6. A prefix meaning “extremely small”
Translates to “one billionth”
Greek origin “nanos” meaning “dwarf”
Denotes a factor of 10-9 or 0.000000001
7. NANOTECHNOLOGY
The use and application of materials
with sizes in the nanometer range
NANOPARTICLE
A microscopic particle of matter that is
measured on the nanoscale
(1 to 100 nanometers)
NANOMEDICINE
The branch of medicine concerned
with the use of nanotechnology
10. Just as a millimeter is one-thousandth of a meter,
a nanometer is one-millionth of a millimeter
Diameter of Human hair
= 80,000 nanometers
Red Blood Cells
= 8,000 nanometers
NANOTECHNOLOGY UTILIZES MATERIALS BELOW
1,000 NANOMETERS!!!
11. Nanoscale Materials Increased Surface Area
Greater amount of material is in contact with surrounding materials
HIGH REACTIVITY
13. December 29th, 1959, Physicist Richard
Feynman gave a radical lecture at anAmerican
Physical Society meeting at Caltech University
entitled “There’s Plenty Of Room AtThe
Bottom.”
Feynman suggested that it should be possible to
make machines at the nanoscale that “arrange
the atoms the way we want” and do chemical
synthesis by mechanical manipulation
This lecture was the birth of the idea and study
of nanotechnology
14. Professor NorioTaniguchi of theTokyo Science University
introduced the term “Nanotechnology” in 1974
“Nanotechnology”- Processing, separation,
consolidation and deformation of
materials by one atom or by one molecule
15. In the 1980’s, Dr. K. Eric Drexler promoted the nanoscale
phenomena through books:
Engines of Creation:The Coming Era of Nanotechnology
Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation
Ultimately responsible for the term
nanotechnology to acquire its current
sense
16. Hollywood came out with a movie in 1966 that provided the public
with a glimpse of the future of nanoscience
“FantasticVoyage”
Depicts a miniaturized surgical team that was injected into a man
to operate on a blood clot in his brain
17. A new branch in pharmacology that is rapidly emerging
It is the application of nanotechnology to the development and
discovery of drug delivery methods
Target Drug Delivery
Diagnostically
Therapeutically
18. Conventional Therapy Nanopharmacology
• Decreased bioavailability
• Wide and non-specific distribution
• Increased systemic toxicity
• Increased risk/benefit ratio
• Drug Resistance
• Protection of molecule from
metabolism and degradation
• Able to reach specific target site
• Reduced systemic toxicity
• Risk/benefit ratio ???
• Lower/Infrequent dosing
19. Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology to achieve
breakthroughs in healthcare
Enables early detection and prevention of diseases
A new era of treatment and therapy
Overall
• Improve diagnosis and treatment
• Comprehensive monitoring, control and repair
- Of all human biological systems (molecular level)
- Using engineered devices and nanostructures
-To achieve medical benefit
21. Imaging
Identification
Delivery of medication to exact
location
Killing bacteria, viruses and cancer
cells
Repair of damaged tissues
DIAGNOSTIC
THERAPEUTIC
22. Nanoparticles are being used extensively as contrast agents in non-
invasive medical imaging tools
CTs
MRIs
PETs
Ultrasound
Optical imaging
Agents used:
Nanosized metal oxides
Dendrimers
Quantum dots
23. “Lab-on-a-chip”- In-vitro diagnostics based on a nanoscale
Advantages: Applications
- Reduced costs - Heart Disease
- Portability - Insulin Detection
- Shorter and faster analysis
24. “Lab-on-a-chip” to monitor lithium medication levels at home for
manic depressive patients
Size of postage stamp
Lower cost
Greater convenience
25. Colloidal gold particles – rapid tests for pregnancy and ovulation
Gold shell particles – biomedical imaging
Magnetic nanoparticles – cell sorting in clinical diagnostics
Silica nanoparticles – diagnostic imaging
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles – MRI
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles – detection ofAlzheimer
plaques
26. Drug Delivery forms under investigation
Dendrimers
Nanoshells
Liposomes
Micelles
Quantum Dots
Nanocrystals
27. Manmade molecules
Tree like structure
many small branching molecules
around a central core molecule
2-20 nm
Applications:
Cancer cell recognition
Diagnosis of cancer
Drug delivery
Reporting drug levels in tumors
Reporting cancer cell death
29. Core of silica with metallic outer layer (usually gold)
Linked to antibodies that recognize tumor cells
Application:
Once the cancer cells
take up the nanoshells,
an infrared light is
applied and taken up by
the nanoshells.
