Carvedilol or Coreg Infographic
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Learn about Carvedilol aka coreg in this easy to understand infographic. All the information you must know about carvedilol presented in fun format. Read more insights on Medicine and Life on www.IMExploration.com
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Recommended
Cardiac medications
ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB)
Drugs
ACEi include enalapril, ramipril, and lisinopril.
ARBs include losartan and candesartan.
Mechanism
Reduce levels (ACEi) or effects (ARB) of angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II increases BP via systemic vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and aldosterone and ADH release.
Lower efficacy in black patients, so not 1st line in this group.
The medicos PDF app was used to collect this information. I stumbled discovered this amazing app when searching for various slides and books and decided to share it with you all. The Google Play Store has a free version of the app.
Hypertension cme -dr.saranya
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its definition, causes, risk factors, types, symptoms, investigations, management, medications, treatment for diabetics, and follow up. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It has no symptoms in most cases, making it difficult for patients to accept the diagnosis. Lifestyle modifications and medications are used to treat it. Common medication classes include ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Strict control of blood pressure is important, especially for diabetics, to prevent complications.
06 the anesthesia patient with acute coronary syndrome copia
This document discusses the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the perioperative period. It begins with an overview of ACS, distinguishing between unstable angina, myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI), and myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI). It then reviews the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and standard treatment of ACS outside of surgery, including antiplatelet therapy, antithrombin therapy, and beta-blockade. The document indicates that the anesthesiologist must understand how ACS is typically treated to properly manage patients who present for surgery with ACS.
The heart in chronic liver disease
This document discusses the relationship between heart and liver disease. It notes that certain systemic diseases like alcoholism, hemochromatosis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can affect both the heart and liver. It also discusses cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, which is a form of heart muscle dysfunction caused by cirrhosis. The document provides recommendations for cardiovascular risk assessment and management in patients undergoing evaluation for liver transplantation. Testing options discussed include echocardiography, stress echocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, exercise testing, and coronary angiography.
Shelly chf
This document provides an overview of congestive heart failure, including:
1. Heart failure results from structural or functional abnormalities that impair the ventricle's ability to pump or fill with blood.
2. A vicious cycle occurs where heart dysfunction causes fluid retention through activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
3. Treatment involves controlling symptoms with diuretics and drugs like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and aldosterone antagonists to slow disease progression.
Hypertension pharmacotherapy
hypertension is a condition arrising due to increased symphathetic tone so drugs therapies are administered for minimising disease sevearity and further complications. Drug therapy includes drugs like alpha blockers, beta blockers, ACE INHIBITORS, ARBs, vasodilators,direct renin inhibitors, reserpine,prostaglandin analogs, calcium channel blockers for minimising excessive pressure and increased contractility of the heart.
pharmacotherapy of hypertension
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It defines hypertension and describes its prevalence globally. It notes that only half of those with hypertension have been diagnosed, treated, and adequately controlled. It describes primary and secondary causes of hypertension. The main classes of antihypertensive medications are discussed - diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and alpha blockers. Specific examples within each class are explained. The document emphasizes the goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to prevent cardiac and renal complications.
Angina pectoris & mi new
Angina and myocardial infarction are caused by reduced oxygen supply to heart muscles due to coronary artery spasm or obstruction. Angina presents as chest pain and comes in different types based on triggers and severity. It is treated with nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and ranolazine to prevent symptoms and disease progression. Myocardial infarction, also called a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to the heart, damaging the heart muscle. It is diagnosed through cardiac biomarkers and ECG and managed initially with analgesics, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet drugs, followed by lifestyle modifications and secondary prevention medications long-term.
Recommended
Cardiac medications
ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB)
Drugs
ACEi include enalapril, ramipril, and lisinopril.
ARBs include losartan and candesartan.
Mechanism
Reduce levels (ACEi) or effects (ARB) of angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II increases BP via systemic vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and aldosterone and ADH release.
Lower efficacy in black patients, so not 1st line in this group.
The medicos PDF app was used to collect this information. I stumbled discovered this amazing app when searching for various slides and books and decided to share it with you all. The Google Play Store has a free version of the app.
Hypertension cme -dr.saranya
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its definition, causes, risk factors, types, symptoms, investigations, management, medications, treatment for diabetics, and follow up. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It has no symptoms in most cases, making it difficult for patients to accept the diagnosis. Lifestyle modifications and medications are used to treat it. Common medication classes include ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Strict control of blood pressure is important, especially for diabetics, to prevent complications.
