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World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led to escalating tensions between allies. Major powers in Europe were divided into the Allied/Triple Entente powers including Britain, France, and Russia against the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Both sides had goals of defeating their enemies while avoiding a two-front war. The war quickly resulted in a bloody stalemate as new industrial weapons and tactics led to trench warfare on the Western Front. Over 65 million soldiers fought in the war and over 37 million casualties resulted before it ended in 1918.

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WORLD WAR I Chapter 23 1914-1918 “THE WAR TO END ALL WARS”
World War I in Strategic Overview The year opened with the Central Powers and the Allies at approximately equal strength. The manpower drain in France was serious. Britain was on the verge of instituting compulsory military service to fill its expanding armies. Unrest in Ireland was approaching rebellion. Russia, with more than sufficient manpower, hoped for time to reorganize and supply it. Germany now sought a decision on the western front because, as Falkenhayn told the emperor, France would be ―bled white‖ in attempting to prevent a German victory. In an Allied conference at Chantilly, France in December 1915, French Catalan general Joseph Joffre succeeded in obtaining agreement from Britain, Russia, Italy, and Romania that coordinated offensives would be launched on the western, eastern, and Italian fronts, probably about June, when Russia would be ready. The Allied situation at the beginning of 1918 was grim. The major Allied offensives of 1917 had failed. Russia had collapsed, and Italy was on the verge of collapse. The German U-boat campaign still threatened the maritime supply route from the United States. Many months would pass before American soldiers could bolster depleted Allied manpower. Both Britain and France were on the defensive. The Central Powers had not been successful. They were being strangled by the
World War I in Strategic Overview (cont‘d) Allied naval blockade which was starving German and Austrian millions of civilians. Austria was at the end of its resources; Turkey and Bulgaria were wobbling; the burden of the war fell more and more heavily on Germany. Hindenburg and Ludendorff had established a virtual military dictatorship in Germany and exercised almost as much authority over the subservient governments of Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The war was virtually a stalemate until the U. S. entered the war militarily.
Statistics         World War One included: 3 Continents 31 Countries 65 Million Soldiers 37 Million Casualties 91,198 Deaths by Gas 6,395 Allied and Neutral Ships Lost $186.3 Billion Financial Losses
Causes of WWI Some Causes May Include:  Industrial Revolution  Militarism    Nationalism   Serbia Imperialism Fierce competition- colonies, markets, resources Secret Alliances split the continent  Triple Alliance (Central Powers)  Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey  Triple Entente (The Allies)  Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, US, ...   Glorified war Prepare for war
Armenian Genocide The first significant genocide of the 20th century was directed against the Armenian residents of Asia Minor by the Turkish government. It is the same old feud of Muslims slaughtering Christians or vice versa. This deliberate slaughter began on 24 Apr 1915, under the cover of World War I. 24 Apr is still commemorated by Armenians around the world as Martyr‘s Day. The numbers killed are uncertain. The lowest estimate is 800,000 and the highest more than 2 million. The Turkish government has consistently denied that this event ever occurred, but what happened has been carefully documented by outsiders.
Immediate Cause Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip, June 28th, 1914.
Countries Involved The Allies (Formerly known as the Triple Entente) •Serbia •Russia •France •Belgium •Great Britain •Liberia •Japan •Montenegro •Italy •San Marino •Portugal •Romania •Greece •China •U.S. •Cuba •Nicaragua •Brazil •Siam •Costa Rica •Guatemala •Haiti •Honduras Central Powers (Formerly known as the Triple Alliance) •Austria-Hungary •Germany •Ottoman Empire •Bulgaria Countries that only cut off trade •Bolivia •Ecuador •Peru •Uruguay That Should Add Up To 31 Countries
Goals Triple Entente    Hold back the Germans Prolong the War (until better technology) Have a Naval Blockade in place Triple Alliance     Concentrate on the Western Front Conquer France Avoid Two-Front War Use Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (naval subs could attack non-naval vessels)
Inevitability of war   28 Jun 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria assassinated 5 Jul 1914 Germany issues Austria-Hungary a “blank check”   pledging military assistance if AustriaHungary goes to war against Russia 23 Jul 1914 Austria issues Serbia an ultimatum
Escalation After the Archduke was killed, a series of events was set in motion, to change the world. 1. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. 2. Russia mobilized to aid Serbia. 3. Germany aids Austria-Hungary, declares war on Russia. 4. France mobilizes to aid Russia. 5. Germany declares war on France. 6. Germany invades Belgium. 7. UK declares war on Germany. 8. OE mobilizes to aid Germany and Austria-Hungary. 9. Italy joins France, UK, and Russia. 10. Bulgaria joins Ottoman Empire, Germany, and AustriaHungary. 11. US joins Italy, France, UK, and Russia
The inevitability of war     28 Jul 1914 AustriaHungary declares war on Serbia 29 Jul 1914 Russia orders full mobilization of its troops 1 Aug 1914 Germany declares war on Russia 2 Aug 1914 Germany demands Belgium declare access to German troops
―Belgium is a country, not a road‖   King Albert I of Belgium denied permission 2 Aug 1914 Germany declared war on France    Why??? The Schlieffen Plan! 4 Aug 1914 Great Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality
Reasons for World War I Frayer Model Reasons for it to occur Goals Leaders and Alliances World War I Statistics
Reasons for World War I Quiz 1. What was the European situation for World War I prior to the entry of the U.S. in 1918? 3. Give one statistic and one cause for World War I. The Armenian Genocide had what estimates for casualties? 4. What was the immediate cause of WWI? 2. 5. Give one goal each for the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance.
War Declared Austria- Hungary now decided to use the assassination as an excuse to settle its quarrel with Serbia. It was backed by Germany. On 23 Jul 1914, Austria presented a warlike ultimatum to Serbia, allowing only 48 hours for an answer. Serbia suggested that some of Austria‘s demands be referred to the other European powers. Austria refused. On 28 Jul, it declared war on Serbia. All the nations in Europe had been expecting war. For many years, rival groups of nations had been making treaties and alliances. Europe had been divided into two camps. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy were members of the Triple Alliance, or Central Powers. Russia, France, and England formed the rival Triple Entente Powers. Later, they were called the Allies. The Balkan States sided with Serbia and the Allies. Serbia‘s enemies were on the side of the Central Powers. These alliances were brought in to action 28 Jul 1914 by Austria‘s declaration of war. Within a week, all of Europe was at war.
1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate  Many Europeans were excited about war    ―Defend yourself against the aggressors‖ Domestic differences were put aside War would be over in a few weeks  Ignored the length and brutality of the American Civil War (prototype to World War I)
1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate   Belief that modern industrial war could not be conducted for more than a few months ―Home by Christmas‖
1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate  ―Fatal attraction of war‖     Exhilarating release from every day life A glorious adventure War would rid the nations of selfishness Spark a national rebirth based on heroism
Fighting Fronts     The Western Front was between France and Germany The Italian Front was between AustriaHungary and Italy The Eastern Front was between Russia and Germany Germany wanted to avoid fighting on more than one front.
The Schlieffen Plan‘s Destructive Nature
The Schlieffen Plan    Invade western front first After defeating France concentrate on the Eastern front Avoid fighting a 2 front war
The Schlieffen Plan‘s Destructive Nature   Germany made vast encircling movement through Belgium to enter Paris Underestimated speed of the British mobilization  Quickly sent troops to France
The Schlieffen Plan‘s Destructive Nature  6-10 Sep 1914    Battle of Marne Stopped the Germans but French troops were exhausted Both sides dug trenches for shelter STALEMATE
The German Invasion of Belgium Germany’s violation of neutrality which involved the passing of troops through Belgium on their way to France, became for the Allies a symbol of barbarity and militarism run amok and a reminder of the need to wipe autocracy from the face of the earth. Germany’s violation of Belgian neutrality was certainly an outrage, but obviously not the greatest atrocity in the history of mankind. The Germans had made the same request of the Belgians that they had of Luxembourg, which they accepted without difficulty: they wanted safe passage for German troops, and agreed to compensate Belgians for any damage or any victuals consumed along the way. Allied governments won an important public relations victory in America with propaganda alleging widespread atrocities committed by German soldiers against Belgian civilians. Children with their hands cut off, babies tossed from bayonet to bayonet, nuns raped, corpses made into margarine—these were just some of the gruesome tales coming out of war-torn Europe. Americans on the scene, however, could not verify these stories. American reporters who had followed the German army insisted that they had seen nothing at all that would lend credence to the lurid tales making their way to the United States. Clarence Darrow, the lawyer who would become known for his work in the Scopes trial of
The German Invasion of Belgium (cont‘d) 1925, offered to pay $1,000 (roughly $20,000 in 2011 dollars) to anyone who could show him a Belgian boy whose hands had been cut off by a German soldier. No one took him up on it. (After the war, it was well established that the Belgian atrocities were largely fabricated, but the lies did their damage. Although Americans still favored staying out of the war, many had absorbed the message of Allied propaganda that Germany was evil incarnate and needed to be crushed for the sake of civilization.
