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This document discusses antipsychotic medications used to treat psychosis. It describes typical and atypical antipsychotics. Typical antipsychotics like haloperidol and chlorpromazine work by decreasing dopamine levels in the brain through D2 receptor antagonism. Atypical antipsychotics decrease dopamine levels through D2 or D4 receptor antagonism and also act as serotonin receptor antagonists. Common adverse effects of antipsychotics include extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, and increased risk of diabetes or cardiovascular issues. The document provides details on dosage and side effects of specific atypical antipsychotics like risperidone, quetiapine, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, and
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3. Future potential treatments mentioned include blood pressure vaccinations currently being studied.
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The document discusses medications used to treat cardiac conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. It describes several classes of drugs and their effects, such as diuretics which reduce blood volume, ACE inhibitors which lower blood pressure, and beta blockers which decrease heart rate and oxygen demand. The goals of treatment are outlined as reducing risk factors and maintaining normal blood pressure, heart rate, and cholesterol levels. Nursing considerations are also highlighted, like monitoring for side effects and ensuring medication adherence.
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This document summarizes various cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, shock, and congestive heart failure. It discusses classes of drugs like beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators, and cardiac glycosides. For each drug class, it describes the mechanisms of action, common drugs, clinical uses, contraindications, side effects, and nursing considerations for administration and patient education.
antihypertensive agents 2
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Hypertension is a major health problem affecting 25% of adults and 50% of those over 60. It causes dangerous complications like heart attack, heart failure, stroke, and renal failure. The causes are mostly unknown except for 5% of secondary cases. Lifestyle modifications like reduced salt and fat intake, weight loss, exercise, and stopping smoking are beneficial for reducing blood pressure and complications. There are several classes of antihypertensive drugs that work through different mechanisms like reducing blood volume and pressure, blocking nerve signals, dilating blood vessels, and inhibiting hormone systems. The choice of drugs depends on individual patient factors and risks.
Pharmacology .. Opioid Analgesics (Nacrotic analgesic)
This document discusses opioid analgesics (narcotic analgesics) including:
- Types of opioid receptors and drugs that act as agonists, partial agonists, or antagonists.
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- Main uses of opioids like analgesia for acute and chronic pain, cough suppression, and diarrhea treatment. Side effects include dysphoria, respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and constipation.
Pharmacology.. Treatment of Peptic Ulcer
This document discusses drugs used to treat peptic ulcer. It categorizes the drugs into three groups: 1) drugs affecting gastric acid like antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors, 2) mucosal protective agents like sucralfate, and 3) drugs that eradicate H. pylori like triple therapy and quadruple therapy. It provides details on the pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of representative drugs in each category. The document explains that peptic ulcer is caused by an imbalance between protective and damaging factors in the stomach and duodenum.
Pharmacology .. Anit-migraine Drugs
This document discusses drugs used to treat migraines. It separates drugs into those for acute attacks and those for prophylaxis. For acute attacks, it lists NSAIDs, anti-emetics, prokinetics, triptans, ergotamine, and opioids. For prophylaxis, it discusses beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antidepressants, and other drugs that act on serotonin receptors or have other mechanisms of action. It provides information on the pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of several representative drugs in each category.
Bronchial asthma pharmacology
This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and various treatment approaches. It notes that asthma affects 300 million people worldwide and is characterized by inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Treatment involves preventing antigen reactions, suppressing inflammation, blocking mediators, and using bronchodilators such as beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, and leukotriene antagonists to relax airway smooth muscle. Status asthmaticus, a severe life-threatening form of asthma, requires aggressive treatment including nebulized bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen, and potentially intubation.
Local anaesthesia
Local anaesthesia involves blocking nerve transmission through injection of local anaesthetic drugs near nerve endings or trunks. The document discusses various local anaesthetics including esters like cocaine and procaine, and amides like lidocaine, bupivacaine and prilocaine. It describes how local anaesthetics work by inhibiting sodium channels and preventing nerve impulse conduction. The ideal properties, structures, mechanisms of action, and uses of different local anaesthetics are summarized.
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Cardiovascular+pharmacology+drug+therapy+of+hypertension
Cardiovascular+pharmacology+drug+therapy+of+hypertension
Pharmacology .. Opioid Analgesics (Nacrotic analgesic)
Pharmacology .. Opioid Analgesics (Nacrotic analgesic)
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6.0 drugs used in Cardio Vascular System
The document discusses various drugs used for cardiovascular conditions. It covers antihypertensive drugs like diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and adrenergic blockers. It defines hypertension and describes the mechanisms and side effects of different classes of antihypertensive drugs. These include thiazide, loop, and potassium sparing diuretics, calcium channel blockers like nifedipine, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, alpha blockers, beta blockers, and centrally acting drugs like clonidine and methyldopa. Cardiotonic drugs are also briefly mentioned.