06 the anesthesia patient with acute coronary syndrome copia
This document discusses the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the perioperative period. It begins with an overview of ACS, distinguishing between unstable angina, myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI), and myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI). It then reviews the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and standard treatment of ACS outside of surgery, including antiplatelet therapy, antithrombin therapy, and beta-blockade. The document indicates that the anesthesiologist must understand how ACS is typically treated to properly manage patients who present for surgery with ACS.
The heart in chronic liver disease
This document discusses the relationship between heart and liver disease. It notes that certain systemic diseases like alcoholism, hemochromatosis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can affect both the heart and liver. It also discusses cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, which is a form of heart muscle dysfunction caused by cirrhosis. The document provides recommendations for cardiovascular risk assessment and management in patients undergoing evaluation for liver transplantation. Testing options discussed include echocardiography, stress echocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, exercise testing, and coronary angiography.
Shelly chf
This document provides an overview of congestive heart failure, including:
1. Heart failure results from structural or functional abnormalities that impair the ventricle's ability to pump or fill with blood.
2. A vicious cycle occurs where heart dysfunction causes fluid retention through activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
3. Treatment involves controlling symptoms with diuretics and drugs like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and aldosterone antagonists to slow disease progression.
Hypertension pharmacotherapy
hypertension is a condition arrising due to increased symphathetic tone so drugs therapies are administered for minimising disease sevearity and further complications. Drug therapy includes drugs like alpha blockers, beta blockers, ACE INHIBITORS, ARBs, vasodilators,direct renin inhibitors, reserpine,prostaglandin analogs, calcium channel blockers for minimising excessive pressure and increased contractility of the heart.
pharmacotherapy of hypertension
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment. It defines hypertension and describes its prevalence globally. It notes that only half of those with hypertension have been diagnosed, treated, and adequately controlled. It describes primary and secondary causes of hypertension. The main classes of antihypertensive medications are discussed - diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and alpha blockers. Specific examples within each class are explained. The document emphasizes the goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to prevent cardiac and renal complications.
Angina pectoris & mi new
Angina and myocardial infarction are caused by reduced oxygen supply to heart muscles due to coronary artery spasm or obstruction. Angina presents as chest pain and comes in different types based on triggers and severity. It is treated with nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and ranolazine to prevent symptoms and disease progression. Myocardial infarction, also called a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to the heart, damaging the heart muscle. It is diagnosed through cardiac biomarkers and ECG and managed initially with analgesics, anticoagulants, and antiplatelet drugs, followed by lifestyle modifications and secondary prevention medications long-term.
Presentation9
This document discusses antipsychotic medications used to treat psychosis. It describes typical and atypical antipsychotics. Typical antipsychotics like haloperidol and chlorpromazine work by decreasing dopamine levels in the brain through D2 receptor antagonism. Atypical antipsychotics decrease dopamine levels through D2 or D4 receptor antagonism and also act as serotonin receptor antagonists. Common adverse effects of antipsychotics include extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, and increased risk of diabetes or cardiovascular issues. The document provides details on dosage and side effects of specific atypical antipsychotics like risperidone, quetiapine, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, and
Hypertension
Recent guidelines classify hypertension into four stages based on increasing levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Hypertension increases risks for cardiovascular and kidney diseases, and adequate control can reduce risks by 20-50%. Primary hypertension is usually essential and related to multiple genetic and lifestyle factors in 95% of cases. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medication, and interventional procedures for resistant cases. Goals are to control blood pressure and reduce long-term health risks.
Topic Discussion 1 Rate and Rhythm Control AFib
This document defines atrial fibrillation (AF), describes its pathophysiology and risk factors, and outlines treatment strategies for rate and rhythm control of AF. AF is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, characterized by disorganized atrial electrical activity resulting in irregular heartbeat. Treatment involves anticoagulation to prevent stroke, rate control to slow heart rate, and rhythm control to restore normal sinus rhythm. Rate control is preferred for most and involves beta blockers or calcium channel blockers. Rhythm control uses antiarrhythmic drugs, cardioversion, or ablation and may be considered if rate control fails or symptoms persist. Patient education emphasizes lifestyle modification and medication adherence.
Hypertension brief overview
Hypertension: Definition, Risk factors, Classification, Clinical Manifestations, complication, and Treatment overview.
