This document discusses malaria diagnosis, measurement, control, and prevention. It describes microscopic examination of blood films to detect malaria parasites, as well as serological and rapid diagnostic tests. Key metrics for measuring malaria like API, ABER, and SPR are defined. Approaches to control include case management, vector control through indoor residual spraying and larval source reduction, and use of insecticide-treated bed nets. The history of national malaria programs in India including NMCP, NMEP, UMS, and current RBM partnership are summarized.
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), started in India in 1985.
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare provides several vaccines to infants, children & pregnant women through UIP.
Immunization is a process through which a person is made immune to an infectious disease.
Malaria is an infectious disease that is caused by mosquito-borne plasmodium parasite which infects the red blood cells. It’s one of the deadliest diseases in India. There’s no vaccine for malaria yet and immunity occurs naturally through repeated infection. Common symptoms are fever, chills, vomiting, nausea, body ache, headache, cough and diarrhea. If untreated, it can lead to complications like jaundice, dehydration, anemia, brain malaria, liver failure and kidney failure. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Kavya .
Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
It usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves
Long incubation period generally 5-7 years.
Classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary
permanent disability
Timely diagnosis and treatment of cases
Pulse Polio is an immunisation campaign established by the government of India to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against the polio virus.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), started in India in 1985.
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare provides several vaccines to infants, children & pregnant women through UIP.
Immunization is a process through which a person is made immune to an infectious disease.
Malaria is an infectious disease that is caused by mosquito-borne plasmodium parasite which infects the red blood cells. It’s one of the deadliest diseases in India. There’s no vaccine for malaria yet and immunity occurs naturally through repeated infection. Common symptoms are fever, chills, vomiting, nausea, body ache, headache, cough and diarrhea. If untreated, it can lead to complications like jaundice, dehydration, anemia, brain malaria, liver failure and kidney failure. To know more visit here: www.lazoi.com
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Kavya .
Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
It usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves
Long incubation period generally 5-7 years.
Classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary
permanent disability
Timely diagnosis and treatment of cases
Pulse Polio is an immunisation campaign established by the government of India to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against the polio virus.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme for prevention and control of malaria and other vector borne diseases. Under the programme, it is ensured that the disadvantaged and marginalised sections benefit from the delivery of services so that the desired National Health Policy and Rural Health Mission goals are achieved. The Directorate of NVBDCP under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, is the nodal agency responsible for planning, coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NVBDCP programme at all levels.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Program.pptxDR.SUMIT SABLE
WELL THIS IS ABOUT VECTOR BORNE DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMME AND MALERIA IN DEPTH . OVERALL OVERVIEW OF NVBDCP HAS GIVEN AND THEN DETAILS ABOUT MALERIA ARE DISCUSSED AND ALL OTHER DISEASES IN PROGRAMME ARE ALSO COVERED.
Past and future of eradication and elimination of different diseases. How to plan for elimination and eradication. What are the diseases can be eliminated? OPV to IPV shift!
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
El 12 de mayo de 2017 celebramos en la Fundación Ramó Areces una jornada con IS Global y Unitaid sobre enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, como la malaria, entre otras.
Following this protocol, youngsters take part in the research to develop a vaccine against malaria, which, in combination with the current measures, could contribute significantly to a better control of this important parasite-caused disease. Students will test different vaccine candidates using a technique called ELISA and they will decide which is the most effective. The experiment protocol is an opportunity for science centres, museums and schools to replicate a real experiment done in a real lab doing research on the malaria vaccine.
The ppt highlights types of insecticide resistance, resistance towards antimalarials, rationale of National drug policy for malaria, use of GIS in epidemic predictions for kala azar, malaria, genetically modified mosquitoes and malaria vaccine
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
3. microscopy
Two types of blood films are useful in searching for
and identification of malaria parasite.
The "thin film" and the "thick film".
It is recommended that both types of film be
prepared on a single microscope glass slide.
The thick film is more reliable in searching for
parasite, as large volume of blood is examined
under each microscope field.
The thin slide is more valuable for identifying the
species of the parasite present.
4. Serological test
The malarial fluorescent antibody test usually
becomes positive two weeks or more after primary
infection.
The test is of the greatest value in epidemiological
studies and in determining whether a person has
had malaria in the past.
5. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT)
Rapid Diagnostic Tests are based on the detection of
circulating parasite antigens with a simple dipstick
format.
6. Measurement of malaria-
It is used to know the malaria load in the
community.
API- Annual Parasite Incidence
ABER-Annual Blood Examination Rate
AFI- Annual Falciparum Incidence
SPR- Slide Positivity Rate
SFR-Slide Falciparum Rate
among these API AND ABER and SPR Important.