ASandler_PD_Topic Discussion_8_30.docx
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by three key points:
1) Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leads to decreased dopamine in the striatum and motor symptoms like bradykinesia.
2) Accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein is involved in the pathogenesis and motor symptoms result from disinhibition of movement circuits due to dopamine deficiency.
3) Treatment involves dopamine replacement therapy using levodopa although long term use can cause motor fluctuations and dyskinesias which other drugs aim to reduce.
Antihypertensive drugs.pdf
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
Antihypertensive mbbs copy
This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
Atypical antipsychotics
This document discusses the development and properties of various atypical antipsychotic drugs. It provides chemical structures and names for common atypical antipsychotics like clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine and ziprasidone. It summarizes the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic indications, side effects and dosing for these drugs. The document also discusses differences between first and second generation antipsychotics and adverse effects of antipsychotic treatment.
AntiHypertensive Drugs
Here are the key points of management:
1. Hospital admission and IV access is needed given the hypertensive emergency presentation with severe hypertension and papilledema.
2. Sodium nitroprusside infusion is started at a low dose and titrated up slowly to reach the target BP of 160/100-110 mmHg, with no more than a 25% reduction within 2 hours.
3. Alternatively, enalaprilat can be given in divided doses not exceeding 5mg total over several hours to gradually lower the BP within the target range.
Close monitoring is required given the emergency presentation until BP is stabilized. The goal is to lower BP gradually to avoid rebound hypertension but do so promptly given the
Atypical antipsychotics
This document discusses the history and development of atypical antipsychotic medications. It begins with an overview of the serendipitous discoveries that led to the development of early antipsychotics like chlorpromazine in the 1950s. It then covers the development of second-generation atypical antipsychotics from the 1990s onward, including clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and others. The rest of the document details the mechanisms of action, therapeutic indications, side effect profiles, and dosing of various atypical antipsychotics.
Hypertensive Crises
This document discusses the classification, evaluation, and management of hypertensive crises. It defines hypertensive emergency as severe hypertension with acute end-organ damage requiring immediate treatment to lower blood pressure, while hypertensive urgency involves severe hypertension without end-organ damage that usually allows for gradual blood pressure reduction over 24-48 hours. It provides guidelines for initial evaluation, laboratory testing, goals of therapy, recommended antihypertensive agents, and dosing for treating different types of hypertensive crises.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document provides an overview of various classes of antihypertensive drugs, including their mechanisms of action and side effects. It discusses ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, central sympatholytics, vasodilators, and combination drugs. The classes are described along with examples of common drugs within each class. Mechanisms involve inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, blocking adrenoreceptors, or relaxing smooth muscle. Side effects include cough, hypotension, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and fluid retention depending on the specific drug. Factors like comorbidities and costs help determine which antihypertensive is suitable for an individual patient.
Antihypertensive drugs
This document provides an overview of hypertension including its classification, types, signs and symptoms, causes, and treatment. It defines hypertension as having a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg. The document classifies hypertension and discusses the types of essential and secondary hypertension. It outlines the signs and symptoms of hypertension and discusses its causes. The document then describes the classification and mechanisms of antihypertensive drugs and provides details on drug classes including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. It discusses treatment approaches for hypertension and managing hypertensive emergencies.
Second Gen Anti-psychotics
Second-generation antipsychotics have fewer extrapyramidal side effects than first-generation drugs. They include risperidone, paliperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone, and clozapine. Clozapine is reserved for treatment-resistant cases due to its risk of agranulocytosis. These drugs differ in their receptor binding profiles and side effect risks like weight gain, metabolic effects, and QTc prolongation. Dosage selection depends on these factors and potential drug interactions.
An update on psychopharmacology
The document provides an overview of psychopharmacology, discussing the history and mechanisms of various classes of psychiatric drugs used to treat conditions like depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and psychosis. It covers antidepressants like SSRIs and TCAs, mood stabilizers such as lithium and valproate, benzodiazepines for anxiety, and antipsychotics. It also discusses strategies for preventing recurrence in bipolar disorder through medication and psychosocial support.