Intense heat is created
which selectively kills the
tumor cells only and not the
neighboring healthy cells
30. Small spherical vesicles
200 nm or smaller
Lipid bilayer
Applications:
Targeted drug delivery
Cancer treatment
31. Examples:
Amikacin IV
Amphotericin B IV
Doxorubicin IV
Paclitaxel IV
Prednisolone IV
32. Lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in an
aqueous solution
Amphiphilic
Hydrophobic core and hydrophilic shell
Hydrophobic core serves as a reservoir for drug molecules
33. Examples:
Doxorubicin IV
Paclitaxel IV
Pilocarpine Ocular
Tranilast Oral
Micelles easily loaded with wide variety of poorly water soluble drug
enhanced bioavailability
Target drug delivery
Targeting achieved by attaching specific ligands or antibodies
onto surface
34. Examples:
Rapamycin
Fenofibrate
Paclitaxel
Silver
Pure solid drug particles with a
size in the nanometer range
Does not consist of any matrix
material
35. Type of nanocrystal
2-10 nm
20 times brighter and 100 times more
stable than traditional fluorescent
dyes
43. Key Factors in the Interaction with Biological Systems:
Size & Shape
Surface Area
Nanoparticle dose
Solubility
44. INCREASEDTOXICITY DUETO QUANTUM SIZE EFFECTS
As particle size decreases, surface area to volume ratio increases
highly active
Nanotoxicological studies intended to determine to what extent
these properties pose a threat to human beings
45. Oxidative Stress
PRIMARYCAUSE OF NANOTOXICITY
Induced production of Reactive Oxygen Species
DNA damage
Apoptosis
Inflammation
Accumulation of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles that don’t dissolve easily accumulate in different parts of the
body and persist
Toxic effects of a particular organ system
48. Nanoparticle Application Toxicity
• Silica Nanoparticles
• Ceramic Nanoparticles
• Superparamagnetic Iron
Oxide Nanoparticles
• Gold Shell Nanoparticles
•Titanium dioxide
• Silver Nanoparticles
• Carbon Nanoparticles
-Drug Delivery
-Diagnostic Imaging
-Cancer Drug Delivery
-MRI contrast
-Cancer Drug Carriers
-Biomedical Imaging and
Therapeutics
-CancerTherapeutics
-Antibacterial Agents
-Drug Dellivery
-Platelet Aggregation
-ReproductiveToxicity
-Oxidative Stress
-Cytotoxic Activity- Lungs,
Liver, Heart and Brain
-Oxidative Stress
-Disturbance in iron
homeostasis
-Hepatic and SplenicToxicity
-CNSToxicity
-ER Stress Response
-PulmonaryToxicity
-Intestinal Inflammation
49. ADVANTAGES
Reduced degree of invasiveness
Reduced systemic side effects of drugs
Cost effectiveness of medical & surgical therapy
Benefits in cancer therapy
Reduced morbidity and mortality rates
DISADVANTAGES
Lack of proper knowledge about nanoparticle effects on biochemical
pathways and processes of the human body
Toxicity
Different effects of drugs due to particle size
Difficulty in ADR monitoring
51. Full potential of nanomedicine may be years or even decades
away
Recent advances in nanotechnology related diagnosis, drug
delivery and drug development are beginning to change
healthcare management
Nanotherapy could be more economically convenient,
effective and safe
ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES… ONLYTIME WILLTELL
52. The British Society for Nanomedicine
http://www.britishsocietynanomedicine.org/what-is-nanomedicine.html
Khanna P., Ong C., Bay BH., Baeg GH. Nanotoxicity: An Interplay of Oxidative Stress,
Inflammation and Cell Death. Nanomaterials. 2015. (5) 1163-80
Review: Quantum Dots and Application in Medical Science
Satyanarayana V., Bhandare B., Adhikary J. Nanotechnology: Medical Applications and
Health Hazards. Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013. 1(1) 5-10
https://copublications.greenfacts.org/en/nanotechnologies/l-2/6-ealth-effects-
nanoparticles.htm
http://images.sciencesource.com/p/16352255/Quantum-Dots-Malaria-Progression-
JC2688.html
Nanomedicine: Meaning, Advantages and Disadvantages
“Disadvantages of Nanomedicine”
http://mhs-nanomedicine.weebly.com/disadvantages-of-nanomedicine.html