Wilson‘s Propaganda for the War Effort
Starving Civilians Is Against the Law The British were involved in a real atrocity of their own: a deliberate attempt to starve the Germans with a naval blockade. The British hunger blockade of Germany violated the generally accepted norms of international law codified in several key international agreements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The British established a distant blockade which is illegal. This type of blockade as opposed to a close blockade declares large areas of sea off-limits, and the British mined the North Sea making it perilous even for neutral ships. Where the British had the right to a close blockade of search and seizure, they replaced it with the illegal of distant blockade of explode and sink. Food intended for civilian use was not considered contraband by any country except Britain. But the relatively mild international response to Britain‘s conduct, the British government concluded that ―the neutral powers seem to satisfy themselves with theoretical protest.‖ It was in that spirit that the Germans expected their submarine policy to be accepted as well—but in the case of President Wilson at least, they were in for a surprise. Wilson refused to draw any connections between the German warning of submarine warfare and the British hunger blockade of Germany. His sympathies were always with the British. So pro-British was the American administration that on one occasion, American ambassador to Great Britain Walter Hines Page read an
Starving Civilians Is Against the Law (cont‘d) American dispatch to British officials and then sat down to help them devise a reply to his own government! German misdeeds on the high seas, on the other hand, received immediate condemnation from Washington. The British steamship Falaba incident was the British government‘s fault even though the British spun the propaganda in their favor. The reality was that the Falaba was carrying 13 tons of ammunition and was given three warnings before it was sunk. According to British propaganda, there was no warning shot and then 110 people were killed which included an American. Wilson‘s double standard lay in the fact that he allowed U.S. citizens to travel on armed belligerent ships as peaceful vessels. The persistent refusal of Wilson to see the relation between British irregularities and the German submarine warfare is probably the crux of the American involvement. According to Churchill, ―It is most important to attract neutral shipping to our shores in the hope especially of embroiling the U.S. with Germany. . . . If some of it gets into trouble, better still.‖
Lusitania Although it did not bring the U.S. immediately into the war, the sinking of the Lusitania in May 1915 was among the most dramatic events from the American point of view prior to U.S. entry. This British cruise liner was perhaps the most famous ship in the world. The German government had published warnings in major newspapers not to book passage on the Lusitania. The morning it was to set sail, Count Johann von Bernstorff had issued an alert that British vessels were “liable to destruction,” and cautioned that travelers sailing in the war zone “on ships of Great Britain and her allies do so at their own risk.” Passengers by and large ignored the warning. It was inconceivable to them that a ship with the speed of the Lusitania was in any danger, and those who inquired about potential risks were told not to worry and that the ship would be escorted by a British naval convoy through the war zone. The passengers thought there would be ample time for the evacuation of the ship if hit by a torpedo since the Titanic stayed afloat for some two and a half hours. But the torpedo that hit the Lusitania did an unexpected amount of damage, and it remains something of a mystery to this day but was probably attributed to the 5,000 cases of munitions on board for the British. Some 1,195 of the ship’s 1,959 passengers perished, including 124 of the
Lusitania (cont‘d) German attack on the Lusitania, but at the same time the Cunard Line and the British government were highly reckless of selling people passage through a declared war zone. American newspapers chose to avoid war over this incident as did Wilson himself. However, he wished to draft a stern note to Berlin, warning the Germans of serious consequences should this kind of submarine warfare continue. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan feared the potential consequences of so stern a message. Bryan was practically alone in the Wilson administration in attempting to balance the scales of the two sides. Bryan reminded Wilson of the ammunition on board and an agreement accepted by Germany but rejected by Britain that would end the submarine warfare in exchange for the elimination of the starvation blockade. He addressed Wilson’s double standard head on: “Why be shocked by the drowning of a few people, if there is to be no objection to starving a nation?” Wilson sent the note anyway. Convinced that he was part of an administration that was bent on war, Bryan resigned.
The Early Phases of WWI Graphic Organizer Fighting Fronts Illusions The Beginning Plan Propaganda
The Early Phases of WWI Quiz 1. What was the beginning point of WWI? 2. Give two illusions of WWI? 3. Give one of the fighting fronts? 4. What was the Germans plan to avoid a two front war? 5. Give one of the Allies examples of propaganda.
New Weapons Blimps Hand Grenades Machine guns Airplanes Long Range Artillery Chemical WarfareMustard and Chlorine Submarines Gas Flame Throwers New weapons crippled the “frozen front” Tanks Steel Ships
The changes of war  Airplanes      Dog fights in the air Bombing inaccurate Romanticized the battlefields Paris and London bombed Pilots fired pistols and threw hand grenades
Unterseeboot At the beginning of World War I, Germany challenged British seapower with a large ocean-going submarine fleet. For greater endurance at sea, the Germans used diesel engines for surface cruising and equipped their U-boats (short for Unterseeboot, under sea boat) with at least one medium-caliber deck gun. Later U-boats were also equipped to lay underwater minefields. Allied vessels had no reliable way of detecting submarines underwater, and by 1918 U-boats had sunk more than 11 million tons of shipping. Had Germany been able to employ submarines in greater numbers, Great Britain might easily have lost the war.
The Trench System      Front line Communication trench Support trenches No Man‘s Land Barbed wire
The Trenches      Trenches dug from English Channel to Switzerland 6,250 miles 6 to 8 feet deep Immobilized both sides for 4 years More ways to build from a French hand book.
The Trenches How to build them Sleeping where?
Dangers of Trench life
From having wet feet most of the time and nowhere to dry them out Trenchfoot
Dead bodies…. Left to rot in the trenches because of the machine gun fire that kept the soldiers in the trenches An easy food source for rats and a place to breed disease
Bring rats
Soldiers of all nations hunted the rats– sometimes rations were short and meat was added to their diet
Life in the Trenches  Elaborate systems of defense     barbed wire Concrete machine gun nests Mortar batteries Troops lived in holes underground
Life in the Trenches  Boredom   Soldiers read to pass the time Sarah Bernhardt came out to the front to read poetry to the soldiers
―Death is everywhere‖    ―We all had on us the stench of dead bodies.‖ Death numbed the soldier‘s minds. Shell shock Psychological devastation
Life in the Trenches  Trench warfare baffled military leaders    Attempt a breakthrough Then return to a war of movement Millions of young men sacrificed attempting the breakthrough
Poison Gas  A new weapon, hard to combat. Different gas mask styles were created by different countries. None were 100% effective.
―Death is everywhere‖  Mustard gas     Carried by the wind Burned out soldier‘s lungs Deadly in the trenches where it would sit at the bottom After WWI, chemical warfare was outlawed in the Geneva Conventions
Trench Warfare New Terminology    Offensive attacks into No Man‘s Land Shell fire created a new health condition—‖Shell shocked‖; ―combat fatigue- WWII, Korea, Vietnam; PTSD- OEF, OIF, GWOT ―Going over the top‖
Pick One of the Suggested Tasks    Draw a picture of a trench see p. 336-7 of textbook from what you remember of the PowerPoint slides. Write a description how trench warfare worked. Draw a picture of a soldier and what he would have had to take into battle.
Technology and Trench Warfare Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name two new weapons developed for WWI. What were the some of the premises of the trench system developed? Give two of the horrors of trench warfare. What warfare was considered too horrific to continue by the Geneva Conventions? Give one of the new terms coined in WWI?
Battles and America‘s Entry Numerous battles Christmas Truce First and Second Battles of the Marne Battle of Verdun The Eastern Front America‘s Entry - -
British and German troops meeting in No man's land during the unofficial truce (British troops from the Northumberland Hussars, 7th Division, Bridoux-Rouge Banc Sector) Christmas truce Christmas truce was a series of widespread unofficial ceasefires that took place along the Western Front around Christmas 1914, during World War I.
First and Second Battles of the Marne Second Strength (1918) Strength 1,071,000 1,485,000 44 French divisions 8 American divisions 4 British divisions 2 Italian divisions 52 German divisions Casualties & Losses 132,717 dead or wounded Casualties & Losses 139,000 dead or wounded French soldiers waiting for assault behind a ditch First (1914) Strength Strength 1,071,000 1,485,000 39 French and 6 British divisions 27 German divisions Casualties & Losses 263,000- 81,700 died Casualties & Losses 220,000 "German soldiers advancing past a captured French position, between Loivre and Brimont, Marne department, 1918"
Battle of Verdun   10 months 700,000 men killed
The Eastern Front  Russian army moved into Eastern Germany on August 30, 1914     Defeated The Austrians kicked out of Serbia Italians attacked Austria in 1915 G. came to Austrian aid and pushed Russians back 300 miles into own territory
The Eastern Front  Much more mobile more than the West   But loss of life still very high 1915: 2.5 million Russians killed, captured, or wounded
The Eastern Front  Germany and Austria Hungary joined by Bulgaria in Sept. 1915  Attacked and eliminated Serbia from war
America Interested in War? No American was interested in war in 1914. No American interest was at stake, and American security was not threatened in the slightest. As the war evolved into a quagmire, Americans were glad that their young men were not participating. The injuries were unspeakable that would move the front only a few yards, and the term ―basket case‖ was coined in this war referring to a quadruple amputee. President Wilson, for his part, urged Americans to be neutral in thought, word, and deed. Yet the president was at heart pro-British. Wilson himself once remarked privately, ―England is fighting our fight and you may well understand that I shall not, in the present state of the world‘s affairs, place obstacles in her way. . . . I will not take any action to embarrass England when she is fighting for her life and the life of the world.‖
Wilson and World War I In the summer of 1914, all of Europe was plunged into war. Wilson called upon the United States to be neutral ―even in spirit,‖ but few Americans were able to remain impartial. For two years, the president made every effort to avoid war. Even after the unarmed British liner Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine with a loss of almost 1,200 lives including 124 Americans, he argued: ―There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight.‖ In 1916, he was reelected. He defeated the Republican candidate Charles Evans Hughes by an electoral vote of 277 to 254. The campaign slogan ―He kept us out of war‖ probably won him more popular votes than any other factor. After the election, Wilson tried to end the war by active mediation. The Germans, however, resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. On 2 Apr 1917, the president asked Congress for a declaration of war. Before a joint session of the two houses, he read the solemn words, ―The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind, It is a war against all nations . . . . We are accepting this challenge . . . . The world must be made safe for democracy.‖ On 6 Apr 1917, Congress declared war.