An update on psychopharmacology part i 22 june 2007 fountain house
The document provides an overview of psychopharmacology, discussing the history and mechanisms of various classes of psychiatric drugs used to treat conditions like depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and psychosis. It covers early and modern antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anti-anxiety drugs, and anti-psychotics. It also discusses factors that influence recurrence of bipolar disorder and principles of treatment.
Tolvaptan
Tolvaptan is an oral selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hyponatremia. [1] It produces significant aquaresis and increases serum sodium levels without affecting electrolyte levels. [2] Clinical trials showed tolvaptan effectively corrected hyponatremia in heart failure and cirrhosis patients. [3] In acute decompensated heart failure, tolvaptan provided relief of symptoms without affecting mortality, renal function, or electrolyte levels long-term. [3] The most common side effects are thirst, dry mouth, and polyuria. [4]
Hypertensive Emergencies & ICU
This document provides information on hypertensive emergencies and urgencies, including their classification, evaluation, and management. It defines hypertensive emergencies as severe hypertension with evidence of acute target organ damage, while urgencies involve severe hypertension without organ damage. For emergencies, rapid parenteral treatment is needed to stop organ damage progression while avoiding hypoperfusion. Several parenteral agents are discussed for specific conditions along with their dosing and side effects. The goal is to lower blood pressure gradually to avoid complications. Hypertensive urgencies can often be treated orally as outpatients after initial control.
Antipsychotic drug
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia and antipsychotic drugs. It discusses the history and classification of schizophrenia, as well as hypotheses for its mechanisms. It then describes the classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects of various antipsychotic drugs, including first-generation antipsychotics/neuroleptics and newer second-generation atypical antipsychotics. Recent research advances discussed include studies on adjunctive treatments using drugs like raloxifene, N-acetyl cysteine, and estrogen to improve outcomes of antipsychotic treatment.
worlb bank
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers. It provides details on specific drugs in each class, their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and side effects. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide are recommended as first-line treatment for hypertension when used at low doses to avoid side effects. ACE inhibitors like lisinopril and enalapril are also good first-line options as they lower blood pressure without affecting electrolytes and have additional cardiovascular benefits. Angiotensin receptor blockers such as losartan are an alternative that provide complete blockade
Anti-Hypertensive drugs
This document provides information on antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension as elevated blood pressure and discusses its classification. The mechanisms involved in hypertension development include increased heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, and vasoconstriction. Antihypertensive drug classes include those that inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, calcium channels, and drugs that cause vasodilation or diuresis. Specific drug mechanisms and examples from each class are described along with their advantages and adverse effects in summarizing the pharmacology of antihypertensive treatment options.
Review Primary Care
The document reviews first and second generation antipsychotics, how they work, their side effect profiles, and monitoring recommendations. It discusses the metabolic side effects of various antipsychotics like olanzapine and clozapine which can increase risks of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and weight gain. Monitoring of weight, glucose, lipids is recommended when prescribing antipsychotics to manage these metabolic risks.
hypertension final (1).ppt
Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It can be essential (95% of cases, no identifiable cause) or secondary (5% of cases, due to an underlying condition like kidney disease). Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, reduced salt intake, exercise, and moderation of alcohol can help control hypertension. If lifestyle changes are not enough, medications may be prescribed. Common classes of medications include diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and ARBs, which work to lower blood pressure by different mechanisms like reducing fluid volume or relaxing blood vessels. Controlling high blood pressure helps prevent damage to organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys that can
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An update on psychopharmacology part i 22 june 2007 fountain house
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Article wk 7
This study examined the acceptability of screening young pregnant women aged 16-25 for chlamydia during routine antenatal care. 100 women participated in interviews where they were informed about chlamydia and tested. The majority supported chlamydia screening during pregnancy due to concerns for the health of the baby. Common barriers to testing included stigma and a lack of awareness, though women who tested positive were relieved to receive treatment. The study concluded that with proper patient education, chlamydia screening during antenatal care is highly acceptable among young pregnant women.
Week 7 objective
This document outlines various methods of contraception, including barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, transdermal patches, injectables, and emergency contraception. It describes the formulations and mechanisms of different hormonal contraceptives, such as monophasic and triphasic oral contraceptives that contain constant or varying levels of estrogen and progestin, extended cycle pills, and progestin-only mini pills. Long acting reversible contraceptives like the contraceptive implant and intrauterine device are also discussed.
