This document discusses the transformation of traditional herbal medicines from macro dosage forms to nanoformulations. It provides background on the history and use of herbal medicines. Nanoparticles can be used as drug carriers for herbal medicines to improve efficacy, stability, and targeting. Various nanocarriers like polymers, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and metallic nanoparticles are described. Characterization techniques for evaluating nanoformulations are also outlined, along with challenges, regulations, and the potential of nano-herbal products.

1. METAMORPHOSIS OF TRADITIONAL
HERBAL MEDICINES FROM MACRO
DOSAGE FORMS TO
NANOFORMULATIONS
Dr. RM Akila,
Associate Professor,
Dept of Pharmaceutics & Dept of
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

2. METAMORPHOSIS OF
TRADITIONAL HERBAL
MEDICINES FROM MACRO DOSAGE
FORMS TO NANOFORMULATIONS
TRADITIONAL HERBAL
MEDICINES
NANOPARTICLES
CONCLUSION

3. HISTORY OF
HERBAL MEDICINES
Medicinal plants or herbs have been used
since the dawn of civilization as a remedy
for various ailments.
60% of world's population
80% of population in developing countries

4. TRADITIONAL MEDICINES IN INDIA
Therapeutic practices that
have been in existence for
hundreds of years like
AYUSH before the
development & spread of
modern medicine

5. TRADITIONAL
HERBAL
PREPARATION
S ASAVA/ARISTA
VATI/GUTIKA/PILL
CHURNA
AVALEHA
TAILA
TAILA

6. MODIFIED HERBAL DOSAGE
FORMS

7. PROS
Low cost
Availability
Low/Reduced risk for side
effects
Effective for chronic and
complicated conditions
Enormous pharmacological
actions
CONS
Lack of dosage instructions
Risk of using inferior herbs
Alcoholic or chloroform extracts may not be
suitable for drug delivery as such
Not appropriate for all conditions
Lack of some essential components as they are
incompatible with other components in the
formulation
Less kinetic performance(Poor/low absorption,
could not cross lipid membrane, high molecular
weight/size)
Increased systemic clearance
OF TRADITIONAL HERBAL
MEDICINES

8. SCIENTIFIC APPROACH-
HERBAL DRUG WITH
NANOCARRIERS
Efficient Delivery
Enhanced activity
Overcoming problems
Future potential
Unique properties
Promising prospects

9. SYMBIOSIS OF ANCIENT
WISDOM
WITH MODERN MEDICAL
SCIENCE
Un precedented resurgence of interest in herbal healing
Herbal Renaissance all over the globe
Nanotechnology holds enormous promise
Trinity combination of Traditional medicine,
Nanotechnology & Modern Science (Standardization &
Identification of individual components) usher in new era of
safe and effective medical system

10. WHY
NANOTECHNOLOGY
IN DRUG DELIVERY?
Targeting
Improved efficacy
Constant rate of drug delivery
Increased drug stability
Cross BBB

11. HISTORY OF NP AS
DRUG CARRIERS
1960
First Polymeric
NP
Spieser et al
1972
Scheffel et al
Radio labelled
albumin NP
1978
Widder et al
Magnetic
NP

12. NANO DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM
Nano Drug Delivery - Transportation of a drug safely in body via
nanotechnology
NANO means dwarf or extremely small
A billionth of a meter
10-9m or 0.000000001m
Atom : 0.1nm
Using solid colloidal particles/particulate dispersions at nano scale
range
(I – 100nm or 1000nm ) to deliver the drugs at the targeted sites
Nanoparticles behave as carriers & the drug is dissolved,

13. CLASSIFICATION O
F NANOPARTICLES
(SIZE)

14. NANOCARRIERS

16. POLYMERS USED FOR
PREPARATION OF
NANOPARTICLES

17. POLYMERIC NANOPARTI
CLES
or Reservoir
Nanocapsule Nanosphere
Encapsulated Entrapped
Size: 10 - 1000nm

18. POLYMERIC
MICELLE
Self assembled colloidal amphiphilic molecule with hydrophobic
core & hydrophilic shell
Size range: 10-100nm

19. DENDRIMER
S
Nano sized, highly branched tree like structure made of 3 D molecules
NMT 15nm in size

20. NANOGEL
A crosslinked hydrophilic polymer network in a liquid dispersion medium
Synthetic /Biopolymer
10-100nm

21. SOLID LIPID
NANOPARTICLES
50 – 500nm
Sub micron sized emulsion
where liquid lipid is
replaced by solid lipid
or surfactant

22. LIPOSOMES

23. PREPARATION OF
LIPOSOMES

24. NANO
EMULSIONS

25. METALLIC NANOPARTICLES
(Ag,Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, Fe, FeO, ZnO)- Theranostic
agents for invading tumor cells & anti bacterial
activity