Wilson and World War I (cont‘d) President Wilson helped contribute to the confusion of what a republic was when he identified World War I as the effort of the allied forces to ―make the world safe for democracy.‖ President Wilson had surrounded himself with many of the early recruits to the Intercollegiate Socialist Society (ISS) movement, and these may have encouraged the adoption of this slogan just as they later changed the name of their ISS organization to the League of Industrial Democracy because of the violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917. In spite of these efforts to clarify the difference, the United States began to be consistently identified in both the press and the school books as a ―democracy.‖
Congressman Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr. Counts ―Internationalism‖ a Mistake After World War I, Congressman Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr., father of the famous ―Lone Eagle‖ who was the first man to fly the Atlantic, asked the people of the United States to reconsider the policy Washington was pursuing in its foreign affairs. He was particularly concerned about how Americans were pushed into World War I. In 1923, he wrote: Take for example our entry into the World War [in 1917]. We did not think. We elected a president for a second term because he said he ―kept us out of war‖ in his first term. We proved by a large vote that we did not want to go to war, but no sooner was the president re-elected than the propaganda started to put us to war. Then we became hysterical, as people always have done in war, and we believed everything bad against our enemy and believed only good of our allies and ourselves. As a matter of fact, all the leaders were bad, vicious. They lost their reason and the people followed. We cannot properly blame the people of any of the European nations, unless we blame ourselves. None of them were free from danger of the others. . . . We, however, were not in danger, statements by profiteers and militarists to the contrary notwithstanding . . . . The greatest good we could do the world at that time was to stay out, and that would have been infinitely better for ourselves, for
Congressman Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr. Counts ―Internationalism‖ a Mistake (cont‘d) we could have helped the world had we conserved our resources. There never was a nation that did a more unstatesmanlike thing than we did to enter the war. We came out without establishing a single principle for which we entered. The one compelling duty of America is to put its own house in shape, and to stand upon an economic system that will make its natural resources available to the intelligence, industry, and use of the people. When we do that the way to world redemption from the folly of present chaos will stand out in our country so clearly, honestly, and usefully that we shall be copied wherever peoples do their own thinking.
Why Did Wilson Favor War? In February 1917, Wilson had greeted Jane Addams and a group of peace activists at the White House. His guests caught a glimpse of his rationale for war. The president explained that ―as head of a nation participating in the war, the president of the United States would have a seat at the peace table, but. . . . If he remained the representative of a neutral country, he could at best only ‗call through a crack in the door.‘ ‖ Wilson believed that American could bring impartiality to the peace table, but if the Europeans were left to themselves, they would develop a vindictive peace. (As you remember, the Congress of Vienna brought almost a century of peace to the European continent and this was done without any American help.) In his speech calling for a war declaration, Wilson argued that the U.S. would fight for great moral principles and that democratic regimes were less warlike than autocratic ones. Wilson also spoke of submarine warfare as ―a war against all mankind.‖ According to historian Thomas Fleming, this claim is not substantiated by America‘s experience in later wars: ―There is no moral onus for using it in the only way that gives submariners a decent chance for survival against their surface enemies—torpedoing enemy ships without warning. This surprise-attack approach was the policy adopted by the U.S. Navy during World War II. No one, including America‘s Japanese or German enemies, called the practice a war against mankind.
Why Did Wilson Favor War?(cont‘d) Wilson also promised in his war address to Congress that Americans‘ treatment of ethnic Germans who lived among them would prove to the world that the U.S. had no quarrel with the German people, only the German government. It did not work out that way. German-Americans were harassed and demonized. Symphony orchestras refused to perform works by Beethoven, Mozart, and other Germanspeaking composers; in many states, it became illegal to teach German in schools (and in two states, it was illegal to speak German in public); German-language books were burned; ―disloyal ―professors were dismissed; beer fell out of popularity; and sauerkraut was renamed ―liberty cabbage.‖ Same thing happened not long ago to France. Freedom fries is a political euphemism for French fries and Freedom toast for French toast used by some people in the United States as a result of antiFrench sentiment during the controversy over the U.S. decision to launch the 2003 invasion of Iraq. France expressed strong opposition in the United Nations to such an invasion.
War is Declared and Opportunities Abound for All   The war finally becomes an impossible impasse due to acts committed by Germany. The events were Germany‘s use of restricted submarine warfare, the publication of the Zimmermann telegram revealing a German plot to help Mexico retake the American Southwest, and the improvement of Germany‘s position on the eastern front as a result of the Russian Revolution. The U.S. mobilized the industrial base for war   The United States strengthened its armed forces through the Defense Act of 1916, which increased the regular army, and the Selective Service Act of 1917, which instituted a draft. Federal agencies that regulated the industry were the War Industries Board, which regulated the economy to guarantee sufficient military supplies; the Food Administration, which operated the nation‘s supplies; the Railroad Administration, which operated the nation‘s railroads; the United States Shipping Board, which supervised shipbuilding; and the National War Board, which settled labor disputes.
War is Declared and Opportunities Abound for All (cont‘d)  Favorable circumstances appear for women and blacks in ―Home Front‖ industry.   The war provided women with the opportunity to work in war factories and to perform many jobs previously held only by men. More than 10,000 women entered the armed services in non-combat roles. The war accelerated the migration of blacks from the South to the North and West, where many found jobs in war factories. Some 370,000 blacks served in the armed forces during the war.
Black Tom- The First Terrorist Attack on America The Black Tom explosion on July 30, 1916, in Jersey City, New Jersey, was an act of sabotage on American ammunition supplies by German agents to prevent the materiel from being used by the Allies in World War I. As soon as war broke out in Europe, the United States began manufacturing munitions and sharing the weapons with allied British, French, and Russian forces in Europe. German agents in the United States reported the stockpiling and shipping of weapons, and the German government took action. Because they could only openly attack United States property in limited ways such as the sinking of merchant ships carrying contraband munitions without provoking America to wage war, the German government sent undercover agents to sabotage munitions operations. Numerous fires were set at military supply manufacturing sites. Shipping lines and railroads were also sometimes targets. Over 50 acts of sabotage were carried out on American targets from 1914 to 1918. Of those 50, nearly 30 occurred in the New York area alone. Not only did several factories and warehouses operate in the New York area, but ports in and around New York were the major staging point for shipping supplies to the western front in Europe.
Black Tom- The First Terrorist Attack on America (cont‘d) After midnight, a series of small fires were discovered on the pier. Some guards fled, fearing an explosion. Others attempted to fight the fires and eventually called the Jersey City Fire Department. At 2:08 a.m., the first and largest of the explosions took place. Fragments from the explosion traveled long distances, some lodging in the Statue of Liberty and some in the clock tower of The Jersey Journal building in Journal Square, over a mile away, stopping the clock at 2:12 a.m. The explosion was the equivalent of an earthquake measuring between 5.0 and 5.5 on the Richter scale and was felt as far away as Philadelphia. Windows broke as far as 25 miles (40 km) away, including thousands in lower Manhattan. Some window panes in Times Square were completely shattered. The outer wall of Jersey City's City Hall was cracked and the Brooklyn Bridge was shaken. People as far away as Maryland were awakened by what they thought was an earthquake. Two of the watchmen who had lit smudge pots to keep away mosquitoes on their watch were immediately arrested. It soon became clear that the fires of the smudge pots had not caused the fire and that the blast had not been an accident. It was traced to a Slovak immigrant named Michael Kristoff, who had served in the U.S. Army, but admitted to carrying suitcases for the Germans before America entered World War I.
Black Tom- The First Terrorist Attack on America (cont‘d) According to him, two of the guards were German agents. It is likely that the bombing involved some of the techniques developed by a group of German agents surrounding German ambassador Count Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, probably using the pencil bombs developed by Captain Franz von Rintelen. Although suspicion at the time fell solely on German saboteurs like Kurt Jahnke and his assistant Lothar Witzke, still judged as "likely" responsible by some, later investigations in the aftermath of the Annie Larsen affair unearthed links between the Ghadar conspiracy and the Black Tom explosion Franz von Papen is known to have also been involved in both. Bottom Line: The whole incident was covered up by President Wilson because the outrage by the American public would have run counter to his presidential campaign slogan, ―He kept us out of the war‖ and he wanted to be re-elected. He denied the incident and blamed it on capitalists who did not do the right thing in safety and security.
America Faces War on a Grand Scale  World War starts in Europe    America‘s early position on the war    World War I was touched off by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists in Sarajevo. The rise of the German Empire and its desire for territorial security led to the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire in one camp. A competing alliance was formed by Great Britain, France, and Russia, each of which feared that Germany and its allies might attempt aggression against them. The United states followed a policy of neutrality Most Americans favored the Allied side, because of their many cultural ties to Great Britain and their gratitude to France. British control of the seas made America dependent on trade with the Allies. The Lusitania incident   It rallied American public support behind the Allies with Wilson‘s propaganda. Germany issued the Arabic and Sussex pledges to keep America from the Allies.
America Faces War on a Grand Scale (cont‘d)  Wilson prepares America for war   Wilson prepared the nation for war by doubling the size of the army, strengthening the National Guard, and undertaking a building program that aimed to make America‘s navy the world‘s largest by 1920. Wilson was re-elected in 1916 by deception and used the slogan, ―He kept us out of war.‖ Less than one year later, America was at war.
The Home Front    Women took war factory jobs Received lower wages than males Food shortages made running a household difficult
The Home Front  Censorship Not told about high death toll  Romanticized the battlefields ―soldiers have died a beautiful death, in noble battle, we shall rediscover poetry…epic and chivalrous‖ 
The Home Front  Slogan Censorship ―Newspapers described troops as itching to go over the top.‖ ―Government reported to the press that life in the trenches promoted good health and clear air‖ A WWI companion book and movie along with the book and movie—In Flanders Field
The Home Front ―On Leave‖ Troops would stay together so they could sympathize with each other 
The Home Front  Impossible to hide death    Women in mourning Badly wounded soldiers returned home Opposition began to emerge
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Lenin had to deal with the war. Calls for a negotiated peace failed. Lenin then bargained directly with the Germans. Faced with a crippling loss of territory or the collapse of his government, he chose the former. Trotsky headed the Soviet delegation that signed a peace treaty at Brest-Litovsk, in what is now Belarus, on 3 Mar 1918. Under its terms, Russia lost Ukraine, its Polish and Baltic provinces, and Finland. The treaty was effectively annulled by Germany‘s defeat in November 1918, and the Soviet Union eventually regained all of the territory except Finland and Poland. At the time that the Congress of Soviets met to approve the treaty, the Bolsheviks changed their name to the Russian Communist party. The treaty had no negative effects for Lenin. Opponents from different Russian factions were united by their opposition to it. Patriotic indignation at the betrayal of Russia to Germany quickly surfaced, even in the army. This division between the Communists and their opponents led to a civil war that lasted until late 1920. Trotsky was appointed commissar for war.