7. Annual blood examination rate (ABER): It is the
percentage of the population examined for
peripheral blood smear during a given year.
Government of India, under MPO, fixed a
minimum of ABER of 10 percent per year. This is an
index of operational efficiency (i.e. quality of case
detection).
8. Annual parasite incidence (API): It is the number of
new confirmed cases of malaria occurring in an
area during a given year and confirmed by blood
smear examination and is expressed per 1000
population.
This is a sophisticated indicator to measure
malaria. Based on this, India was redefined, under
the Modified Plan of Operation of Malaria Control,
into two areas, for spray operations.
9. Slide positivity rate (SPR): It is the percentage of
slides (smears) found positive for malarial
parasites, irrespective of type of species.
This gives information about the parasite load in
the community.
10. Approaches to malaria control
Management of malaria cases in the community.
Active intervention to control or interrupt
malaria transmission with community
participation.
11. Management of malaria cases in community-
Health guides and multipurpose workers are fully
trained to detect and treat cases of malaria at the
community level with support from referral
system(PHC,CHC and higher levels).
12.
13. Prevention and control-
Elimination of reservoirs
Breaking the channel of transmission
Protection of susceptible
14. Elimination of reservoirs-
This consists of making the infectious cases
non-infectious by giving treatment.
The treatment consists of presumptive treatment,
radical treatment and mass treatment.
Early diagnosis and treatment of the infectious
malaria cases.
Mass treatment in cases of highly endemic
areas.
Chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine for travelers to
malarious areas, pregnant women living in endemic
and hyperendemic areas.
15. Presumptive treatment: All fever cases attending
hospitals for the treatment, are assumed to be the
cases of malaria and treated accordingly, depending
upon whether that area is a low-risk area or high-risk
area .
Radical treatment: This is given for those, whose blood
smear report comes as positive for malarial parasites
Mass treatment: This is recommended in highly
endemic areas, where API is more than 5 per 1000
population. This will be more effective, when
supplemented by anti-mosquito measures.
16. Breaking the Channel of Transmission
This measure consists of control of vectors.
The different methods of control of vectors are-
a. Antiadult measures
b. Antilarval measures.
17.
18. Anti-adult measures:
This consists of spraying the insecticides-
i. Residual spraying: This consists of spraying of
indoor surfaces of houses, cattle sheds with
residual insecticides like DDT, malathion,
fenitrothion.
ii. Space spraying: This consists of out-door
spraying of the insecticides. The technology is
that the insecticide (malathion) is sprayed in the
form of fog or mist by ultra low volume thermal
fogging method by using agricultural aircraft or by
using ground equipment, fitted over a vehicle. This
method controls the vectors quickly.
19. Anti-larval measures:
This consists of bioenvironmental control strategy
components are-
Source reduction.
Environmental modification and manipulation.
Biological control.
Source reduction: This consists of elimination of
nonessential water bodies, which includes periodical
emptying of domestic water container, sealing of water
tanks, filling pot holes, puddles, burrow–pits and
canalizing drains so that water does not stagnate.
20. Environmental modification and manipulation:
This consists of leveling of land or filling of
depressions and making of soakage pits help in
prevention of mosquito breeding.
Biological control:
Mosquitoes (Larvae) can also be controlled by
employing their natural enemies such as fish,
bacteriae and fungi.
21. Biological control
Larvivorous fish: Use of larvivorous fish are the
most promising ones.
Gambusia affinis and Lebister reticulates (often
known as Barbados millions). Other fish which can
also be employed is Poecilia reticulata.
Use of bacteriae (i.e. Biocides): The best known
biocides are Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus
thuringiensis. They kill the mosquito larvae.
should not be used for larval control in potable
water, i.e. drinking water collections.
22.
23. Integrated control:
It includes bioenvironmental and personal
protection measures, so that the vectors can be
controlled effectively. Thus, integrated control is
an approach, considering more than one
method, whether directed only against larvae or
adults or both.
24.
25. Personal Protection
These measures are directed against mosquito bites.
a. Bednets:
Nylon nets are preferred over cotton nets, because
of their durability .They are impregnated with an
insecticide either one g of deltamethrin or 0.5 g of
cyfluthrin or 0.25 g of lambda cyhalothrin per square
meter of mosquito-net. T he impregnated net will
have efficacy for 6 months when not washed.
26. b. Use of mosquito repellents:
They are applied on the skin. They repell the
mosquitoes by their smell and protect the individual
from the mosquito bites.
Diethyl-toluamide (DEET) has been found to be very
effective.
Other repellents are Indalone, Dimethyl phthalate,
Dimethyl carbate, Ethyl hexanediol, etc.