Arterial hypertension
Definition of the hypertension, classification, risks, prevention, diagnosis and measurment and medications
Hypertension pharmacotherapy part 2 ppt
First-line medications used in the treatment of hypertension include diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers (CCBs). Some patients will require 2 or more antihypertensive medications to achieve their BP target. As per special consideration, modified treatment is given in the presentation.
hypertension or blood pressure
This document defines hypertension and describes its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Hypertension, also called high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic pressure over 140 mm Hg or diastolic over 90 mm Hg. It has two main types: primary (essential) hypertension which has no identifiable cause, and secondary hypertension which is caused by an underlying condition like kidney disease. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, or calcium channel blockers to lower blood pressure. Regular monitoring of blood pressure and medication adherence are important for managing the condition and preventing complications like heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure.
Hypertension drug therapy
This document discusses various drug therapies for hypertension, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, alpha blockers, and calcium channel blockers. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, advantages, side effects, and current recommendations for each class of antihypertensive medications.
Hypertension , crf post renal transplant patient for surgery
1. Chronic renal failure occurs when glomerular filtration rate is reduced to less than 10% of normal function for over 3 months. It is caused by conditions like diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis.
2. It leads to fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances, anemia, bone disease, neuropathy, impaired drug handling and increased risk of infections.
3. Anesthesia management includes preoperative correction of abnormalities, modified drug dosing and strict asepsis to prevent infections in the immunocompromised patient.
symptomatic hypertension
Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure caused by an underlying medical condition that affects the kidneys, heart, blood vessels or endocrine system. It differs from primary hypertension which has no clear cause. Proper treatment of the underlying condition can control both secondary hypertension and reduce risks of complications like heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. Some common causes of secondary hypertension include kidney disease, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, thyroid problems and obstructive sleep apnea.
Hypertensive emergencies
The document discusses hypertensive emergencies, which are acute, severe elevations in blood pressure that can cause target organ damage. It notes key risk factors and various potential causes. It outlines goals for lowering blood pressure during hypertensive emergencies, which depend on the specific target organ(s) affected and time since presentation. Common medications used for treatment are discussed along with their indications and special considerations. Treatment goals differ for conditions like pregnancy, stroke, and aortic dissection. The importance of determining whether target organ damage is present and tailoring treatment accordingly is emphasized.
Heart dysfunction protocol
This document discusses heart failure, including its signs, symptoms, and step-wise management. Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to maintain sufficient output to meet the body's metabolic needs or receive blood at low pressures. Signs vary depending on whether the left side, right side, or both sides are affected, and include shortness of breath, leg swelling, cough, and enlarged organs. Management begins with diuretics and ACE inhibitors or ARBs to control fluids and symptoms, adding other drugs as needed like beta blockers, nitrates, or inotropes. The goal is to relieve symptoms through a combination of medications, diet, rest, and treatment of the underlying cause.
Hypertensive emgerencies
This document defines hypertensive crises and hypertensive encephalopathy. It distinguishes between hypertensive urgency, which is elevated blood pressure without end organ damage, and hypertensive emergency, which is elevated blood pressure with end organ damage. Hypertensive encephalopathy is specifically defined as abrupt elevated blood pressure exceeding cerebral autoregulation limits, causing headaches, confusion, and other neurological symptoms. The pathophysiology involves failure of cerebral blood flow regulation and damage to blood vessels from very high blood pressure. Treatment of hypertensive urgency can be done with oral antihypertensives over 1-2 days, while hypertensive emergency requires rapid parenteral treatment to lower diastolic blood pressure by 25%
High Blood Pressure
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common condition where blood pressure in the arteries is consistently too high. It puts extra strain on the heart and arteries and increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease if left untreated. Symptoms of high blood pressure are often nonexistent in the early stages. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like following the DASH diet, exercising regularly, limiting sodium intake, weight control, and reducing stress as well as medication if needed. Keeping blood pressure under control can significantly reduce health risks.
Pediatric cardiovascular problems in emergency setting 1 (5 feb- 2011)
1) A 7-year-old boy presents with dyspnea and tachypnea for 1 day after an upper respiratory infection, and is found to have tachycardia, dyspnea, and signs of congestive heart failure.
2) The document discusses cardiogenic shock, including the physiology, signs and symptoms, and management with inotropes, vasodilators, and supportive care.
3) Various case presentations are provided demonstrating different emergency cardiovascular problems in pediatrics, such as hypoxic spells, tachyarrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, and pulmonary hypertensive crisis. Management strategies are outlined for each condition.
Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects nearly 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and is poorly controlled in many countries. May 14th is recognized as World Hypertension Day to increase awareness. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, dietary changes, and increased physical activity can help control blood pressure but medication is often required. Treatment goals are to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease to lower the risks of complications.