The war ends    1917 – Russia surrenders under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk(a separate peace) U.S. joins the war on the Allied side Nov. 11, 1918 Armistice
Death Toll of War Allied Powers Central Powers 42 million served 23 million served 22 million casualties 52% attrition rate 15 million casualties 65% attrition rate
Psychological impact   ―Never such innocence again‖ (similar to 9/11) Bitterness towards aristocratic officers whose lives were never in danger
Social Impact      Men lost limbs and were mutilated Birthrate fell markedly Invalids unable to work Ethnic hostility Influenza epidemic
Battles, America‘s Entry, and Armistice Graphic Organizer WWI Battles America’s Entry Slogans Examples The Home Front Slogans Examples
Battles, America‘s Entry, and Armistice Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Give one pro and one con argument for U.S. entry into WWI. Give a WWI Wilsonian slogan. Give a WWI Home Front book, movie, or slogan. Give two reasons that America entered WWI. Give two examples of the Home Front.
Poetry and Literature of World War I Extra Credit is available
Dulce Et Decorum Est Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs And towards our distant rest began to trudge. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of disappointed shells that dropped behind. GAS! Gas! Quick, boys!-- An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling And floundering like a man in fire or lime.-Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. If in some smothering dreams you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin; If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,-My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. * * It is sweet and proper to die for your country Wilfred Owen, died 1918
Louse Hunting Nudes -- stark and glistening, Yelling in lurid glee. Grinning faces And raging limbs Whirl over the floor one fire. For a shirt verminously busy Yon soldier tore from his throat, with oaths Godhead might shrink at, but not the lice. And soon the shirt was aflare Over the candle he'd lit while we lay. Then we all sprang up and stript To hunt the verminous brood. Soon like a demons' pantomine The place was raging.
What a louse looks like if it were large enough to see.
See the silhouettes agape, See the glibbering shadows Mixed with the battled arms on the wall. See gargantuan hooked fingers Pluck in supreme flesh To smutch supreme littleness. See the merry limbs in hot Highland fling Because some wizard vermin Charmed from the quiet this revel When our ears were half lulled By the dark music Blown from Sleep's trumpet Isaac Rosenberg
IN FLANDERS FIELDS In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. John McCrae, died 1918
Write a poem as if you were a soldier or a medic during World War I, living and working in the trenches. It must be at least 12 lines and actually be decent. More resources on page 783-4 of the text. Possible extra credit test score
End Results Millions Killed
End Results
End Results
The Treaty of Versailles June 1919
Woodrow Wilson USA David Lloyd-George Great Britain The Big Four Georges Clemenceau France Vittorio Orlando Italy
The Big Four at Versailles in 1919
What did France want from the treaty? Security Revenge Reparations Clemenceau : The Tiger Clemenceau wanted to make sure that Germany could not invade France in the future. He was determined that Germany should be made to pay for the damage that had been caused in northern France by the invading German armies.
What did Britain Want? In public Lloyd-George said he wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti-German at the end of the war. In private he realised that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner. David Lloyd-George He was also worried about the “disease from the east”, communism. The Russian government had been overthrown by a communist revolution in 1917. Lloyd-George believed that the spread of communism had to be stopped. A strong Germany would be a barrier against it.
What did America Want? Woodrow Wilson wanted the treaty to be based on his Fourteen Points He believed Germany should be punished but not severely. He wanted a just settlement that would not leave Germany feeling resentful Wilson wanted to set up an international organization called The League of Nations which would settle disputes Woodrow Wilson The American public did not support him. They were fed up with involvement in European affairs. The USA became more isolationist.
The Peace Conference: The Disaster Wilson Pretended Not to Notice Wilson was highly concerned with his lofty principles of ―peace without victory‖, and the absence of revenge and self-aggrandizement. But in the closed door negotiations among the Big Four (Britain, France, Italy, and the United States), Wilson saw only revenge and self-aggrandizement. So wedded was Wilson to the idea of a League of Nations that the British and French delegations knew that all they had to do to persuade Wilson to abandon any of the other Fourteen Points was to threaten not to join his beloved League. For his part, Wilson persuaded himself that as long as he got his League, that institution could modify any objectionable aspects of the peace treaty. Ultimately, for Wilson, it was the League that mattered. A sacred cow for Wilson was the ideal of self determination, however, in breaking up the Austro-Hungarian Empire more ethnicities were created for more nations. When Czechoslovakia was created, it contained 3 million Germans in the region known as the Sudetenland. Adolf Hitler would use the principle of selfdetermination to then demand annexation of Czechoslovakia to regain these Germans. Portions of German-speaking Europe were parceled out not only to Czechoslovakia but also to Poland, Italy, and France; Germany even lost the port city of Danzig which was 95% German. Austria was essentially reduced to its
The Peace Conference: The Disaster Wilson Pretended Not to Notice (cont‘d) German speaking core. And despite the overwhelming popular support that existed for a union of Germany with this smaller Austria, Wilson expressly forbade any such union in the treaty. The treaty enraged Germans because they insisted upon surrendering on the Fourteen Points which called for a general disarmament. The Treaty of Versailles called for only Germany to disarm and had the following restrictions: no air force, tanks, submarines (naturally) and restricted the army to 100,000. Germany would bear the whole burden of the reparations for the war and sole responsibility for the war. Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau repudiated this sole responsibility because of the mass starvation of the German nation because of the British blockade that lasted four months past the armistice on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, 1918.
The League of Nations The first international organization set up to maintain world peace was the League of Nations. It was founded in 1920 as part of the settlement that ended World War I. Weakened from the start by the refusal of the United States to join, the organization proved ineffective in defusing the hostilities that led to World War II in 1939. After World War II, the League of Nations was replaced by the United Nations to institute the attempt of a new world government. The League of Nations was first suggested in the Fourteen Points presented on 8 Jan 1918, by Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, as a basis for armistice negotiations. After the peace negotiations opened, the work was continued by a commission headed by Wilson. A working plan, called The Covenant of the League of Nations, became Section I of the Treaty of Versailles. The League came officially into existence with the ratification of this treaty on 10 Jan 1920. The first Assembly met in Geneve, Switz., 15 Nov 1920, with 41 nations represented. More than 20 nations joined later, but there were numerous withdrawals.
The U.S. Rejects World Leadership  President Wilson‘s plans were severely weakened in Congress.    Weakened support was evident in the election of a Republican Senate and House in 1918 and in the discontent expressed by many Republicans on being excluded from the peace-treaty negotiations. France, Great Britain, and Italy were intent on imposing harsh terms on the Central Powers and were contemptuous of Wilson‘s Fourteen Points. The Versailles Treaty called for:      The creation of six new countries in central Europe The separation of Austria and Hungary Germany had to surrender its colonies, pay reparations, and pledge to remain disarmed The treaty also called for a League of Nations The organization of the League of Nations and its fate  The League of Nations was to be composed of:      An Administrative Secretariat An Assembly of all member nations A Council consisting of the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and four nonpermanent members chosen by the assembly Congressional opponents of the League objected to the League Covenant, which they felt would restrict America‘s independent power to declare war and threaten the Monroe Doctrine. The Versailles Treaty was defeated in the Senate in two versions.
What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? To do with Germany’s armed forces : The German army was to be reduced to 100,000 men. It was not allowed to have tanks. Germany was not allowed an airforce The area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarized The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhein for fifteen years The German navy was to have no submarines or large battleships
100,000 The Military Clauses Demilitarized
Territorial Losses Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies Alsace-Lorraine was given to France
Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium North-Schleswig was given to Denmark
Posen was given to Poland so that she would have access to the Baltic Sea. This area became known as the Polish Corridor. It meant that East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany.
The Rhineland was to be demilitarized
The Saar coalfields were given to France for fifteen years The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control of the League of Nations
The War Guilt Clause "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." Article 231 GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR
REPARATIONS Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her armies during the war. The sum she had to pay was later fixed at £6,600 million
Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria
How did Germans React to the Treaty? Germans thought the Treaty was a “diktat” : a dictated peace. They had not been invited to the peace conference at Versailles and when the Treaty was presented to them they were threatened with war if they did not sign it. The Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points as the Germans had been promised it would. Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe. Many Germans believed the German economy would be crippled by having to pay reparations.
The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June 1919. It officially ended the 1st World War. Many historians believe that it was a major cause of the 2nd World War. Most Germans were horrified by the harshness of the Treaty. There was anger amongst all groups in Germany, no matter what their political beliefs. Some German newspapers called for revenge for the humiliation of Versailles. However anger was also directed against the government in Germany. Already there was a myth growing in the country that the German army had been “stabbed in the back” by politicians…the so called “November Criminals”. Now these same politicians had signed the “Diktat”, the dictated peace. The new democracy in Germany was now closely linked with the humiliation of Versailles.

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Presentation23

  • 1.
    WORLD WAR I Chapter23 1914-1918 “THE WAR TO END ALL WARS”
  • 2.
    World War Iin Strategic Overview The year opened with the Central Powers and the Allies at approximately equal strength. The manpower drain in France was serious. Britain was on the verge of instituting compulsory military service to fill its expanding armies. Unrest in Ireland was approaching rebellion. Russia, with more than sufficient manpower, hoped for time to reorganize and supply it. Germany now sought a decision on the western front because, as Falkenhayn told the emperor, France would be ―bled white‖ in attempting to prevent a German victory. In an Allied conference at Chantilly, France in December 1915, French Catalan general Joseph Joffre succeeded in obtaining agreement from Britain, Russia, Italy, and Romania that coordinated offensives would be launched on the western, eastern, and Italian fronts, probably about June, when Russia would be ready. The Allied situation at the beginning of 1918 was grim. The major Allied offensives of 1917 had failed. Russia had collapsed, and Italy was on the verge of collapse. The German U-boat campaign still threatened the maritime supply route from the United States. Many months would pass before American soldiers could bolster depleted Allied manpower. Both Britain and France were on the defensive. The Central Powers had not been successful. They were being strangled by the
  • 3.
