This document discusses vector-borne diseases (VBDs) and their surveillance and control in India. It notes that VBDs include malaria, filariasis, kala-azar, dengue, chikungunya, and Japanese encephalitis. The objectives of VBD programs are disease management, integrated vector management, and supportive interventions. Surveillance methods include active, passive, sentinel, and entomological surveillance. Response actions are taken based on outbreak analysis. Control methods include indoor residual spraying, larval source reduction, insecticide-treated bed nets, and vaccines.

1. Dr. Amandeep Kaur
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine
Govt. Medical College, Haldwani

4.  Launched in year 2003-04
 Vector borne disease includes:
1. Malaria
2. Filariasis
3. Kala-azar
4. Dengue
5. Chikungunya and
6. Japanese Encephalitis (JE)

5. 1. Disease management
2. Integrated Vector Management (IVM)
3. Supportive interventions

7.  Maintenance of ongoing watch over VBD status
 Detect changes in trends/distribution
 Measuring the effectiveness of the programme
 Prevention & Control of VBDs – ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE

8.  Active Surveillance
 Passive Surveillance
 Sentinel Surveillance
 Entomological Surveillance
 Adult Vector Surveillance
 Larval Surveillance
Disease
surveillance
Vector
surveillance

9.  Annual Blood Examination Rate
 Annual Parasite Index
 Slide Positivity Rate

10. Continuous
data
collection
Pool of data
available for
analysis
Analysis
Outbreak or
case
suspected or
confirmed
Decisions
Response
actions
Collection of additional data

12.  The early warning signals communicated to MO PHCs
 Weekly fever trends made available by the IDSP reports
 Outbreak confirmed if :
Doubling in slide positivity rate
Increasing trend of malaria incidence
Increasing vector density

13.  Once a strong degree of suspicion of outbreak is present, the
following steps taken - (should be completed in 7-10 days
period)
Rapid fever survey / Mass survey
Estimation of population involved
Measures for Liquidation of Foci
Follow up action – two consecutive follow up surveys
(after 21 days)

16.  Measures to control adult mosquitoes:
Indoor Residual Spray ( IRS )
 Anti-larval measures:
chemical,
biological and
environmental
 Personal protection:
Bed nets, including insecticide treated nets

17. Effectiveness depends on -
 Timing
 adherence to the specified criteria of the insecticide
 application procedure,
 public acceptance of spraying,
 use of well maintained equipment,
 adequately trained personnel,
 good coverage and
 effective supervision.

18. S.No Name of Insecticide Preparation
of
suspension
in water
Dosage per
sq. metre of
active
ingredient
Residual
effect in
weeks
Area to be
covered by 10
lit. of
suspension
1. DDT 50% wp 1 kg/10 Lit 1 gm 10-12 500 sq.m
2. Malathion 25% wp 2 kg/10 Lit 2 gm 6-8 250 sq.m
3. Deltamethrin 2.5% wp 400 gm/10 Lit 20 mg 10-12 500 sq.m
4. Cyfluthrin 10%wp 125 gm/10 Lit 25 mg 10-12 500 sq.m
5. Lambdacyhalothrin
10% wp
125 gm/10 Lit 25 mg 10-12 500 sq.m
6 Alphacypermethrin
5%wp
250gm/10 Lit. 25 mg 10-12 500 sq.m

21.  Environmental control : filling
ditches, areas, pits, low lying
areas, etc.
 Chemical control : larvicides like
Temephos & Pirimiphos methyl
 Biological control : larvivorous fish
– Gambusia affinis & Poecilia
reticulata
Bacillus thuringiensis var
israelensis (Bti)
Bacillus sphaericus

22.  An insecticide-treated net is a
mosquito net that repels, disables
and/or kills mosquitoes coming
into contact with insecticide on the
netting material.
 Avert around 50% of malaria
cases, compared to untreated
nets
Two categories of ITNs:
▪ Conventionally Treated Nets
▪ Long-lasting Insecticidal Nets
(LLINs)
It has been shown that around 60% coverage of all adults and
children can achieve equitable community-wide benefits

23.  When full coverage is achieved, ITNs reduce all-cause
child mortality by an average 18% (14–29%) in sub-
Saharan Africa
 5.5 lives could be saved per year for every 1000
children under 5 years of age protected
 ITNs reduce clinical episodes of
malaria caused by P. falciparum
and P. vivax infections by 50%
(39–62%)

24.  For areas with API <1
▪ Vector control by minor engineering processes
▪ Involvement of PRIs & Municipal bodies
 For areas with API between 1 – 2
▪ Source reduction & Biological control
 For areas having API between 2 – 5
▪ Vector control by LLIN distribution – 2 per 5
household members
▪ Quality IRS under supervision based on earlier
epidemiological impact

25. For areas having API >5
 For areas having Perennial Transmission (>5 months /
year)
▪ 2 rounds of IRS with DDT or 3 rounds with
Malathion
▪ Priority distribution of LLINs
▪ Vector bionomic studies for future change of
strategy
 For areas having Seasonal Transmission (<5 months /
year)
▪ 1 round of DDT before start of transmission

27.  Behavior change communication
 Capacity building
 Inter-sectoral collaboration
 Public Private Partnership
 Legislations
 Monitoring and evaluation
 Operational research and applied
field research.

30.  Live attenuated SA 14-14-2 vaccine
 0.5 ml, subcutaneous, single dose
 In 2006, GoI initiated a pilot project of immunizing
children in hyperendemic districts of 4 states - UP,
Assam, West Bengal, Karnataka
FOR TRAVELLERS:
 Aged >1 yr, visiting endemic areas for at least 2 wks-
▪ 3 primary doses – 0, 7 and 28 days
▪ 2 primary doses - 4 wks apart

31.  RTS,S/AS02 (commercial name: Mosquirix) –
recombinant protein vaccine
 Designed for children resident in malaria-endemic areas
 Developed by PATH and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) with
support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
 In October 2011 the group reported first findings from the
Phase III trial of RTS,S indicating that 46% of 15,460
inoculated infants and children were protected for 15
months