This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its definition, causes, risk factors, types, symptoms, investigations, management, medications, treatment for diabetics, and follow up. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It has no symptoms in most cases, making it difficult for patients to accept the diagnosis. Lifestyle modifications and medications are used to treat it. Common medication classes include ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Strict control of blood pressure is important, especially for diabetics, to prevent complications.

1. HYPERTENSION
Dr.SARANYA VINOTH

2. INTRODUCTION
• Hypertension (high blood preassure) also
called silent killer is a chronic medical condition
characterized by constant elevation of the systolic
or diastolic pressure above 140/90 mmHg.
• Because hypertension is almost
without symptoms except for headaches in some
patients, it hides in the body without knowing it.
•The fact that hypertension is asymptomatic makes it
difficult for patients to accept the diagnosis and comply
with treatment.

3.  In India more than over 140 million people
are believed to be suffering from high blood
pressure in the country and the number is
expected to cross the 214 million mark in
2030.
 Hypertension is a major risk factor for
cardio-vascular diseases.
INTRODUCTION

4. OBJECTIVES
 At the end of this presentation you should
understand
 Define,classify and diagnosis of
hypertension
 Types of HT
 Identify risk factors &complications
 Treatment guidelines
 Complications and prevention methods

5. DEFINITION
 Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood
pressure (SBP) of 140 mm Hg or more, or a
diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mm
Hg.

6. Blood pressure is the force applied against the walls of
the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body.
The pressure is determined by the force and amount of
blood pumped and the size and flexibility of the arteries.

8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

14. CAUSES &RISK FACTORS

15. TYPES
 Primary Hypertension-unknown
etiology
 Secondary Hypertension-due to some
other medical condition
 Hypertension in pregnancy
 Malignant Hypertension with end
organ damage
 Paraoxysmal Hypertension

19. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Severe headache
 Nausea or vomiting
 Bad headache
 Confusion
 Changes in your vision
 Nosebleeds

20. Investigations
 Blood pressure evaluation
 Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) – To
diagnose diabetes
 Lipid Profile – To diagnose
dyslipidaemia
 Renal Profile- Serum Urea, Albumin,
Creatinine

21. Measurement of BP
 The patient must be properly prepared
and positioned
 Caffeine,exercise and smoking should
be avoided for atleast 30 minutes
before.
 Average of atleast three readings on
three different occassions should be
recorded.

23. MANAGEMENT

24. MANAGEMENT
LIFE STYLE MODIFICATION
 Regular physical activity
 Smoking cessation
 Salt restriction
 Alcohol cessation
 Weight loss

25. MANAGEMENT
DIETARY PLAN
 DASH-Dietary Approach to Stop
Hypertension

28. MEDICATIONS

29. A-B-C-D Blood Pressure
Medications:
A: ACE inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme)prevent the formation
of the hormone angiotensin 2 which causes blood vessels to become
narrow making the vessels relax, becoming wider, lowering your blood
pressure.
B: Beta Blockers reduce nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels
making the heart beat slower with less force to drop your blood pressure
and the heart doesn't work a hard.
C: Calcium channel blockers block calcium from entering the muscle cells
of the heart and blood vessels making them relax and lowering your blood
pressure.
D: Diuretics, or water pills, work in the kidney by flushing out excess water
and sodium from the body.

31. Beta Blocker
ATENOLOL
 Decreases myocardial contractility
 Fall in cardiac output
 Decreases blood pressure
 Additionally it reduces renin secretion
Dosage-
 Atenolol 25-100mg once daily

32. ADVERSE EFFECTS-
Bradycardia
Congestive heart disease
Aggravates asthma
Sleep alteration
CONTRAINDIATIONS:-
 Asthma
 Diabetes mellitus
 Heart block
 Hyperlipidemia
Beta Blocker

33. ACE INHIBITORS
Enalapril
 Acts by inbiting the conversion of
angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 thus
preventing the vasoconstriction
 Used in diabetics.
Dosage
 Initial dose (oral): 5 mg orally once a day.
 Maintenance dose (oral): 10 to 40 mg orally
per day in 1 to 2 divided doses.

34. Side effects-
 First dose hypotension
 Dry cough
 Urticaria
Contraindiation
 Renal failure
 Pregnancy
ACE INHIBITORS

35. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER
Amlodipine
 Acts by relaxing the smooth muscle in
the arterial wall, decreasing total peripheral
resistance thereby reducing blood pressure;
in angina, amlodipine increases blood flow
to the heart muscle.
 Initial dose: 2.5 -5 mg orally once a day
Maintenance dose: 5 to 10 mg orally once a
day

36. Side effects-
 Headache
 Edema
 Fatigue
 Nausea
 Dizziness
 Muscle cramps
Contraindications-
 Pregnancy
 Breast feeding
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER

39. TREATMENT IN DIABETICS
Blood Pressure No diabetes Diabetes No diabetes Diabetes
Optimal <140/85 <140/80 <130/80 <130/75
Audit Standard <150/90 <140/85 <140/85 <140/80
Measured in clinic Mean daytime ABPM
or home measurement

41. FOLLOW UP
 Urine analysis-albumin,sugar
 Complete blood count
 Lipid profile
 Glucose levels
 Ophthalmic examination
 ECG

43. THANK YOU