    World War Iin Strategic Overview (cont‘d) Allied naval blockade which was starving German and Austrian millions of civilians. Austria was at the end of its resources; Turkey and Bulgaria were wobbling; the burden of the war fell more and more heavily on Germany. Hindenburg and Ludendorff had established a virtual military dictatorship in Germany and exercised almost as much authority over the subservient governments of Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey. The war was virtually a stalemate until the U. S. entered the war militarily.
  • 4.
    Statistics         World War Oneincluded: 3 Continents 31 Countries 65 Million Soldiers 37 Million Casualties 91,198 Deaths by Gas 6,395 Allied and Neutral Ships Lost $186.3 Billion Financial Losses
  • 5.
    Causes of WWI SomeCauses May Include:  Industrial Revolution  Militarism    Nationalism   Serbia Imperialism Fierce competition- colonies, markets, resources Secret Alliances split the continent  Triple Alliance (Central Powers)  Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey  Triple Entente (The Allies)  Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, US, ...   Glorified war Prepare for war
  • 6.
    Armenian Genocide The firstsignificant genocide of the 20th century was directed against the Armenian residents of Asia Minor by the Turkish government. It is the same old feud of Muslims slaughtering Christians or vice versa. This deliberate slaughter began on 24 Apr 1915, under the cover of World War I. 24 Apr is still commemorated by Armenians around the world as Martyr‘s Day. The numbers killed are uncertain. The lowest estimate is 800,000 and the highest more than 2 million. The Turkish government has consistently denied that this event ever occurred, but what happened has been carefully documented by outsiders.
  • 7.
    Immediate Cause Assassination ofArchduke Francis Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip, June 28th, 1914.
  • 8.
    Countries Involved The Allies(Formerly known as the Triple Entente) •Serbia •Russia •France •Belgium •Great Britain •Liberia •Japan •Montenegro •Italy •San Marino •Portugal •Romania •Greece •China •U.S. •Cuba •Nicaragua •Brazil •Siam •Costa Rica •Guatemala •Haiti •Honduras Central Powers (Formerly known as the Triple Alliance) •Austria-Hungary •Germany •Ottoman Empire •Bulgaria Countries that only cut off trade •Bolivia •Ecuador •Peru •Uruguay That Should Add Up To 31 Countries
  • 10.
    Goals Triple Entente    Hold backthe Germans Prolong the War (until better technology) Have a Naval Blockade in place Triple Alliance     Concentrate on the Western Front Conquer France Avoid Two-Front War Use Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (naval subs could attack non-naval vessels)
  • 11.
    Inevitability of war   28Jun 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria assassinated 5 Jul 1914 Germany issues Austria-Hungary a “blank check”   pledging military assistance if AustriaHungary goes to war against Russia 23 Jul 1914 Austria issues Serbia an ultimatum
  • 12.
    Escalation After the Archdukewas killed, a series of events was set in motion, to change the world. 1. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. 2. Russia mobilized to aid Serbia. 3. Germany aids Austria-Hungary, declares war on Russia. 4. France mobilizes to aid Russia. 5. Germany declares war on France. 6. Germany invades Belgium. 7. UK declares war on Germany. 8. OE mobilizes to aid Germany and Austria-Hungary. 9. Italy joins France, UK, and Russia. 10. Bulgaria joins Ottoman Empire, Germany, and AustriaHungary. 11. US joins Italy, France, UK, and Russia
  • 13.
    The inevitability ofwar     28 Jul 1914 AustriaHungary declares war on Serbia 29 Jul 1914 Russia orders full mobilization of its troops 1 Aug 1914 Germany declares war on Russia 2 Aug 1914 Germany demands Belgium declare access to German troops
  • 14.
    ―Belgium is acountry, not a road‖   King Albert I of Belgium denied permission 2 Aug 1914 Germany declared war on France    Why??? The Schlieffen Plan! 4 Aug 1914 Great Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality
  • 15.
    Reasons for WorldWar I Frayer Model Reasons for it to occur Goals Leaders and Alliances World War I Statistics
  • 16.
    Reasons for WorldWar I Quiz 1. What was the European situation for World War I prior to the entry of the U.S. in 1918? 3. Give one statistic and one cause for World War I. The Armenian Genocide had what estimates for casualties? 4. What was the immediate cause of WWI? 2. 5. Give one goal each for the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance.
  • 17.
    War Declared Austria- Hungarynow decided to use the assassination as an excuse to settle its quarrel with Serbia. It was backed by Germany. On 23 Jul 1914, Austria presented a warlike ultimatum to Serbia, allowing only 48 hours for an answer. Serbia suggested that some of Austria‘s demands be referred to the other European powers. Austria refused. On 28 Jul, it declared war on Serbia. All the nations in Europe had been expecting war. For many years, rival groups of nations had been making treaties and alliances. Europe had been divided into two camps. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy were members of the Triple Alliance, or Central Powers. Russia, France, and England formed the rival Triple Entente Powers. Later, they were called the Allies. The Balkan States sided with Serbia and the Allies. Serbia‘s enemies were on the side of the Central Powers. These alliances were brought in to action 28 Jul 1914 by Austria‘s declaration of war. Within a week, all of Europe was at war.
  • 18.
    1914 – 1915Illusions and Stalemate  Many Europeans were excited about war    ―Defend yourself against the aggressors‖ Domestic differences were put aside War would be over in a few weeks  Ignored the length and brutality of the American Civil War (prototype to World War I)
  • 19.
    1914 – 1915Illusions and Stalemate   Belief that modern industrial war could not be conducted for more than a few months ―Home by Christmas‖
  • 20.
    1914 – 1915Illusions and Stalemate  ―Fatal attraction of war‖     Exhilarating release from every day life A glorious adventure War would rid the nations of selfishness Spark a national rebirth based on heroism
  • 21.
    Fighting Fronts     The WesternFront was between France and Germany The Italian Front was between AustriaHungary and Italy The Eastern Front was between Russia and Germany Germany wanted to avoid fighting on more than one front.
  • 22.
  • 23.
    The Schlieffen Plan    Invadewestern front first After defeating France concentrate on the Eastern front Avoid fighting a 2 front war
  • 24.
    The Schlieffen Plan‘s DestructiveNature   Germany made vast encircling movement through Belgium to enter Paris Underestimated speed of the British mobilization  Quickly sent troops to France
  • 25.
    The Schlieffen Plan‘s DestructiveNature  6-10 Sep 1914    Battle of Marne Stopped the Germans but French troops were exhausted Both sides dug trenches for shelter STALEMATE
  • 26.
    The German Invasionof Belgium Germany’s violation of neutrality which involved the passing of troops through Belgium on their way to France, became for the Allies a symbol of barbarity and militarism run amok and a reminder of the need to wipe autocracy from the face of the earth. Germany’s violation of Belgian neutrality was certainly an outrage, but obviously not the greatest atrocity in the history of mankind. The Germans had made the same request of the Belgians that they had of Luxembourg, which they accepted without difficulty: they wanted safe passage for German troops, and agreed to compensate Belgians for any damage or any victuals consumed along the way. Allied governments won an important public relations victory in America with propaganda alleging widespread atrocities committed by German soldiers against Belgian civilians. Children with their hands cut off, babies tossed from bayonet to bayonet, nuns raped, corpses made into margarine—these were just some of the gruesome tales coming out of war-torn Europe. Americans on the scene, however, could not verify these stories. American reporters who had followed the German army insisted that they had seen nothing at all that would lend credence to the lurid tales making their way to the United States. Clarence Darrow, the lawyer who would become known for his work in the Scopes trial of
  • 27.
    The German Invasionof Belgium (cont‘d) 1925, offered to pay $1,000 (roughly $20,000 in 2011 dollars) to anyone who could show him a Belgian boy whose hands had been cut off by a German soldier. No one took him up on it. (After the war, it was well established that the Belgian atrocities were largely fabricated, but the lies did their damage. Although Americans still favored staying out of the war, many had absorbed the message of Allied propaganda that Germany was evil incarnate and needed to be crushed for the sake of civilization.
  • 28.
  • 29.
    Starving Civilians IsAgainst the Law The British were involved in a real atrocity of their own: a deliberate attempt to starve the Germans with a naval blockade. The British hunger blockade of Germany violated the generally accepted norms of international law codified in several key international agreements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The British established a distant blockade which is illegal. This type of blockade as opposed to a close blockade declares large areas of sea off-limits, and the British mined the North Sea making it perilous even for neutral ships. Where the British had the right to a close blockade of search and seizure, they replaced it with the illegal of distant blockade of explode and sink. Food intended for civilian use was not considered contraband by any country except Britain. But the relatively mild international response to Britain‘s conduct, the British government concluded that ―the neutral powers seem to satisfy themselves with theoretical protest.‖ It was in that spirit that the Germans expected their submarine policy to be accepted as well—but in the case of President Wilson at least, they were in for a surprise. Wilson refused to draw any connections between the German warning of submarine warfare and the British hunger blockade of Germany. His sympathies were always with the British. So pro-British was the American administration that on one occasion, American ambassador to Great Britain Walter Hines Page read an
  • 30.
    Starving Civilians IsAgainst the Law (cont‘d) American dispatch to British officials and then sat down to help them devise a reply to his own government! German misdeeds on the high seas, on the other hand, received immediate condemnation from Washington. The British steamship Falaba incident was the British government‘s fault even though the British spun the propaganda in their favor. The reality was that the Falaba was carrying 13 tons of ammunition and was given three warnings before it was sunk. According to British propaganda, there was no warning shot and then 110 people were killed which included an American. Wilson‘s double standard lay in the fact that he allowed U.S. citizens to travel on armed belligerent ships as peaceful vessels. The persistent refusal of Wilson to see the relation between British irregularities and the German submarine warfare is probably the crux of the American involvement. According to Churchill, ―It is most important to attract neutral shipping to our shores in the hope especially of embroiling the U.S. with Germany. . . . If some of it gets into trouble, better still.‖
  • 31.