Week 6 presentation
Mr. Salim, a 62-year-old man, presented with right neck and left groin swelling for 3 months along with 7-8 kg of weight loss. Biopsy revealed diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). He was diagnosed with stage IV NHL and treated with rituximab and CHOP chemotherapy. The presentation discusses lymphadenopathy causes, lymphoma types and differences between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, risk factors, investigations and treatments. Key points include distinguishing reactive from tumoral lymph nodes, indolent versus aggressive NHL subtypes, common genetic abnormalities in lymphomas, and involvement of Epstein-Barr virus in certain malignancies.
Week 5 objective
Synovial fluid analysis can help specialists diagnose and monitor joint conditions. Normal synovial fluid is acellular and aparticulate. Synovial fluid analysis examines the fluid's gross features, nucleated cell count, wet prep to identify crystals, and stained cell monolayer to identify cells. The nucleated cell count helps determine if the condition is inflammatory, with over 500 cells indicating inflammation. Synovial fluid analysis aids in referring patients, diagnosing inflammatory vs non-inflammatory conditions, and monitoring therapy response.
Week 4 objective
The document summarizes key investigations for SLE. It describes abnormalities that may be seen on a complete blood count, including anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. It also notes that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate may be elevated but C-reactive protein is usually normal unless recurrent infections are present. A variety of autoantibodies and complement levels are measured via serology. Urinalysis is used to monitor for signs of kidney disease. Additional tests may be needed depending on organ system involvement.
Week 3 objective
The document discusses the causes and classifications of peripheral vascular disease. The main causes or risk factors include smoking, diabetes, male gender, age over 50, obesity, family history of vascular diseases, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and high levels of inflammatory markers. The disease is classified using the Fontaine stages which range from stage I with asymptomatic obstruction to stage IV with limb necrosis or gangrene, with stages IIA and IIB distinguishing claudication distances.
Week 2 objective
Type 1 diabetes is an immune-mediated condition where the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Genetic factors like certain HLA genotypes are associated with type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes involves both insulin resistance, where cells do not respond properly to insulin, and an inability of the pancreas to produce enough insulin to compensate. Obesity and genetic predispositions can contribute to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.
Objective week 1 physiology of breast
This document discusses the physiology of the breast. It describes how estrogen and progesterone affect breast growth and development. During pregnancy, the breasts enlarge significantly as the ducts and lobules grow and branch in preparation for lactation. By the second trimester, the breasts begin to produce colostrum. After birth, prolactin levels rise dramatically to promote milk secretion from the acini. Oxytocin released during suckling causes the myoepithelial cells to contract and expel milk from the alveoli into the ducts. During menopause, the lobules recede leaving mostly ducts, adipose, and fibrous tissue behind.
Competiotion
The document appears to be a set of practice questions for a medical exam covering topics related to neuroanatomy and neuropathology. There are 11 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of structures and diseases of the brain, skull, eyes, and nerves. The questions require identifying diagnoses, anatomical structures, and neurological deficits that can result from various medical conditions.
Week 12
The document discusses the microbiology of otitis media. It states that otitis media is often preceded by a viral upper respiratory infection or allergy that causes nasal congestion and inflammation. The most common bacterial causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, and adenoviruses can also cause otitis media alone or together with bacteria. The document additionally mentions that Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Aspergillus and Candida are common causes of otitis externa.
Objective 11
This document discusses the pharmacology of glaucoma. It describes that surgery is indicated for angle closure glaucoma, while medications are used to treat primary open-angle glaucoma by lowering intraocular pressure. The main classes of medications mentioned are beta blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, alpha agonists, sympathomimetics, prostaglandin analogues, and parasympathomimetics; each works by a different mechanism to reduce aqueous humor production or increase outflow to lower pressure in the eye.
Week 10 objective
The document discusses different types of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. It classifies CNS tumors into gliomas, neuronal tumors, other parenchymal tumors, poorly differentiated neoplasms, meningioma, and schwannoma. For the 35-year-old man, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were given for a cerebral hemisphere mass found on MRI after headaches and left arm weakness, and he passed away 11 months later, suggesting a high-grade glioma like glioblastoma. For the 5-year-old boy who had tremors and ataxia, the tumor was surgically resected and found to be GFAP-positive with Rosenthal fibers, consistent with pilocytic astrocyt
Presentation week 8
This document summarizes different classes of drugs used to treat depression, including SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants. It describes the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, examples of drugs, and potential adverse effects for each class. Key points covered include that SSRIs work by inhibiting serotonin reuptake and it takes 4-6 weeks to see effects, TCAs also inhibit norepinephrine reuptake and are used for depression with accompanying pain, and MAOIs non-selectively inhibit MAO enzymes and their use requires avoiding foods high in tyramine to prevent dangerous interactions.
