary approach to achieve cure and prevention.
This ppt is About Rabies epidemiology and treatment .
This is done by using Park book 24th edition of PSM .
This presentation is presented in academics of Master of public health in Christian medical college .
One more Important thing is that that zareb regime (intramuscular ) is not practiced . We try to make this ppt lucid. and the statistics is used in the presentation is upto 27 june 2018
In this presentation you will find about the zoonotic potential of rabies virus, its impact in terms of DALYs.
Epidemiology and geographical distribution of rabies.
You will learn about the reservoir and source of rabies, transmission of rabies virus.
You will also learn about the virology of rabies virus inculding its family, genus, its structure, its different protein and the replication cycle of rabies virus.
It will also put light on the pathogenesis of rabies virus and different stages of rabies virus infection.
Then it will discuss about the laboratory diagnosis of rabies virus infection in humans as well as in animals including specimen collection, culturing, microscopy, animal inoculation and molecular diagnosis.
After that, you will get information about the prevention and control of rabies and different successful control strategies adopted by several countries of the world.
In the end it will discuss the status of rabies in Pakistan and specially WHO responses to rabies control in pakistan.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
2. RA 9482
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE CONTROL
AND ELIMINATION OF HUMAN AND
ANIMAL RABIES
March
Rabies Awareness Month
• Vision: Rabies Free Philippines by 2030
• Goal: To end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2027
3. Manual Procedure 2019
• Infectious Disease Office of the Disease Prevention and Control
• Centers for Health Development of the Department of Health
• San Lazaro Hospital and Research Institute of Tropical Medicine
• Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture
• Department of Education
• Department of Interior and Local Government
• Department of Agriculture Regional Field Units
• Local Government Units
• Partner government agencies
• World Health Organization
4. • it is hoped that the use of this manual will help lower down
morbidities and mortalities related with animal bites. Smart people
manage problems but champions prevent them from occurring.
Preventing rabies therefore should be easier and cheaper. The best
cure for rabies is prevention.
5. Responsible Pet Ownership
• Registration of all pet dogs including owned unleashed (any better
term?) dogs.
• Vaccination of all pet dogs in the first three months of each dog; and
annual booster for each dog while the dog is alive
• Provision of proper care, grooming, shelter and management/control
• Assumption of responsibility for the care and treatment of dog bite
victim including medical expenses to be incurred
• Containment of dog for observation during possible incubation period
(keeping dog alive) of 14 days.
8. Socio-cultural
• The socio-cultural approach will encourage the promotion of
responsible dog-ownership, and dog population management
practices, including dog vaccination.
9. Technical
The technical approach will strengthen animal health and public health
systems to ensure sustainable, safe, efficacious and accessible dog and
human vaccines and immunoglobulins, and promote and implement
mass dog vaccination as the most cost-effective intervention to achieve
dog-mediated human rabies elimination.
11. Political
commitment will be crucial in promoting the One Health concept and
intersectoral coordination through national and regional networks
while implementation will necessarily require investments in rabies
elimination strategies.
13. • Rabies in the Philippines Rabies is endemic in the Philippines, and
remains to be a public health concern. It has a fatality rate of almost
100%. However, being the most fatal among infectious diseases,
rabies too, is 100% preventable. At least one-third of these deaths
occur in children aged 15 years old and below. Data show that the
number of animal bite cases reported in the country increased by 462
%, from 2009 (206,253 bite cases) to 2018 (1,159,711 bite cases).
Conversely, the confirmed number of positive human rabies cases
increased by 13.5 % in the last 9 years, from the 243 cases reported in
2009 to 276 in 2018. In terms of regions, Regions 3, 4-A, 5 and 12
reported the most number of cases from 2008 to 2018. In 2018, there
was significant increase in the number of cases in some regions.
18. Bites on the following sites are more exigent
risk of rabies and need for rabies
• Face
• Head
• Neck
• Spine
• Highly innervated tissues such as hands, fingers and genitalia provide
a rich environment for rabies virus to invade and replicate.