    Lusitania Although it didnot bring the U.S. immediately into the war, the sinking of the Lusitania in May 1915 was among the most dramatic events from the American point of view prior to U.S. entry. This British cruise liner was perhaps the most famous ship in the world. The German government had published warnings in major newspapers not to book passage on the Lusitania. The morning it was to set sail, Count Johann von Bernstorff had issued an alert that British vessels were “liable to destruction,” and cautioned that travelers sailing in the war zone “on ships of Great Britain and her allies do so at their own risk.” Passengers by and large ignored the warning. It was inconceivable to them that a ship with the speed of the Lusitania was in any danger, and those who inquired about potential risks were told not to worry and that the ship would be escorted by a British naval convoy through the war zone. The passengers thought there would be ample time for the evacuation of the ship if hit by a torpedo since the Titanic stayed afloat for some two and a half hours. But the torpedo that hit the Lusitania did an unexpected amount of damage, and it remains something of a mystery to this day but was probably attributed to the 5,000 cases of munitions on board for the British. Some 1,195 of the ship’s 1,959 passengers perished, including 124 of the
  • 32.
    Lusitania (cont‘d) German attackon the Lusitania, but at the same time the Cunard Line and the British government were highly reckless of selling people passage through a declared war zone. American newspapers chose to avoid war over this incident as did Wilson himself. However, he wished to draft a stern note to Berlin, warning the Germans of serious consequences should this kind of submarine warfare continue. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan feared the potential consequences of so stern a message. Bryan was practically alone in the Wilson administration in attempting to balance the scales of the two sides. Bryan reminded Wilson of the ammunition on board and an agreement accepted by Germany but rejected by Britain that would end the submarine warfare in exchange for the elimination of the starvation blockade. He addressed Wilson’s double standard head on: “Why be shocked by the drowning of a few people, if there is to be no objection to starving a nation?” Wilson sent the note anyway. Convinced that he was part of an administration that was bent on war, Bryan resigned.
  • 33.
    The Early Phasesof WWI Graphic Organizer Fighting Fronts Illusions The Beginning Plan Propaganda
  • 34.
    The Early Phasesof WWI Quiz 1. What was the beginning point of WWI? 2. Give two illusions of WWI? 3. Give one of the fighting fronts? 4. What was the Germans plan to avoid a two front war? 5. Give one of the Allies examples of propaganda.
  • 35.
    New Weapons Blimps Hand Grenades Machineguns Airplanes Long Range Artillery Chemical WarfareMustard and Chlorine Submarines Gas Flame Throwers New weapons crippled the “frozen front” Tanks Steel Ships
  • 36.
    The changes ofwar  Airplanes      Dog fights in the air Bombing inaccurate Romanticized the battlefields Paris and London bombed Pilots fired pistols and threw hand grenades
  • 37.
    Unterseeboot At the beginningof World War I, Germany challenged British seapower with a large ocean-going submarine fleet. For greater endurance at sea, the Germans used diesel engines for surface cruising and equipped their U-boats (short for Unterseeboot, under sea boat) with at least one medium-caliber deck gun. Later U-boats were also equipped to lay underwater minefields. Allied vessels had no reliable way of detecting submarines underwater, and by 1918 U-boats had sunk more than 11 million tons of shipping. Had Germany been able to employ submarines in greater numbers, Great Britain might easily have lost the war.
  • 38.
    The Trench System      Frontline Communication trench Support trenches No Man‘s Land Barbed wire
  • 39.
    The Trenches      Trenches dugfrom English Channel to Switzerland 6,250 miles 6 to 8 feet deep Immobilized both sides for 4 years More ways to build from a French hand book.
  • 40.
    The Trenches How tobuild them Sleeping where?
  • 41.
  • 42.
    From having wetfeet most of the time and nowhere to dry them out Trenchfoot
  • 43.
    Dead bodies…. Left torot in the trenches because of the machine gun fire that kept the soldiers in the trenches An easy food source for rats and a place to breed disease
  • 44.
  • 45.
    Soldiers of allnations hunted the rats– sometimes rations were short and meat was added to their diet
  • 46.
    Life in theTrenches  Elaborate systems of defense     barbed wire Concrete machine gun nests Mortar batteries Troops lived in holes underground
  • 47.
    Life in theTrenches  Boredom   Soldiers read to pass the time Sarah Bernhardt came out to the front to read poetry to the soldiers
  • 48.
    ―Death is everywhere‖    ―Weall had on us the stench of dead bodies.‖ Death numbed the soldier‘s minds. Shell shock Psychological devastation
  • 49.
    Life in theTrenches  Trench warfare baffled military leaders    Attempt a breakthrough Then return to a war of movement Millions of young men sacrificed attempting the breakthrough
  • 50.
    Poison Gas  A new weapon,hard to combat. Different gas mask styles were created by different countries. None were 100% effective.
  • 51.
    ―Death is everywhere‖  Mustardgas     Carried by the wind Burned out soldier‘s lungs Deadly in the trenches where it would sit at the bottom After WWI, chemical warfare was outlawed in the Geneva Conventions
  • 52.
    Trench Warfare New Terminology    Offensiveattacks into No Man‘s Land Shell fire created a new health condition—‖Shell shocked‖; ―combat fatigue- WWII, Korea, Vietnam; PTSD- OEF, OIF, GWOT ―Going over the top‖
  • 53.
    Pick One ofthe Suggested Tasks    Draw a picture of a trench see p. 336-7 of textbook from what you remember of the PowerPoint slides. Write a description how trench warfare worked. Draw a picture of a soldier and what he would have had to take into battle.
  • 54.
    Technology and TrenchWarfare Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name two new weapons developed for WWI. What were the some of the premises of the trench system developed? Give two of the horrors of trench warfare. What warfare was considered too horrific to continue by the Geneva Conventions? Give one of the new terms coined in WWI?
  • 55.
    Battles and America‘sEntry Numerous battles Christmas Truce First and Second Battles of the Marne Battle of Verdun The Eastern Front America‘s Entry - -
  • 56.
    British and Germantroops meeting in No man's land during the unofficial truce (British troops from the Northumberland Hussars, 7th Division, Bridoux-Rouge Banc Sector) Christmas truce Christmas truce was a series of widespread unofficial ceasefires that took place along the Western Front around Christmas 1914, during World War I.
  • 57.
    First and SecondBattles of the Marne Second Strength (1918) Strength 1,071,000 1,485,000 44 French divisions 8 American divisions 4 British divisions 2 Italian divisions 52 German divisions Casualties & Losses 132,717 dead or wounded Casualties & Losses 139,000 dead or wounded French soldiers waiting for assault behind a ditch First (1914) Strength Strength 1,071,000 1,485,000 39 French and 6 British divisions 27 German divisions Casualties & Losses 263,000- 81,700 died Casualties & Losses 220,000 "German soldiers advancing past a captured French position, between Loivre and Brimont, Marne department, 1918"
  • 58.
    Battle of Verdun   10months 700,000 men killed
  • 59.
    The Eastern Front  Russianarmy moved into Eastern Germany on August 30, 1914     Defeated The Austrians kicked out of Serbia Italians attacked Austria in 1915 G. came to Austrian aid and pushed Russians back 300 miles into own territory
  • 60.
    The Eastern Front  Muchmore mobile more than the West   But loss of life still very high 1915: 2.5 million Russians killed, captured, or wounded
  • 61.
    The Eastern Front  Germanyand Austria Hungary joined by Bulgaria in Sept. 1915  Attacked and eliminated Serbia from war
  • 62.
    America Interested inWar? No American was interested in war in 1914. No American interest was at stake, and American security was not threatened in the slightest. As the war evolved into a quagmire, Americans were glad that their young men were not participating. The injuries were unspeakable that would move the front only a few yards, and the term ―basket case‖ was coined in this war referring to a quadruple amputee. President Wilson, for his part, urged Americans to be neutral in thought, word, and deed. Yet the president was at heart pro-British. Wilson himself once remarked privately, ―England is fighting our fight and you may well understand that I shall not, in the present state of the world‘s affairs, place obstacles in her way. . . . I will not take any action to embarrass England when she is fighting for her life and the life of the world.‖
  • 63.
    Wilson and WorldWar I In the summer of 1914, all of Europe was plunged into war. Wilson called upon the United States to be neutral ―even in spirit,‖ but few Americans were able to remain impartial. For two years, the president made every effort to avoid war. Even after the unarmed British liner Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine with a loss of almost 1,200 lives including 124 Americans, he argued: ―There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight.‖ In 1916, he was reelected. He defeated the Republican candidate Charles Evans Hughes by an electoral vote of 277 to 254. The campaign slogan ―He kept us out of war‖ probably won him more popular votes than any other factor. After the election, Wilson tried to end the war by active mediation. The Germans, however, resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. On 2 Apr 1917, the president asked Congress for a declaration of war. Before a joint session of the two houses, he read the solemn words, ―The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind, It is a war against all nations . . . . We are accepting this challenge . . . . The world must be made safe for democracy.‖ On 6 Apr 1917, Congress declared war.
  • 64.
    Wilson and WorldWar I (cont‘d) President Wilson helped contribute to the confusion of what a republic was when he identified World War I as the effort of the allied forces to ―make the world safe for democracy.‖ President Wilson had surrounded himself with many of the early recruits to the Intercollegiate Socialist Society (ISS) movement, and these may have encouraged the adoption of this slogan just as they later changed the name of their ISS organization to the League of Industrial Democracy because of the violence of the Russian Revolution of 1917. In spite of these efforts to clarify the difference, the United States began to be consistently identified in both the press and the school books as a ―democracy.‖
  • 65.