Heart failure
Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of tissues. It results in fluid overload and poor tissue perfusion. It has multiple causes including reduced contractility, valve disorders, coronary artery disease, and hypertension. Symptoms vary between acute pulmonary edema with respiratory distress, and chronic fatigue and edema. Treatment involves reducing preload and afterload through medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, vasodilators, and diuretics.
Recognition & management of bradycardia pediatrics AG
This document provides an overview of bradycardia in children, including definitions, types, recognition, ECG characteristics, and management. It describes bradycardia as an abnormally slow heart rate for a child's age that can rapidly lead to cardiopulmonary compromise. The document outlines initial steps to stabilize a child with bradycardia, including checking for hypotension, decreased consciousness, shock, or respiratory distress. It also provides guidelines for determining the heart rate from an ECG and classifying different types of bradycardic rhythms like sinus bradycardia or heart block. Reversible causes of bradycardia are listed as well as an algorithm for treating symptomatic bradycardia with medications.
Hypertensive emergencies
Hypertension remains a major risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. Hypertensive crises are classified as emergencies, with severe elevation of blood pressure and acute target organ damage, or urgencies, with severe elevation but no organ damage. Untreated emergencies have a 1-year mortality of over 79%. Causes include non-adherence to treatment, renal disease, pregnancy disorders, withdrawal of medications, pheochromocytoma, and illicit drug use. Target organ damage includes brain, heart, kidneys, eyes, and aorta. Treatment focuses on rapidly lowering blood pressure with intravenous drugs like sodium nitroprusside, labetalol, or nitroglycerine to prevent further injury. Management depends
HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY
Severe hypertension that is a potentially life-threatening condition refers to a hypertensive crisis.
Severe hypertension is further classified into hypertensive emergencies or hypertensive urgencies.
Hypertensive emergency refers to a severe hypertension that is associated with new or progressive end-organ damage. In these clinical situations, blood pressure should be reduced immediately to prevent or minimize organ dysfunction.
Hypertensive urgency refers to severe hypertension without evidence of new or worsening end-organ injury.
A hypertensive emergency is hypertension with acute impairment of one or more
organ systems that can result in irreversible organ damage. Especially:-
Central nervous system
Cardiovascular system
Renal system.
The term hypertensive emergency is primarily used as a specific term for a hypertensive crisis with a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 120mmHg and/or systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 180mmHg.
Hypertensive emergency differs from hypertensive crisis in that, in the former, there is evidence of acute organ damage.
Atrial fibrillation (af) and flutter
This document discusses atrial fibrillation (AF), including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. AF is an irregular, rapid heart rhythm that can cause strokes and heart failure. It is common in the elderly and can be caused by heart disease, hyperthyroidism, lung cancer, and other conditions. Treatment involves rate or rhythm control with medications, cardioversion, ablation procedures, or anticoagulation to prevent strokes. The document provides details on evaluating, diagnosing, and managing AF and atrial flutter.
Heart failure
The document summarizes heart failure, including its causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigation, classification, treatment, and prognosis. Heart failure represents the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by conditions that impair the heart muscle or overload it. The pathophysiology involves neurohormonal activation that maladaptively remodels the heart. Treatment involves managing symptoms, preventing progression, and correcting reversible causes. Prognosis depends on disease stage, with 5-year mortality of 50% and annual mortality rates ranging from 5-30% depending on severity.
More Related Content
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Presentation9
This document discusses antipsychotic medications used to treat psychosis. It describes typical and atypical antipsychotics. Typical antipsychotics like haloperidol and chlorpromazine work by decreasing dopamine levels in the brain through D2 receptor antagonism. Atypical antipsychotics decrease dopamine levels through D2 or D4 receptor antagonism and also act as serotonin receptor antagonists. Common adverse effects of antipsychotics include extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, and increased risk of diabetes or cardiovascular issues. The document provides details on dosage and side effects of specific atypical antipsychotics like risperidone, quetiapine, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, and
Hypertension
Recent guidelines classify hypertension into four stages based on increasing levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Hypertension increases risks for cardiovascular and kidney diseases, and adequate control can reduce risks by 20-50%. Primary hypertension is usually essential and related to multiple genetic and lifestyle factors in 95% of cases. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medication, and interventional procedures for resistant cases. Goals are to control blood pressure and reduce long-term health risks.