19. • Non-bite exposures are less important and are infrequent modes
of transmission.
• Contamination of intact mucosa (eyes, nose, mouth, genitalia)
with saliva of infected animal;
• Licks on broken skin; and
• Inhalation of aerosolized virus in closed areas (e.g. caves with
rabid bats, laboratories for rabies diagnosis)
20. Incubation Period
• Incubation period is the period from the time of exposure up to the
appearance of first clinical signs and symptoms of rabies.
• 1-3 months
The amount of the virus inoculated into the wound or mucosa.
Severity of exposure - Patients with multiple and/or deep penetrating
bite wounds may have shorter incubation period.
Location of exposure - Patients with bite wounds in highly innervated
areas and/or close to the central nervous system may have shorter
incubation period.
21.
22. Pathogenesis
• Virus multiplies in the muscle cells
• It is possible that the rabies virus may persist locally at the site of
inoculation for an unspecified period of time. This could explain the
long incubation period for some rabies infections.
• studies show that velocity of axonal transport of the virus ranges from
25 to 50 mm per day
23. Clinical Stages
Prodromal Stage
• occurs when there is initial viral replication
at the striated muscle cells at the site of
inoculation just before it enters the brain.
The virus then spreads centripetally up
the nerve to the central nervous system
through the peripheral
nerve axoplasm.
24. • This stage lasts for 0-10 days with
non-specific manifestations,
which include fever, sore throat,
anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
generalized body malaise, headache
and abdominal pain. Paresthesia or
pain at the site of bite is due to viral
multiplication at the spinal ganglion
just before it enters the brain.
25. Acute Neurologic Stage
when the virus reaches the CNS and replicates most exclusively within
the gray matter.
Two types of Presentation:
Encephalitic or furious type
Paralytic or dumb type
This stage lasts for 2-7 days, characterized by hyperactivity,
hypersalivation, disorientation, and hallucination, bizarre behavior
interspersed with lucid intervals, seizures, nuchal rigidity or paralysis.
26.
27. Neurologic or Furious type
• Hyperactivity (anxiety, agitation, running, biting, bizarre behavior
alternating with periods of calm) which may occur spontaneously or
may be precipitated by tactile or auditory, visual or other stimuli. The
most characteristic symptom is spasm of the pharyngeal muscles
often triggered by an attempt to drink water (hydrophobia) or by
blowing air on patient's face (aerophobia). Spasmodic contractions of
the muscles may spread to the respiratory and other muscles leading
to attacks of apnea.
28. Paralytic or dumb type
• Acute progressive ascending myelitis, symmetrical or asymmetrical
with flaccid paralysis, pain and fasciculation in the affected muscles
with mild sensory disturbance. A complete paraplegia develops
eventually with fatal paralysis of the respiratory and pharyngeal
muscles.
29. Coma
begins within 4-10 days after symptoms start; Cardiac arrhythmiasis is
common. Hyperventilation which leads to perirodic and ataxic
respiration to apnea. Haematemesis is experienced by 30-60% of
patients before death. Pituitary dysfunction is also present as part of
disordered water balance.
30. Death
without intensive supportive care, respiratory depression, cardio
respiratory arrest, and death occur in almost 100% of cases. 73% die
within 3 days of onset of symptoms and 84% die within 24 hours of
admission. Outcome is date and recovery from rabies if very rare.
Cause of death includes circulatory insufficiency with myocarditis,
cardiac arrhythmia or congestive heart failure (RITM)
31. Laboratory Diagnosis
diagnosis of rabies is based on the clinical manifestations and a history
of exposure to a rabid animal.
pathognomonic hydrophobia and/or aerophobia are present
Rabies diagnosis can be performed on fresh tissue specimens stored at
appropriate temperatures, preferably refrigerated
33. Recognition
• Possibility of rabies virus transmission
• An infected animal
• All mammals
• Cannot be Transmitted by
• Birds
• Reptiles
• Amphibians
• Fish/Invertebrates
• Most rodents (rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs , rabbits, squirrels, chipmunks, gophers)
with negligible role in propagation of rabies probably because they fail to survive
encounters with rabid carnivores
34. • Minimal requirements for considering the possibility of rabies virus
transmission in a bite incident:
• A rabid mammal
• Rabies virus in saliva
• Saliva deposited beneath the skin or on mucus membrane
35. • It is important to determine whether the biting animal was rabid or
likely to be rabid only at the time the bite was inflicted.