    Congressman Charles A.Lindbergh, Sr. Counts ―Internationalism‖ a Mistake After World War I, Congressman Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr., father of the famous ―Lone Eagle‖ who was the first man to fly the Atlantic, asked the people of the United States to reconsider the policy Washington was pursuing in its foreign affairs. He was particularly concerned about how Americans were pushed into World War I. In 1923, he wrote: Take for example our entry into the World War [in 1917]. We did not think. We elected a president for a second term because he said he ―kept us out of war‖ in his first term. We proved by a large vote that we did not want to go to war, but no sooner was the president re-elected than the propaganda started to put us to war. Then we became hysterical, as people always have done in war, and we believed everything bad against our enemy and believed only good of our allies and ourselves. As a matter of fact, all the leaders were bad, vicious. They lost their reason and the people followed. We cannot properly blame the people of any of the European nations, unless we blame ourselves. None of them were free from danger of the others. . . . We, however, were not in danger, statements by profiteers and militarists to the contrary notwithstanding . . . . The greatest good we could do the world at that time was to stay out, and that would have been infinitely better for ourselves, for
  • 66.
    Congressman Charles A.Lindbergh, Sr. Counts ―Internationalism‖ a Mistake (cont‘d) we could have helped the world had we conserved our resources. There never was a nation that did a more unstatesmanlike thing than we did to enter the war. We came out without establishing a single principle for which we entered. The one compelling duty of America is to put its own house in shape, and to stand upon an economic system that will make its natural resources available to the intelligence, industry, and use of the people. When we do that the way to world redemption from the folly of present chaos will stand out in our country so clearly, honestly, and usefully that we shall be copied wherever peoples do their own thinking.
  • 67.
    Why Did WilsonFavor War? In February 1917, Wilson had greeted Jane Addams and a group of peace activists at the White House. His guests caught a glimpse of his rationale for war. The president explained that ―as head of a nation participating in the war, the president of the United States would have a seat at the peace table, but. . . . If he remained the representative of a neutral country, he could at best only ‗call through a crack in the door.‘ ‖ Wilson believed that American could bring impartiality to the peace table, but if the Europeans were left to themselves, they would develop a vindictive peace. (As you remember, the Congress of Vienna brought almost a century of peace to the European continent and this was done without any American help.) In his speech calling for a war declaration, Wilson argued that the U.S. would fight for great moral principles and that democratic regimes were less warlike than autocratic ones. Wilson also spoke of submarine warfare as ―a war against all mankind.‖ According to historian Thomas Fleming, this claim is not substantiated by America‘s experience in later wars: ―There is no moral onus for using it in the only way that gives submariners a decent chance for survival against their surface enemies—torpedoing enemy ships without warning. This surprise-attack approach was the policy adopted by the U.S. Navy during World War II. No one, including America‘s Japanese or German enemies, called the practice a war against mankind.
  • 68.
    Why Did WilsonFavor War?(cont‘d) Wilson also promised in his war address to Congress that Americans‘ treatment of ethnic Germans who lived among them would prove to the world that the U.S. had no quarrel with the German people, only the German government. It did not work out that way. German-Americans were harassed and demonized. Symphony orchestras refused to perform works by Beethoven, Mozart, and other Germanspeaking composers; in many states, it became illegal to teach German in schools (and in two states, it was illegal to speak German in public); German-language books were burned; ―disloyal ―professors were dismissed; beer fell out of popularity; and sauerkraut was renamed ―liberty cabbage.‖ Same thing happened not long ago to France. Freedom fries is a political euphemism for French fries and Freedom toast for French toast used by some people in the United States as a result of antiFrench sentiment during the controversy over the U.S. decision to launch the 2003 invasion of Iraq. France expressed strong opposition in the United Nations to such an invasion.
  • 69.
    War is Declaredand Opportunities Abound for All   The war finally becomes an impossible impasse due to acts committed by Germany. The events were Germany‘s use of restricted submarine warfare, the publication of the Zimmermann telegram revealing a German plot to help Mexico retake the American Southwest, and the improvement of Germany‘s position on the eastern front as a result of the Russian Revolution. The U.S. mobilized the industrial base for war   The United States strengthened its armed forces through the Defense Act of 1916, which increased the regular army, and the Selective Service Act of 1917, which instituted a draft. Federal agencies that regulated the industry were the War Industries Board, which regulated the economy to guarantee sufficient military supplies; the Food Administration, which operated the nation‘s supplies; the Railroad Administration, which operated the nation‘s railroads; the United States Shipping Board, which supervised shipbuilding; and the National War Board, which settled labor disputes.
  • 70.
    War is Declaredand Opportunities Abound for All (cont‘d)  Favorable circumstances appear for women and blacks in ―Home Front‖ industry.   The war provided women with the opportunity to work in war factories and to perform many jobs previously held only by men. More than 10,000 women entered the armed services in non-combat roles. The war accelerated the migration of blacks from the South to the North and West, where many found jobs in war factories. Some 370,000 blacks served in the armed forces during the war.
  • 71.
    Black Tom- TheFirst Terrorist Attack on America The Black Tom explosion on July 30, 1916, in Jersey City, New Jersey, was an act of sabotage on American ammunition supplies by German agents to prevent the materiel from being used by the Allies in World War I. As soon as war broke out in Europe, the United States began manufacturing munitions and sharing the weapons with allied British, French, and Russian forces in Europe. German agents in the United States reported the stockpiling and shipping of weapons, and the German government took action. Because they could only openly attack United States property in limited ways such as the sinking of merchant ships carrying contraband munitions without provoking America to wage war, the German government sent undercover agents to sabotage munitions operations. Numerous fires were set at military supply manufacturing sites. Shipping lines and railroads were also sometimes targets. Over 50 acts of sabotage were carried out on American targets from 1914 to 1918. Of those 50, nearly 30 occurred in the New York area alone. Not only did several factories and warehouses operate in the New York area, but ports in and around New York were the major staging point for shipping supplies to the western front in Europe.
  • 72.
    Black Tom- TheFirst Terrorist Attack on America (cont‘d) After midnight, a series of small fires were discovered on the pier. Some guards fled, fearing an explosion. Others attempted to fight the fires and eventually called the Jersey City Fire Department. At 2:08 a.m., the first and largest of the explosions took place. Fragments from the explosion traveled long distances, some lodging in the Statue of Liberty and some in the clock tower of The Jersey Journal building in Journal Square, over a mile away, stopping the clock at 2:12 a.m. The explosion was the equivalent of an earthquake measuring between 5.0 and 5.5 on the Richter scale and was felt as far away as Philadelphia. Windows broke as far as 25 miles (40 km) away, including thousands in lower Manhattan. Some window panes in Times Square were completely shattered. The outer wall of Jersey City's City Hall was cracked and the Brooklyn Bridge was shaken. People as far away as Maryland were awakened by what they thought was an earthquake. Two of the watchmen who had lit smudge pots to keep away mosquitoes on their watch were immediately arrested. It soon became clear that the fires of the smudge pots had not caused the fire and that the blast had not been an accident. It was traced to a Slovak immigrant named Michael Kristoff, who had served in the U.S. Army, but admitted to carrying suitcases for the Germans before America entered World War I.
  • 73.
    Black Tom- TheFirst Terrorist Attack on America (cont‘d) According to him, two of the guards were German agents. It is likely that the bombing involved some of the techniques developed by a group of German agents surrounding German ambassador Count Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, probably using the pencil bombs developed by Captain Franz von Rintelen. Although suspicion at the time fell solely on German saboteurs like Kurt Jahnke and his assistant Lothar Witzke, still judged as "likely" responsible by some, later investigations in the aftermath of the Annie Larsen affair unearthed links between the Ghadar conspiracy and the Black Tom explosion Franz von Papen is known to have also been involved in both. Bottom Line: The whole incident was covered up by President Wilson because the outrage by the American public would have run counter to his presidential campaign slogan, ―He kept us out of the war‖ and he wanted to be re-elected. He denied the incident and blamed it on capitalists who did not do the right thing in safety and security.
  • 74.
    America Faces Waron a Grand Scale  World War starts in Europe    America‘s early position on the war    World War I was touched off by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists in Sarajevo. The rise of the German Empire and its desire for territorial security led to the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire in one camp. A competing alliance was formed by Great Britain, France, and Russia, each of which feared that Germany and its allies might attempt aggression against them. The United states followed a policy of neutrality Most Americans favored the Allied side, because of their many cultural ties to Great Britain and their gratitude to France. British control of the seas made America dependent on trade with the Allies. The Lusitania incident   It rallied American public support behind the Allies with Wilson‘s propaganda. Germany issued the Arabic and Sussex pledges to keep America from the Allies.
  • 75.
    America Faces Waron a Grand Scale (cont‘d)  Wilson prepares America for war   Wilson prepared the nation for war by doubling the size of the army, strengthening the National Guard, and undertaking a building program that aimed to make America‘s navy the world‘s largest by 1920. Wilson was re-elected in 1916 by deception and used the slogan, ―He kept us out of war.‖ Less than one year later, America was at war.
  • 76.
    The Home Front    Womentook war factory jobs Received lower wages than males Food shortages made running a household difficult
  • 77.
    The Home Front  Censorship Nottold about high death toll  Romanticized the battlefields ―soldiers have died a beautiful death, in noble battle, we shall rediscover poetry…epic and chivalrous‖ 
  • 78.
    The Home Front  Slogan Censorship ―Newspapersdescribed troops as itching to go over the top.‖ ―Government reported to the press that life in the trenches promoted good health and clear air‖ A WWI companion book and movie along with the book and movie—In Flanders Field
  • 79.
    The Home Front ―OnLeave‖ Troops would stay together so they could sympathize with each other 
  • 80.
    The Home Front  Impossibleto hide death    Women in mourning Badly wounded soldiers returned home Opposition began to emerge
  • 81.
    Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Leninhad to deal with the war. Calls for a negotiated peace failed. Lenin then bargained directly with the Germans. Faced with a crippling loss of territory or the collapse of his government, he chose the former. Trotsky headed the Soviet delegation that signed a peace treaty at Brest-Litovsk, in what is now Belarus, on 3 Mar 1918. Under its terms, Russia lost Ukraine, its Polish and Baltic provinces, and Finland. The treaty was effectively annulled by Germany‘s defeat in November 1918, and the Soviet Union eventually regained all of the territory except Finland and Poland. At the time that the Congress of Soviets met to approve the treaty, the Bolsheviks changed their name to the Russian Communist party. The treaty had no negative effects for Lenin. Opponents from different Russian factions were united by their opposition to it. Patriotic indignation at the betrayal of Russia to Germany quickly surfaced, even in the army. This division between the Communists and their opponents led to a civil war that lasted until late 1920. Trotsky was appointed commissar for war.