26. MAGNETIC
NANOPARTICLES

27. CARBON
NANOTUBES
Carrier for anticancer herbal drugs
Perforate the cell membrane by its
needle like structures

28. QUANTUM DOTS
OR CARBON
NANODOTS

29. HIGH PRESSURE
HOMOGENISATION
TECHNIQUE
Hot Homogenisation Cold Homogenisation

30. ULTRASONICATIO
N

31. EMULSIFICATION
SOLVENT
EVAPORATION
TECHNIQUE
surfactant

32. EMULSIFICATION SOLVENT
DIFFUSION TECHNIQUE
Water miscible
Mixing organic & aq.phase
Solvent diffusion

33. SUPER CRITICAL
FLUID TECHNIQUE

34. NANOPRECIPITATIO
N METHOD

35. SALTING OUT
TECHNIQUE

36. COACERVATION
TECHNIQUE

37. NANO BASED
DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEMS

38. NANO HERBAL
PRODUCTS IN
MARKET
Radix salvia miltiorrhiza-
Heart Disease
Taxel -Anti cancer Curcumin –
Anti cancer
Silymarin-
Liver Disorder
Berberine-
Anticancer
Cuscuta chinensis-
Hepatoprotective
Ginkgo biloba-
Dementia

39. NANO HERBAL
COSMETICS
Blend of nettle leaf, black elderberry
& chamomile extracts with citrus &
mint oils - Hair Shampoo
Transparent sunscreen with
UV filters in nano form

40. CELL ENTRY OF
NANOPARTICLES
Larger
particles
> 500nm Smaller particles

41. EVALUATION OF
NANOPARTICLES
SIZE & SURFACE
MORPHOLOGY
Particle
size
DLS
(Zeta
Sizer)
Nano sight SEM TEM
AFM
Mercury
Porosito
metry

42. SIZE & SURFACE
MORPHOLOGY
Shape
SEM TEM

43. Crystalli
nity
SIZE & SURFACE
MORPHOLOGY
XRD DSC

44. SPECIFIC SURFACE
AREA
Brunauer Emmer Teller
Surface area & Pore size Distribution

45. SURFACE
CHARGE
Laser Light Scattering Technique/DSC
Zeta potential

46. SURFACE
HYDROPHOBICITY
Interaction of Nanoparticles with biologic
environment
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography
Biphasic partitioning
Adsorption of probes
Contact Angle measurement
Xray photon correlation spectroscopy

47. DRUG
ENTRAPMENT
EFFICIENCY
Centrifugation
UV spectrophotometry
%Drug Entrapment= W-w/W
Where W=Total drug used in NP preparation
w= Drug in supernatant liquid

48. IN-VITRO RELEASE
STUDIES
USP Apparatus I ( Basket type)
USP Apparatus I ( Paddle type)
USP Apparatus IV (Flow through cell type)
Franz diffusion cell
Dialysis Method
New methods: Electro chemical & Non-Electrochemical
methods

49. SPECIFIC CHARACTERIZATION
OF LIPOSOMES
Lamellarity
Phase behaviour
Chemical & Biological characterization

50. Reasons for CAGR
Increased funding by government
& private institutions to foster
R&D
Increase in Geriatric population
Rise in chronic diseases
High unmet medical conditions
GLOBAL MARKET
OF
NANOPARTICLES

51. ETHICAL ISSUES
AND REGULATORY
ASPECTS
Nanoparticles have both biological effects as well as toxic
effects
The clinical research involving nanophytomedicines has to be
placed under similar ethical standards in accordance with the
national and international ethical regulations and guidelines.
With the development of phytomedicines, a large number of
these ethical issues are being discussed before the actual
beginning of this technology
The FDA is devising explicit regulations pertinent to nano-
biotechnology products

52. The ethical issues that are usually encountered by
nanophytomedicines include the particle size, its influence on human
health, environment safety, potential unexpected after come and
harmful influenced by the use of nanophytomedicine.
The impact of nanophytomedicine on the environment and human
health is an important issue with respect to health, safety, and ethics
The toxicity of nanophytomedicine particles being unable to predict can
be more than that of their macroscopic analogs.
Exposure at the workplace should be tracked and regulations
governing exposure levels for manufactured nanophytomedicines
should be reviewed at regular intervals.

53. REGULATORY
ASPECTS
Nano-biotechnology is liable to bring up legal issues as
any different recent technology
The FDA approval is essential for clinical applications
of new technologies and substantial regulatory
problems may be encountered in the approval of
nanotechnology based products.
To facilitate the regulation of nanoproducts, the FDA
has formed an internal nanotechnology interest group
(NTIG) composed of representatives from all its
regulatory centers.

54. CHALLENGES
Production of active constituents of phytomedicine
via process of screening, isolation, and
identification is in itself a major challenge as
these phytoconstituents are found in very low
amounts in the plants.
It is needed to conduct more research over in vivo
animal models in order to explicate the
effectiveness of phytomedicines.

55. CHALLENGES
Interactions between nanoparticles and living organisms
should be comprehended and brought under control.
Investigations need to be conducted for the immunotoxicity
of nanoformulations arising due to unanticipated immune
response after the administration
If any formulation makes pharmacokinetic profile better,
but it could not deal with the safety and produces toxicity
within the body can be a limitation of nanomedicine

56. CHALLENGES
Cost is much higher due to use of various
techniques and equipment in nanomedicine
characterization

57. CHALLENGES
Due to multiform toxicity, it is not easy to propose an
outline pertaining to special safety guideline for a particular
nanoparticle
There is a crucial need for developing nanotechnology
together with the phytomedicine has safety guideline by the
government to keep strict check the side effects of these
nanophytomedicines