However these repellents are effective for short
period of 8 to 10 hours.
27. Malaria vaccines:
They are under trial. Following are the types:
i. Asexual blood stage vaccines(merozoite vaccine)
ii. Sporozoite vaccines
iii. Gamete vaccines
iv. A synthetic cocktail vaccine: This vaccine for P.
falciparum is called ‘PfS 66’. It is formulated as a
peptide–alum combination. It has been found to
be 30 percent effective.
v. Transmission blocking vaccine: Like ‘PfS 25’, it is
also under trial
28. NATIONAL ANTIMALARIA PROGRAM
History
Control of malaria in the country was first
recommended by Bhore Committee in 1946.
Government of India, in April 1953, launched
National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), when
malaria was the principal health problem.
During 1953 malaria accounted for annual morbidity
of 75 million cases.
29. The objective was to reduce the morbidity and
mortality of malaria to such a low level that it
should no more be a public health problem.
The strategy to achieve the objective was to
interrupt the transmission of malaria by
controling the vectors (anopheline mosquitoes)
by indoor residual spraying with DDT, twice a year in
endemic areas, where spleen rates were above 10
percent.
30. NMEP
Encouraged by the spectacular results of success of
NMCP, it was decided by Government of India to
eradicate the disease and therefore Government of
India launched National Malaria Eradication
Program (NMEP).
Government of India decided in favor of eradication
and launched NMEP during 1958.
31. The objectives were:
Elimination of reservoir of infection (by case detection
and prompt treatment)
Total ending of transmission of malaria, (by control of
vectors)
Prevention of re-establishment of malaria by 1968-69.
(That means there should not be occurrence of
malaria even in the presence of carrier mosquitoes).
The entire country was brought under NMEP including
non-endemic areas, which were not covered under
NMCP.
32. The NMEP was carried out in the same 4 phases:
Preparatory Phase: This consisted of collection of
data about the extent of the problem of malaria
and to prepare for attacking the problem.
Attack Phase- This was taken up directly and it was
extended for 3 years from April 1958 to 61
April. The term ‘Attack’ implied on the attack of
vector anopheline mosquitoes by the principal
activity of spraying insecticides like DDT/BHC
in all the human dwellings, twice a year.
33. Consolidation Phase :
This phase was started when API was reduced to 0.1
per 1000 population, i.e. during 1961. The principal
activity of this phase was stopping DDT spraying due to
complete interruption of transmission and carrying out
only active and passive surveillance and
presumptive and radical treatment.
Maintenance phase: The word ‘maintenance’ implied
maintenance of vigilance to detect re-entry of
infection in those areas declared ‘free’ of malaria.
34. The scenario of malaria eradication was as follows:-
API came down to 0.1 per 1000 population
Annual incidence was hardly 50,000 cases, by 1961.
25 percent of the population was under attack phase,
25 percent in the consolidation phase and 50 percent
under maintenance phase.
35. From 1961, focal outbreaks of malaria began to occur
and the annual incidence went on increasing year by
year. By 1965, the cases reported were 1,00,000
(doubled).
Malaria came back with greater force, i.e., vectors
developed resistance against DDT and parasites
started developing resistance against chloroquine.
Hence the term ‘Resurgence’.
36. Urban Malaria Scheme
Urban Malaria Scheme (UMS) was launched during
1971, when it was realized that urban malaria was a
significant problem and the vectors breed largely in
man-made containers like over-headtanks,
ornamental ponds, water coolers, flower vases,
building constructions etc.
37. Plan of action
Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases.
Bioenvironmental management by source reduction
measures such as emptying the water containers including
overhead tanks, ponds, etc. once a week and observing
weekly dry day.
Controlling the larvae by weekly application of
larvicidal oil, temphos, fenthion. Use of larvivorous fish as a
good alternative method.
Health education to the public was given to extend
their co-operation in the control of malaria.
38. ROLL BACK MALARIA
Roll black malaria (RBM) is a global partnership
founded in 1998 by the WHO, UNDP, UNICEF and
World Bank.
The aim is to halve the world’s malaria burden
by the year 2010. Political commitment is a key
priority of RBM.
RBM is giving priority to four technical strategies-
Prompt access to effective treatment
Promotion of insecticide treated bednets and
improved vector control
39. Prevention and management of malaria in pregnancy and
Improving response to malaria in epidemics and endemic
areas.
RBM also seeks to encourage the research in new and
better drugs, insecticides and malaria vaccines.
Goals
The goals for the malaria control set for the Tenth Five
Year Plan are: -
ABER over 10 percent
API 1.3 or less
25 % reduction in malaria morbidity and mortality by
2007 and 50% by 2010.