Topic Discussion 1 Rate and Rhythm Control AFib
This document defines atrial fibrillation (AF), describes its pathophysiology and risk factors, and outlines treatment strategies for rate and rhythm control of AF. AF is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, characterized by disorganized atrial electrical activity resulting in irregular heartbeat. Treatment involves anticoagulation to prevent stroke, rate control to slow heart rate, and rhythm control to restore normal sinus rhythm. Rate control is preferred for most and involves beta blockers or calcium channel blockers. Rhythm control uses antiarrhythmic drugs, cardioversion, or ablation and may be considered if rate control fails or symptoms persist. Patient education emphasizes lifestyle modification and medication adherence.
Hypertension brief overview
Hypertension: Definition, Risk factors, Classification, Clinical Manifestations, complication, and Treatment overview.
Arterial hypertension
Definition of the hypertension, classification, risks, prevention, diagnosis and measurment and medications
Hypertension pharmacotherapy part 2 ppt
First-line medications used in the treatment of hypertension include diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers (CCBs). Some patients will require 2 or more antihypertensive medications to achieve their BP target. As per special consideration, modified treatment is given in the presentation.
hypertension or blood pressure
This document defines hypertension and describes its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Hypertension, also called high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic pressure over 140 mm Hg or diastolic over 90 mm Hg. It has two main types: primary (essential) hypertension which has no identifiable cause, and secondary hypertension which is caused by an underlying condition like kidney disease. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, or calcium channel blockers to lower blood pressure. Regular monitoring of blood pressure and medication adherence are important for managing the condition and preventing complications like heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure.
Hypertension drug therapy
This document discusses various drug therapies for hypertension, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, alpha blockers, and calcium channel blockers. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, advantages, side effects, and current recommendations for each class of antihypertensive medications.
Hypertension , crf post renal transplant patient for surgery
1. Chronic renal failure occurs when glomerular filtration rate is reduced to less than 10% of normal function for over 3 months. It is caused by conditions like diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis.
2. It leads to fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances, anemia, bone disease, neuropathy, impaired drug handling and increased risk of infections.
3. Anesthesia management includes preoperative correction of abnormalities, modified drug dosing and strict asepsis to prevent infections in the immunocompromised patient.
symptomatic hypertension
Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure caused by an underlying medical condition that affects the kidneys, heart, blood vessels or endocrine system. It differs from primary hypertension which has no clear cause. Proper treatment of the underlying condition can control both secondary hypertension and reduce risks of complications like heart disease, kidney failure and stroke. Some common causes of secondary hypertension include kidney disease, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, thyroid problems and obstructive sleep apnea.
Hypertensive emergencies
The document discusses hypertensive emergencies, which are acute, severe elevations in blood pressure that can cause target organ damage. It notes key risk factors and various potential causes. It outlines goals for lowering blood pressure during hypertensive emergencies, which depend on the specific target organ(s) affected and time since presentation. Common medications used for treatment are discussed along with their indications and special considerations. Treatment goals differ for conditions like pregnancy, stroke, and aortic dissection. The importance of determining whether target organ damage is present and tailoring treatment accordingly is emphasized.
Heart dysfunction protocol
This document discusses heart failure, including its signs, symptoms, and step-wise management. Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to maintain sufficient output to meet the body's metabolic needs or receive blood at low pressures. Signs vary depending on whether the left side, right side, or both sides are affected, and include shortness of breath, leg swelling, cough, and enlarged organs. Management begins with diuretics and ACE inhibitors or ARBs to control fluids and symptoms, adding other drugs as needed like beta blockers, nitrates, or inotropes. The goal is to relieve symptoms through a combination of medications, diet, rest, and treatment of the underlying cause.
Hypertensive emgerencies
This document defines hypertensive crises and hypertensive encephalopathy. It distinguishes between hypertensive urgency, which is elevated blood pressure without end organ damage, and hypertensive emergency, which is elevated blood pressure with end organ damage. Hypertensive encephalopathy is specifically defined as abrupt elevated blood pressure exceeding cerebral autoregulation limits, causing headaches, confusion, and other neurological symptoms. The pathophysiology involves failure of cerebral blood flow regulation and damage to blood vessels from very high blood pressure. Treatment of hypertensive urgency can be done with oral antihypertensives over 1-2 days, while hypertensive emergency requires rapid parenteral treatment to lower diastolic blood pressure by 25%
High Blood Pressure
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common condition where blood pressure in the arteries is consistently too high. It puts extra strain on the heart and arteries and increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease if left untreated. Symptoms of high blood pressure are often nonexistent in the early stages. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like following the DASH diet, exercising regularly, limiting sodium intake, weight control, and reducing stress as well as medication if needed. Keeping blood pressure under control can significantly reduce health risks.