  • 82.
    The war ends    1917– Russia surrenders under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk(a separate peace) U.S. joins the war on the Allied side Nov. 11, 1918 Armistice
  • 83.
    Death Toll ofWar Allied Powers Central Powers 42 million served 23 million served 22 million casualties 52% attrition rate 15 million casualties 65% attrition rate
  • 84.
    Psychological impact   ―Never suchinnocence again‖ (similar to 9/11) Bitterness towards aristocratic officers whose lives were never in danger
  • 85.
    Social Impact      Men lostlimbs and were mutilated Birthrate fell markedly Invalids unable to work Ethnic hostility Influenza epidemic
  • 86.
    Battles, America‘s Entry,and Armistice Graphic Organizer WWI Battles America’s Entry Slogans Examples The Home Front Slogans Examples
  • 87.
    Battles, America‘s Entry,and Armistice Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Give one pro and one con argument for U.S. entry into WWI. Give a WWI Wilsonian slogan. Give a WWI Home Front book, movie, or slogan. Give two reasons that America entered WWI. Give two examples of the Home Front.
  • 88.
    Poetry and Literatureof World War I Extra Credit is available
  • 89.
    Dulce Et DecorumEst Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs And towards our distant rest began to trudge. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of disappointed shells that dropped behind. GAS! Gas! Quick, boys!-- An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling And floundering like a man in fire or lime.-Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
  • 90.
    In all mydreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. If in some smothering dreams you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in, And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin; If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,-My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. * * It is sweet and proper to die for your country Wilfred Owen, died 1918
  • 91.
    Louse Hunting Nudes --stark and glistening, Yelling in lurid glee. Grinning faces And raging limbs Whirl over the floor one fire. For a shirt verminously busy Yon soldier tore from his throat, with oaths Godhead might shrink at, but not the lice. And soon the shirt was aflare Over the candle he'd lit while we lay. Then we all sprang up and stript To hunt the verminous brood. Soon like a demons' pantomine The place was raging.
  • 92.
    What a louse lookslike if it were large enough to see.
  • 93.
    See the silhouettesagape, See the glibbering shadows Mixed with the battled arms on the wall. See gargantuan hooked fingers Pluck in supreme flesh To smutch supreme littleness. See the merry limbs in hot Highland fling Because some wizard vermin Charmed from the quiet this revel When our ears were half lulled By the dark music Blown from Sleep's trumpet Isaac Rosenberg
  • 94.
    IN FLANDERS FIELDS InFlanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. John McCrae, died 1918
  • 96.
    Write a poemas if you were a soldier or a medic during World War I, living and working in the trenches. It must be at least 12 lines and actually be decent. More resources on page 783-4 of the text. Possible extra credit test score
  • 97.
  • 98.
  • 99.
  • 100.
    The Treaty ofVersailles June 1919
  • 101.
    Woodrow Wilson USA DavidLloyd-George Great Britain The Big Four Georges Clemenceau France Vittorio Orlando Italy
  • 102.
    The Big Fourat Versailles in 1919
  • 103.
    What did Francewant from the treaty? Security Revenge Reparations Clemenceau : The Tiger Clemenceau wanted to make sure that Germany could not invade France in the future. He was determined that Germany should be made to pay for the damage that had been caused in northern France by the invading German armies.
  • 104.
    What did BritainWant? In public Lloyd-George said he wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti-German at the end of the war. In private he realised that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner. David Lloyd-George He was also worried about the “disease from the east”, communism. The Russian government had been overthrown by a communist revolution in 1917. Lloyd-George believed that the spread of communism had to be stopped. A strong Germany would be a barrier against it.
  • 105.
    What did AmericaWant? Woodrow Wilson wanted the treaty to be based on his Fourteen Points He believed Germany should be punished but not severely. He wanted a just settlement that would not leave Germany feeling resentful Wilson wanted to set up an international organization called The League of Nations which would settle disputes Woodrow Wilson The American public did not support him. They were fed up with involvement in European affairs. The USA became more isolationist.
  • 106.
    The Peace Conference:The Disaster Wilson Pretended Not to Notice Wilson was highly concerned with his lofty principles of ―peace without victory‖, and the absence of revenge and self-aggrandizement. But in the closed door negotiations among the Big Four (Britain, France, Italy, and the United States), Wilson saw only revenge and self-aggrandizement. So wedded was Wilson to the idea of a League of Nations that the British and French delegations knew that all they had to do to persuade Wilson to abandon any of the other Fourteen Points was to threaten not to join his beloved League. For his part, Wilson persuaded himself that as long as he got his League, that institution could modify any objectionable aspects of the peace treaty. Ultimately, for Wilson, it was the League that mattered. A sacred cow for Wilson was the ideal of self determination, however, in breaking up the Austro-Hungarian Empire more ethnicities were created for more nations. When Czechoslovakia was created, it contained 3 million Germans in the region known as the Sudetenland. Adolf Hitler would use the principle of selfdetermination to then demand annexation of Czechoslovakia to regain these Germans. Portions of German-speaking Europe were parceled out not only to Czechoslovakia but also to Poland, Italy, and France; Germany even lost the port city of Danzig which was 95% German. Austria was essentially reduced to its
  • 107.
    The Peace Conference:The Disaster Wilson Pretended Not to Notice (cont‘d) German speaking core. And despite the overwhelming popular support that existed for a union of Germany with this smaller Austria, Wilson expressly forbade any such union in the treaty. The treaty enraged Germans because they insisted upon surrendering on the Fourteen Points which called for a general disarmament. The Treaty of Versailles called for only Germany to disarm and had the following restrictions: no air force, tanks, submarines (naturally) and restricted the army to 100,000. Germany would bear the whole burden of the reparations for the war and sole responsibility for the war. Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau repudiated this sole responsibility because of the mass starvation of the German nation because of the British blockade that lasted four months past the armistice on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, 1918.
  • 108.
    The League ofNations The first international organization set up to maintain world peace was the League of Nations. It was founded in 1920 as part of the settlement that ended World War I. Weakened from the start by the refusal of the United States to join, the organization proved ineffective in defusing the hostilities that led to World War II in 1939. After World War II, the League of Nations was replaced by the United Nations to institute the attempt of a new world government. The League of Nations was first suggested in the Fourteen Points presented on 8 Jan 1918, by Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, as a basis for armistice negotiations. After the peace negotiations opened, the work was continued by a commission headed by Wilson. A working plan, called The Covenant of the League of Nations, became Section I of the Treaty of Versailles. The League came officially into existence with the ratification of this treaty on 10 Jan 1920. The first Assembly met in Geneve, Switz., 15 Nov 1920, with 41 nations represented. More than 20 nations joined later, but there were numerous withdrawals.
  • 109.
    The U.S. RejectsWorld Leadership  President Wilson‘s plans were severely weakened in Congress.    Weakened support was evident in the election of a Republican Senate and House in 1918 and in the discontent expressed by many Republicans on being excluded from the peace-treaty negotiations. France, Great Britain, and Italy were intent on imposing harsh terms on the Central Powers and were contemptuous of Wilson‘s Fourteen Points. The Versailles Treaty called for:      The creation of six new countries in central Europe The separation of Austria and Hungary Germany had to surrender its colonies, pay reparations, and pledge to remain disarmed The treaty also called for a League of Nations The organization of the League of Nations and its fate  The League of Nations was to be composed of:      An Administrative Secretariat An Assembly of all member nations A Council consisting of the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and four nonpermanent members chosen by the assembly Congressional opponents of the League objected to the League Covenant, which they felt would restrict America‘s independent power to declare war and threaten the Monroe Doctrine. The Versailles Treaty was defeated in the Senate in two versions.
  • 110.
    What were theterms of the Treaty of Versailles? To do with Germany’s armed forces : The German army was to be reduced to 100,000 men. It was not allowed to have tanks. Germany was not allowed an airforce The area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarized The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhein for fifteen years The German navy was to have no submarines or large battleships
  • 111.
  • 113.
    Territorial Losses Germany lostALL of her overseas colonies Alsace-Lorraine was given to France
  • 114.
    Eupen and Malmedywere given to Belgium North-Schleswig was given to Denmark
  • 115.
    Posen was givento Poland so that she would have access to the Baltic Sea. This area became known as the Polish Corridor. It meant that East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany.
  • 116.
    The Rhineland wasto be demilitarized
  • 117.
    The Saar coalfieldswere given to France for fifteen years The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control of the League of Nations
  • 119.
    The War GuiltClause "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." Article 231 GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR
  • 120.
    REPARATIONS Germany agreed topay for the damage caused by her armies during the war. The sum she had to pay was later fixed at £6,600 million
  • 121.
    Germany was forbiddento unite with Austria
  • 122.
    How did GermansReact to the Treaty? Germans thought the Treaty was a “diktat” : a dictated peace. They had not been invited to the peace conference at Versailles and when the Treaty was presented to them they were threatened with war if they did not sign it. The Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points as the Germans had been promised it would. Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe. Many Germans believed the German economy would be crippled by having to pay reparations.
  • 123.
    The Treaty ofVersailles was signed on 28th June 1919. It officially ended the 1st World War. Many historians believe that it was a major cause of the 2nd World War. Most Germans were horrified by the harshness of the Treaty. There was anger amongst all groups in Germany, no matter what their political beliefs. Some German newspapers called for revenge for the humiliation of Versailles. However anger was also directed against the government in Germany. Already there was a myth growing in the country that the German army had been “stabbed in the back” by politicians…the so called “November Criminals”. Now these same politicians had signed the “Diktat”, the dictated peace. The new democracy in Germany was now closely linked with the humiliation of Versailles.