• Data on the biting animal such as species, size, health, ownership
(e.g. Pet, feral, wild) and rabies vaccination history are necessary for
determining the likelihood that it was shedding rabies virus at the
time of the bite.
36. Recognize the clinical signs of rabies in
domestic animals
• Withdrawal from and resistance to contact; seeking seclusion
• Wide-eyed; reduced frequency or absence of blinking; dilated pupils;
photophobia
• Exaggerated, often aggressive, response to tactile, visual, or auditory
stimuli
• Snapping/biting at imaginary objects
• Pica (eating or mouthing sticks, stones, soil, clothing, feces, etc)
• Aggressively attacking inanimate objects
• Sexual excitement with attempts to mount inanimate objects
37. • Compulsive running or circling, often to the point of exhaustion
• Obsessive licking, biting, or scratching at the site of viral inoculation
• Dropped jaw, inability to swallow, excessive salivation
• Change in tone, timbre, frequency, or volume of vocalizations
• Flaccid or deviated tail/penis
• Tenesmus (due to paralysis of the anal sphincter)
• Muscular tremors
• Acute onset of mono-para-,or quadri-paresis; lameness
• Abnormal, exaggerated gait; ataxia and incoordination
• Convulsive seizures
• Paralysis, prostration, recumbency
• Death
38. • If after animal examination, some of these signs or any other signs of
illness are present, it is advised to immediately, safely and humanely
euthanize the animal, remove the head and submit the brain to the
designated public health laboratory for testing.
• rabid dog or cat will predictably die within a known period of time,
suspicion of rabies can be eliminated if the dog or cat remains healthy
and alive 10 or more days after a bite incident.
• if the quarantined animal is not currently vaccinated against rabies, a
rabies vaccine should be administered prior to release from
quarantine.
39. Younger animals are considered to present a
greater risk of rabies than older animals because:
• With their small size and naive immune system, only a smaller
amount of virus can lead to infection
• However, extremely young animals (<2 weeks old) that bite are
unlikely to have had sufficient opportunity to have been exposed to
rabies virus, and for the virus to replicate, migrate into the CNS, and
spread to the salivary glands by the time of the incident •
40. Wound Management
• Immediate wound treatment is an indispensable component of bite
management. Thorough wound cleansing alone markedly reduces the
likelihood of rabies (Dean 1973, Kaplan 1962).
• Wash with soap and water for at least 15 min
• Liberal irrigation
• Debridement of devitalized tissue
41. Factor Strong indicators Weak indicators
Animal species Bat, skunk, raccoon, unknown
wildlife
*Dog, cat, other domestic animal
Number of bites Single or multiple No bite
Bite location More urgent: face, head, neck Less
urgent: extremities
Bite severity More urgent: deep lacerations,
considerable tissue damage;
extensive bleeding Less urgent:
minimal tissue damage or bleeding
Superficial; no bleeding
Medical attention No or delayed wound care Immediate cleansing and irrigation
Bite provoked? No Yes
Animal’s health Abnormal behavior No paralysis or behavioral
abnormalities
Rabies vaccination No documentation of rabies
vaccination
higher: previous rabies vaccination
but not current Lower: current on
rabies vaccination
42. Factor Strong indicators Weak indicators
Animal available for quarantine? No Yes
Rabies recently detected in region? Higher: yes Lower:no (Rabies should be considered
possible in all regions of the
Philippines, regardless of recent
surveillance data)
Victim’s anxiety about rabies (objective scientific evidence
should be the principal
determinant for PEP decisions.)
Higher: high Lower: low