Pediatric cardiovascular problems in emergency setting 1 (5 feb- 2011)
1) A 7-year-old boy presents with dyspnea and tachypnea for 1 day after an upper respiratory infection, and is found to have tachycardia, dyspnea, and signs of congestive heart failure.
2) The document discusses cardiogenic shock, including the physiology, signs and symptoms, and management with inotropes, vasodilators, and supportive care.
3) Various case presentations are provided demonstrating different emergency cardiovascular problems in pediatrics, such as hypoxic spells, tachyarrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, and pulmonary hypertensive crisis. Management strategies are outlined for each condition.
Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects nearly 1 billion people worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and is poorly controlled in many countries. May 14th is recognized as World Hypertension Day to increase awareness. Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Lifestyle modifications like weight loss, dietary changes, and increased physical activity can help control blood pressure but medication is often required. Treatment goals are to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease to lower the risks of complications.
Heart failure
Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of tissues. It results in fluid overload and poor tissue perfusion. It has multiple causes including reduced contractility, valve disorders, coronary artery disease, and hypertension. Symptoms vary between acute pulmonary edema with respiratory distress, and chronic fatigue and edema. Treatment involves reducing preload and afterload through medications like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, vasodilators, and diuretics.
Recognition & management of bradycardia pediatrics AG
This document provides an overview of bradycardia in children, including definitions, types, recognition, ECG characteristics, and management. It describes bradycardia as an abnormally slow heart rate for a child's age that can rapidly lead to cardiopulmonary compromise. The document outlines initial steps to stabilize a child with bradycardia, including checking for hypotension, decreased consciousness, shock, or respiratory distress. It also provides guidelines for determining the heart rate from an ECG and classifying different types of bradycardic rhythms like sinus bradycardia or heart block. Reversible causes of bradycardia are listed as well as an algorithm for treating symptomatic bradycardia with medications.
Hypertensive emergencies
Hypertension remains a major risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. Hypertensive crises are classified as emergencies, with severe elevation of blood pressure and acute target organ damage, or urgencies, with severe elevation but no organ damage. Untreated emergencies have a 1-year mortality of over 79%. Causes include non-adherence to treatment, renal disease, pregnancy disorders, withdrawal of medications, pheochromocytoma, and illicit drug use. Target organ damage includes brain, heart, kidneys, eyes, and aorta. Treatment focuses on rapidly lowering blood pressure with intravenous drugs like sodium nitroprusside, labetalol, or nitroglycerine to prevent further injury. Management depends
HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY
Severe hypertension that is a potentially life-threatening condition refers to a hypertensive crisis.
Severe hypertension is further classified into hypertensive emergencies or hypertensive urgencies.
Hypertensive emergency refers to a severe hypertension that is associated with new or progressive end-organ damage. In these clinical situations, blood pressure should be reduced immediately to prevent or minimize organ dysfunction.
Hypertensive urgency refers to severe hypertension without evidence of new or worsening end-organ injury.
A hypertensive emergency is hypertension with acute impairment of one or more
organ systems that can result in irreversible organ damage. Especially:-
Central nervous system
Cardiovascular system
Renal system.
The term hypertensive emergency is primarily used as a specific term for a hypertensive crisis with a diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 120mmHg and/or systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 180mmHg.
Hypertensive emergency differs from hypertensive crisis in that, in the former, there is evidence of acute organ damage.
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Hypertension , crf post renal transplant patient for surgery
Hypertension , crf post renal transplant patient for surgery
Pediatric cardiovascular problems in emergency setting 1 (5 feb- 2011)
Pediatric cardiovascular problems in emergency setting 1 (5 feb- 2011)
Recognition & management of bradycardia pediatrics AG
Recognition & management of bradycardia pediatrics AG
Similar to Carvedilol or Coreg Infographic
Atrial fibrillation (af) and flutter
This document discusses atrial fibrillation (AF), including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. AF is an irregular, rapid heart rhythm that can cause strokes and heart failure. It is common in the elderly and can be caused by heart disease, hyperthyroidism, lung cancer, and other conditions. Treatment involves rate or rhythm control with medications, cardioversion, ablation procedures, or anticoagulation to prevent strokes. The document provides details on evaluating, diagnosing, and managing AF and atrial flutter.
Heart failure
The document summarizes heart failure, including its causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigation, classification, treatment, and prognosis. Heart failure represents the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by conditions that impair the heart muscle or overload it. The pathophysiology involves neurohormonal activation that maladaptively remodels the heart. Treatment involves managing symptoms, preventing progression, and correcting reversible causes. Prognosis depends on disease stage, with 5-year mortality of 50% and annual mortality rates ranging from 5-30% depending on severity.
Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive heart failure can be caused by conditions that weaken the heart muscle or overload it. The main symptoms are shortness of breath, fatigue, cough, and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on correcting reversible causes, reducing fluid overload with diuretics, and inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with ACE inhibitors. Other medications like beta blockers, digitalis, and vasodilators may also be used depending on the individual case. Monitoring through physical exams, labs, and imaging can help guide management and prevent exacerbations.
Congestive heart failure
This document provides an overview of heart failure including its definition, classification, causes, clinical presentation, complications, examination, investigations, and management. Heart failure is defined as impaired cardiac function unable to meet metabolic demands. It can be acute or chronic. The main causes include intrinsic pump failure, increased workload, and impaired filling. Presentation varies from respiratory distress in infants to fatigue and edema in adults. Complications involve organ dysfunction. Management focuses on lifestyle changes, medications like ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers and diuretics, and procedures such as surgery.
Congestive heart failure basics
1) Congestive heart failure results from any structural or functional abnormality that impairs the ventricle's ability to eject or fill with blood.
2) The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a role in the vicious cycle of congestive heart failure by stimulating sodium and water retention.
3) Treatment for systolic heart failure involves correcting underlying factors, lifestyle modifications, and maximizing medications like loop diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and aldosterone antagonists.
Heart failure basics
1) Congestive heart failure results from any structural or functional abnormality that impairs the ventricle's ability to eject or fill with blood.
2) The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a role in the vicious cycle of congestive heart failure by stimulating sodium and water retention.
3) Treatment for systolic heart failure involves lifestyle modifications, medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and devices or transplantation for refractory cases.
Acute Coronary Syndromes
by Seema Nour in the Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum as part of SAMA's Visiting Faculty Program on April 4th 2011.
Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy Treatment guidelines and medication choices
This document provides information on pharmacotherapy for heart failure, including:
1. Definitions of heart failure stages and classifications. Common symptoms include fatigue and fluid retention.
2. Goals of therapy include reducing morbidity and mortality by preventing sodium and fluid retention and blocking neurohormonal activation.
3. Guidelines for use of diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, and other agents to treat heart failure. Close monitoring of patients is important due to potential side effects and complications.
Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition characterized by constant elevation of systolic or diastolic blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It is often called the "silent killer" because it usually has no symptoms, making it difficult for patients to accept the diagnosis and comply with treatment. Over 140 million people in India are estimated to have high blood pressure, and this is expected to rise to over 214 million by 2030. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The document discusses the definition, causes, risk factors, types, diagnosis, treatment guidelines including lifestyle modifications and medications, and complications of hypertension.
Htn05
This document summarizes the pharmacology of medications used to treat hypertension, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and CCBs. It reviews their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles. It also discusses the renin-angiotensin system and its role in hypertension, current treatment guidelines, lifestyle modifications, and algorithms for antihypertensive drug selection and combination therapy.
Hocm
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic heart condition characterized by thickened heart muscle and potential outflow tract obstruction. It affects 0.2-0.5% of the population and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomere proteins. Symptoms include chest pain, dizziness, and palpitations. Diagnosis is made via echocardiogram and genetic testing. Treatment focuses on symptom relief through medications or procedures to reduce outflow tract obstruction, as well as preventing sudden cardiac death through ICD implantation in high-risk patients.
Heart Failure (Dr Vosik Presentation)
This document discusses heart failure, including causes, symptoms, classifications, treatment options and guidelines. It covers systolic and diastolic heart failure, risk factors, physical findings, NYHA functional classes, medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, ARBs and more. It also discusses device options, special populations like African Americans, and the cardio-renal syndrome.
Ischemic heart disease
This document provides information on ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary heart disease. It discusses the pathophysiology and risk factors of IHD and describes the differences between chronic stable angina and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Guidelines are provided on lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies for IHD, including antiplatelet agents, statins, antihypertensives, nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers. The roles of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in treating IHD are also summarized.
Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a clinical syndrome where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's demands. It is a major public health problem and most common in the elderly. CHF results from conditions that increase the heart's workload like valvular diseases or decrease the heart's ability to contract effectively from issues such as a myocardial infarction. As the heart fails to meet circulatory demands, compensatory mechanisms activate but eventually fail, leading to symptoms of fluid overload and organ congestion. Treatment involves controlling symptoms with medications that lower preload and afterload on the heart like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta blockers as well as addressing any underlying causes of heart muscle dysfunction.
