Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) was developed in the 1970s by Richard Bandler and John Grinder based on their research studying excellent therapists. They sought to identify patterns of human behavior, language, and cognition that could be modeled for effective communication and personal change. NLP focuses on how subjective experiences are represented neurologically and how language affects programming of behavior. It uses concepts like representational systems, submodalities, and modeling to modify thought and behavior patterns. NLP lacks a unified definition and empirical support but is applied in fields like communication, education, coaching and therapy. It emphasizes experiential learning and identifying an individual's preferred representational systems of visual, auditory and kinesthetic modalities.

1. Neuro-linguistic
Programming (NLP)

2. History & Development
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Original work in the 1970’s by Richard Bandler, Computer Scientist and
Gestalt therapist and Dr. John Grinder, linguist and therapist.
Grinder and Bandler fell out(1980’s) , countersued each other amid
controversy over intellectual property rights of NLP.
Others used NLP to their own end including Anthony Robbins (Neuro
Associative Conditioning) and Michael Hall( Meta-states) - stepping back
and viewing the self from a larger perspective using self-reflexive
consciousness.
Abundance of developers and trainers created no definitive system of NLP
Research reviewers in experimental counseling psychology and the National
Research council gave NLP an overall negative assessment ( mid -late
80’s)
In 2000, Grinder & Bandler settled dispute and became offical co-founders
of NLP
Since then, many types of training certificates exist originally intended for
therapists. Certificate programs can be from 20 days to a 9 month program
for a professional level competence.
Exists as a set of techniques, methods, concepts, and labels
NLP is still an open field of training.
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3. What is NLP?
Richard Bandler ‘s definition:
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"The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience and what can be calculated
from it.”
Others definition of NLP
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An approach to discovering and modifying patterns of human thought and
behavior.
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NLP is a universal model for communication and change. It is also an attitude and a
set of techniques to influence ourselves and others with precision, elegance and
integrity.
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NLP describes the fundamental dynamics between mind (neuro) and language
(linguistic) and how their interaction effects our body and behavior
(programming).
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NLP is about the study of patterns in human behavior that usually are outside of
conscious awareness.
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NLP is is a tool for generating change for changes sake.
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NLP is the Art and Science of Personal Excellence

4. Applications of NLP
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Companies,
organizations, and
individuals use NLP
as a communication
and self-improvement
tool.
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Directors and executives
Managers at all levels
Sales people
Administrators
Engineering and technical staff
Customer care operatives
Receptionists and secretaries
Trainers
Human Resource personnel
Therapists
Actors
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5. Core Research
Premise: Perceptions are
represented in the brain
through our five senses with
images, sounds,
smells,taste, and touch.
Individual’s thoughts, gestures,
and words interact to create
a perception of the world. By
changing one’s outlook, one
can improve his-her attitudes
and actions.
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Studied 3 prominent therapists to
determine their effectiveness at
work. What made these successful
psychotherapists different from their
peers? They studied Dr. Milton
Erickson, father of modern
hypnotherapy; Fritz Perls, creator of
Gestalt therapy;Virginia Satir, mother
of modern-day family therapy
Research revealed information about
patterns of behavior and specific
actions successful people exhibited

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Modeling
Process of adopting
the behaviors,
language, strategies,
and beliefs of another
person
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Grinder and Bandler modeled
the three therapists and
developed special “patterns” for
general communication, rapportbuilding, and self-improvement.
NLP could be developed as a
tool for modeling excellence
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7. Representational systems
Grinder and Bandler focused on three major
representational modalities to use in their
research.
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Visual (V)
Auditory (A)
Kinesthetic (K)
Each modality is broken down into smaller
structural divisions called Submodalities

8. NLP Submodalities
Submodality is a distinction of form or structure (rather
than content). A submodality describes the modality with
certain attributes and more precision.
For example,
Visual(modality) images can have many attributes. Some
common visual attributes(Submodalities) could be clear,
fuzzy, bright or dark.
Some Submodalities of the Kinesthetic system could be
soft, warm or cold.