Week 7 presentation
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Anatomy of the cerebral circulation Week 5 objective
This document contains diagrams and descriptions of the major arteries of the brain and their branches. It outlines the anatomy and blood supply of the cerebral circulation, labeling the internal carotid, vertebral, basilar, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, posterior cerebral and other arteries. It also provides information about clinical syndromes that can result from lesions or occlusions of specific arteries like the posterior cerebral artery.
Article week 3
1) The study assessed the incidence of coagulopathy in patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and identified risk factors for coagulopathy and poor outcomes.
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Week 4 objective
Brain waves can be categorized into different types based on their frequency: alpha waves occur between 8-13 Hz and indicate a resting but awake state with eyes closed; beta waves range from 14-30 Hz and relate to an alert and conscious state; theta waves are between 4-7 Hz and associate with light sleep or a subconscious state; delta waves below 3.5 Hz happen during deep, dreamless sleep or unconsciousness.
Week objective 3
Unconsciousness is defined as an interruption of awareness of oneself and one's surroundings, lacking the ability to notice or respond to stimuli. Unconsciousness can last from a few seconds during fainting to longer periods of time. Common causes of unconsciousness include trauma, swelling, bleeding, stroke, changes in blood sugar, oxygen deprivation, infection, toxins, and seizures. The reticular formation in the brainstem determines which incoming sensory information is important to send to higher brain regions. It receives information from all senses and relays it throughout the cortex. Damage to the reticular activating system can lead to a deep coma state.
Gram staining, Culture , Antimicrobial sensitivity test
This document provides information on techniques used to identify bacteria from clinical samples, including gram staining to differentiate bacteria by cell wall type, observing cell morphology and arrangement under a microscope, growing bacteria in controlled laboratory conditions using various culture media, and testing antibiotic sensitivity using the Kirby-Bauer method to determine the most effective antibiotic treatment. Examples of bacteria identified by these techniques include Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Investigations in syringomyelia
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Anatomy of the cerebral circulation Week 5 objective
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Gram staining, Culture , Antimicrobial sensitivity test
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Presentation9
- 1. Psychosis Typical: High potency: Thiothixene Haloperidol Fluphenazine Low potency: Chlorpromazine Thioridazine Triflupromazine ↑DA Psychosis Typical Anti-psychotics ↓DA (D2 receptors) Atypical ant-psychotics ↓DA (D2 or D4 receptors) and 5HT receptor antagonist Relieve +ve symp High potency ↑EPS (esp. Haloperidol) Low potency ↑ anticholinergic, sedation and postural hypotension +ve & -ve symp. Atypical: Risperidone – reduce relapse rate, SE: hyperprolactinemia & EPS at ↑dose (>6mg) Quetiapine – 1st line in newly diagnosed, gradual intro to prevent hypotension, dosage adjust in liver & kidney failure Aripiprazole – SE: orthostatic hypotension Clozapine – treatment-resistant schizos, SE: agranulocytosis Olanzapine - relapse prevention, SE: weight gain & unmask diabetes Ziprasidone - ↑QTc interval in ppl with CVdz Dopamine Partial Agonist (Aripiprazole) Adverse Effects: Short-term: Sedation (with Chlorpromazine, Clozapine, Thioridazine) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (Stop drug ICU give Dantrolene) DA-related effect: EPS, ↑prolactin, dystonia & dyskinesia Medium-term (weeks) ↑prolactin (with typical & Risperidone) ↑ QTc interval + Dysrrhythmia Weight gain (give Orlistat – avoid Olanzapine & Clozapine) Long-term (months) EPSE: Tardive dyskinesia Parkinsonism (give Benztropine & Benzhexol) Acute dystonia (give IV Benztropine & Procyclidine) Akathesia (give Beta blocker or BDZ: Clonazepam or Lorazepam) Others: Diabetes (unmask) with Clozapine and Olanzapine Autonomic SE (anti-cholinergic high in Chlorpromazine, Clozapine, Olanzapine) Seizures with Chlorpromazine, Clozapine, Trifluoperazine, Perphenazine soo decrease drug dose by 50%
Editor's Notes
- Atypical Rich Queens Are Clumsy Old Zillionaires