Cardiomyopathies
This document discusses three major types of cardiomyopathies: dilated, restrictive, and hypertrophic. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by enlarged heart chambers and reduced contractility. Common causes include idiopathic, familial, alcoholism, and viral infections. Symptoms include breathing difficulties and edema. Treatment focuses on managing heart failure and preventing arrhythmias. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is defined by decreased ventricular compliance due to myocardial infiltration. Causes include amyloidosis and sarcoidosis. Patients experience heart failure symptoms from impaired ventricular filling. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is marked by thickened ventricular walls.
Hypertensive emergencies
Hypertensive emergency vs asymptomatic elevated blood pressure (hypertensive urgency). Management of emergencies, urgencies, and outpatient elevated blood pressures.
Heart Failure.pptx
This document defines heart failure and describes its epidemiology, categorization, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Heart failure is a clinical syndrome with symptoms of fatigue and dyspnea due to impaired cardiac filling or ejection of blood.
- More than 20 million people worldwide are affected, with higher rates in men and increasing prevalence due to improved care of conditions like heart attack.
- Heart failure is categorized based on ejection fraction and includes HFrEF (EF <40%) and HFpEF (EF >50%).
- Common causes include coronary artery disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, and valvular heart disease.
- Symptoms include fatigue
Ischemic heart disease
Coronary heart disease is caused by inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle due to atherosclerotic plaques narrowing the coronary arteries or other non-atherosclerotic causes. The most common cause is coronary artery disease (CAD) due to plaque accumulation over time from risk factors like smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. Clinical manifestations range from stable angina to heart attack. Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac enzymes, stress testing, and coronary angiography. Treatment depends on severity and includes medical management, percutaneous interventions, bypass surgery, and risk factor modification.
Ihd
The document discusses ischaemic heart disease and acute coronary syndromes. It describes angina, myocardial infarction, and their management. For stable angina, treatments include nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and lifestyle modifications. For acute coronary syndromes, management involves oxygen, aspirin, clopidogrel, bed rest, and considering interventions like thrombolysis or angiography. Secondary prevention includes aspirin, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and aggressive risk factor control. Several clinical trials are referenced that helped establish evidence-based guidelines.
Ihd
The document discusses ischaemic heart disease and acute coronary syndromes. It describes angina, myocardial infarction, and their management. For stable angina, treatments include nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and lifestyle modifications. For acute coronary syndromes, management involves oxygen, aspirin, clopidogrel, bed rest, and considering interventions like thrombolysis or angiography. Secondary prevention includes aspirin, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and aggressive risk factor control.
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Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy Treatment guidelines and medication choices
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Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
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nursing management of patient with Empyema ppt
prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, SPN
Empyema is a disease of respiratory system It is defines as the accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space, often with fibrin development.
Empyema is also called pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
It’s a condition in which pus gathers in the area between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest wall. This area is known as the pleural space.
Pus is a fluid that’s filled with immune cells, dead cells, and bacteria.
Pus in the pleural space can’t be coughed out. Instead, it needs to be drained by a needle or surgery.
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The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-Tech
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
Electrocardiogram_20240614_173859_0000.pdf
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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- 1. Chronic stable angina (except vasospastic angina) Rate control in Afib/flutter HFrEF, post MI- for stable patients HTN- not first line Prophylaxis variceal hemorrhage CARVEDILOL AKA COREG Non-selective beta-blocker with alpha-blocking activity No intrinsic sympathomimetic activity Decrease HR, vasodilation, increased stroke volume index, reduction of cardiac output, decreased renal vascular resistance Immediate release tablet: 3.125 mg to 25-50 mg BID Extended release capsule: 10 mg to 80 mg daily Generic available Dose range No dose adjustment necessary Contraindicated in severe liver impairment With food, risk of orthostatic hypotension is low Decompensated CHF/ cardio shock Bronchial asthma 2nd or 3rd degree AV block, SSS, severe bradycardia Bradyarrhythmia Bronchospasm Fatigue, sleep disorder Hypoglycemia masking Hypotension, orthostasis Vasospastic angina Myasthenia Gravis Peripheral vascular disease DM-risk of hypoglycemia Pheochromocytoma, untreated Amiodarone- worsen bradycardia Insulins/ Sulfonylurea- worsen hypoglycemia Levodopa-Carbidopa- Worsen hypotension Avoid use Peak BP lowering effect in 1-2 hours Half life: 7 to 10 hrs MOA Indications Dosage Renal Dose Hepatic dose Food Adverse effects Contraindications Be cautious DDI Pregnancy/ Breastfeeding PK/PD What you must know? IMExploration.com