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Sample NLP Submodalities of three
Representational Systems
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Visual (V)
Auditory (A)
Kinesthetic (K)
Clear, fuzzy, bright, dark, lucid,
see, look, imagine, illustrate,
picture, convex, concave, watch,
gaze, glare,reflect,show
Voice, loud, quiet, volume, hear,
listen, tell, say, talk, rhythm,
tempo, blaring
Feel, touch, warmth, pressure,
handle, cuddle, kiss, emotions
Communication
(V)
Samples
(A)
“I see what you mean”.
“Sandy’s future looks bright.”
“Imagine that!”
“Show me the money”.
“I hear what you’re saying.”
“Listen, could we talk?”
“Sounds good to me.”
(K)
“I know how you feel.”
“I can handle it.”
“No Pressure!”
“Things are heating up!”

10. NLP Representational Systems
(Modalities)
VAK Preference Learning styles
Visual (V)
Auditory (A)
Kinesthetic (K)
Someone with a Visual learning
style has a preference for seen or
observed things including
pictures, movies, diagrams,
displays, demonstrations
Someone with an Auditory
learning style has a preference
for the transfer of information
through listening; to the spoken
word, of self or others, of sounds
and noises.
Someone with a Kinesthetic
learning style has a preference
for physical experience touching, feeling, holding,
doing, practical “hands-on”
experiences.

11. Limitations and Difficulties
using NLP
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Lacks a specific definition without a
large body of empirical support.
Requires skill. Many use NLP
without much preparation or
practice, creates potential misuse.
Missing code of ethics
Difficult to measure scientifically
making it difficult to determine
effectiveness and “best use”
strategy
Ambiguous nature of NLP creates
openings for misinterpreting it
meaning

12. NLP ,MI, and Other fields
Other theories and Fields
NLP and Multiple Intelligences (MI)
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Both seek to describe a learning
preference that can be useful for
teaching, learning, and
communicating
Both seek to provide a model for
understanding the brain and how it
works
Both demand active participation on
the part of the learner.This creates
individualized strategies designed to
enhance personal success
•Albert Bandura’s Modeled behavior
shares similarities with Grinder and
Bandlers modeling for excellence
•NLP like Goleman’s Emotional
intelligence seek to recognize feelings and
effectively manage emotional states.
•NLP uses Techniques of intervention,
patterned behavior, and goal setting which
are also found in psychotherapy,
hypnotherapy, and Gestalt therapy( aims to
make individuals ‘whole’ by increasing
their awareness of aspects of their
personality which have been denied or
disowned).

13. Multiple Intelligences with VAK modalities
Learner type
Is good at..
Learns best by..
Activities
VAK strategy of
NLP
Reading, writing
And stories
Saying, hearing and
Seeing words
Memory games
Trivia games,stories
Mostly (A)
Logical/
mathematical
Solving puzzles,
exploring patterns,
reasoning, logic
Asking questions,
categorizing and
working with
problems
Puzzles
Problem solving
(A) with some (V)
Visual/Spatial
Drawing, building,
Arts and crafts
Visualizing using
the minds eye
Flashcards, pictures,
colors, project work
Mostly (V) with
some (K) handson art
Musical
Singing, listening to
music, play musical
instruments
Using rhythm with
music on
Using songs, chants,
drilling
Mostly (A)
Bodily/
Kinesthetic
Moving around,
touching things and
body language
Moving, touching
and doing
Tactile activities,
action songs, miming
Mostly (K)
Interpersonal
Mixing with others,
Leading groups,
mediating
Co-operating
working in groups
And sharing
Mingle activities,
group work, debates,
discussions
Some (A)
Some (K)
Intrapersonal
Working alone and
pursuing own
interests
Working alone
Working individually
on personalized
projects
Some (K), some
(A) internal, Some
(V)
Nature
Working outside,
observing nature
Environmental
projects
(V) With some
(K)
Linguistic
Naturalistic

14. Beginnings
NLP
MI
General
assumptions
concepts
Scope
Classroom
Mid-70’s Richard
Bandler and John
Grinder
People elicit
specific
physiological
patterns which
can be
modeled and
taught for
achieving
desired
outcomes
Modeled
behaviors
(Bandura),
Self
-awareness,
Selfimprovement
Lacks a
specific theory
for usage
,instead is
applied to
many fields of
interest notably
as an
application for
selfimprovement
and
communication
Create
Rapport,
identify and
utilize an
active learning
state for a
student,
communication
tool for teacher
1983 - Howard
Gardner
Different
experiences
develop
different
capabilities
expressed as
intelligences,
Theory
Challenges IQ
model
Eight distinct
intelligences
exist in human
beings.
Learning
Theory
encompasses
different kinds
of intelligences
for
understanding
human
development
and
applications
for education
Individualized
for student,
active learning
state