The six-stroke engine was developed to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions compared to conventional four-stroke engines. It operates with two additional strokes: in one, water is injected into the hot cylinder and turns to steam, forcing the piston down. In the other, the steam is exhausted up. This captures wasted heat to improve efficiency. Issues include potential engine damage from thermal expansion and needing separate water tanks. However, benefits are 40-60% reduced fuel use and lower emissions than four-stroke engines.
A six stroke engine describes a number of different approaches in the internal combustion engine to capture the waste heat from the four stroke Otto cycle and use it to power an additional power and exhaust stroke of the piston.
A six stroke engine describes a number of different approaches in the internal combustion engine to capture the waste heat from the four stroke Otto cycle and use it to power an additional power and exhaust stroke of the piston.
Detailed description of Six Stroke Engine with its advantages and disadvantages. It shows the various modifications required to develop a six stroke engine and its feasibility too.
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
Crdi technology is more efficient and advance technology in the field of automobile engineering. This technology is using at a large scale by a number of car companies. In this presentation you will find the basic principle, working, and component description of crdi technology.
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
six-stroke engines may be great in improving efficiency, fuel consumption, etc but they may limit the range of a vehicle fitted with them. The range of distance in which a vehicle can cover one tank full of fuel is tank capacity*fuel economy.
Detailed description of Six Stroke Engine with its advantages and disadvantages. It shows the various modifications required to develop a six stroke engine and its feasibility too.
The heart of an automobile is its engine, and the heart requires a constant and ingenuous supply of blood, fuel in this case. There had been carburetors faithfully doing this holy work, but technology never seizes to move up. Therefore, the latest offering is the fuel injector for petrol engin es. Though it all started with a simple objective of supplying a controlled amount of fuel at proper intervals of time, it’s, as of now, not as simple as that. With emission norms getting stricter and changing trends in engine technology – high-speed engines, Variable displacement engines, Hybrid engines, etc – it became more and more of a necessity than a luxury to improve the fuel supply system.
Today’s fuel injection unit not only improves engine performance, but also helps in giving a cleaner exhaust that too with a increased fuel economy. The objectives can be attained using a microprocessor that directs the injector using a number of various input parameters. These parameters include manifold temperatures, throttle position, ignition timing, engine speed, load, and a lot more of other factors. The various strategically placed sensors measures these physical quantities and convey the same to the processor in electronic signals. The paper deals with the brief functionality and basic concept of operation of a modern fuel injector used in petrol engines.
Crdi technology is more efficient and advance technology in the field of automobile engineering. This technology is using at a large scale by a number of car companies. In this presentation you will find the basic principle, working, and component description of crdi technology.
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
six-stroke engines may be great in improving efficiency, fuel consumption, etc but they may limit the range of a vehicle fitted with them. The range of distance in which a vehicle can cover one tank full of fuel is tank capacity*fuel economy.
Now a day the most difficult challenges in engine technology is to increase its thermal efficiency, If the efficiency is higher, than there will less fuel consumption and lower atmospheric emissions per unit of work produced by the engine. In Six Stroke engine, the name indicates a cycle of six strokes in which two are useful power strokes. The engine which we get by adding two more stroke in existing four stroke engines generates more power with higher fuel efficiency. The exhausted heat generated form four stroke cycle is used in this engine to get an additional power and exhaust stroke of the piston in the same cylinder. In this engine, steam is produce from water with the help of heat generated from four-stroke cycle, which is later used as a working fluid for the additional power stroke. This steam will force the piston down. As well as extracting power, the additional stroke cools the engine by water which is used for steam generation and removes the need for a cooling system which is used in four stroke Otto cycle and makes the engine lighter and giving 40% increased efficiency over the normal Otto cycle. In six stroke engine. The pistons go up and down six times for each injection of fuel. These six stroke engines have two power strokes: one by fuel, one by steam
ALL ABOUT AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS MATERIAL .IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR TO KNOW ABOUT MATERIALS USED FOR AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS. AND ALSO THE PROCEDURE OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
2. Introduction:
•The concept of six stroke engine was developed in mid 20th
century when pollution due to conventional IC engine
increased
•The six stroke engine “Using water” was developed by
Brush Crower in 2006 and he patented his product at the end
of 2007.
3. What is six stroke engine ?
• Six stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine
based on conventional four stroke engine ,but it’s
additional two strokes made it more efficient and reduce
the emission
• The engine captures heat which is lose from conventional
four stroke cycle and additional strokes use to produce
power by introducing water inside the super heated
cylinder
5. Components and their function:
1.Valves:
To control the inlet and exhaust of
internal combustion engine, valves are
used. The number of valves in an engine
depends on the number of cylinders. Two
valves are used for each cylinder one for inlet
of air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder and other
for exhaust of combustion gases.
6. Piston:
A piston is fitted to each cylinder. It is the prime
mover in the engine. The main function of
piston is to give tight seal to the cylinder
through bore and slide freely inside of cylinder.
The piston is made by aluminum alloy and
sometimes it is made by cast iron because light
alloy piston expands more than cast iron so they
need more clearances to the bore.
7. Connecting rod:
Connecting rod connects the
piston to crankshaft and transmits the motion.It
converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
rotary motion of crankshaft. There are two end of
connecting rod one is known as big end and other
as small end. Big end is connected to the
crankshaft and the small end is connected to the
piston by use of piston pin. The connecting rods
are made of nickel, chrome, and chrome vanadium
steels. For small engines the material may be
aluminum.
8. Crank shaft:
Converts the reciprocating motion of piston into
rotary motion of crankshaft. The shape and size of crankshaft
depends on the number and arrangement of cylinders. It is
usually made by steel.
9. Cooling fins:
Fins are provided anywhere primarily
for increasing the rate of heat transfer to the cooling
media. An IC engine heats up and over-heating can
cause engine seizure. To prevent this, fins are provided.
Fins basically increase the rate of heat transfer by
increasing the area available for convection.
10. Crankcase:
A crankcase is the housing for the
crankshaft in a reciprocating internal combustion engine.
11. Working principle:
The working principle of six stroke engine is based on the
concept of four stroke engine but with some modifications
where another two strokes are added.
• In a six-stroke engine, when the combustion chamber
temperature reaches approx. 400 °F (200 °C). Just
before the fifth stroke, fresh water is injected directly
into the hot combustion chamber through the engine's
fuel injector pump, which is quickly turned to
superheated steam, which causes the water to expand
to 1600 times its volume and forces the piston down for
an additional Power stroke
12. Suction stroke:
The piston moves from top dead
center to the bottom dead center and creates vacuum
pressure. So the Air and fuel mixture is sucked in to the
Cylinder.
13. Compression stroke:
The piston moves from bottom
dead center to top dead center and compresses the Mixture.
The mixture is compressed to high temperature and pressure.
14. Power stroke:
At the end of compression stroke the
fuel is ignited and burnt. The pressure inside the cylinder
increases rapidly and it pusses the piston down and the power
is transmitted from piston to wheel.
15. Exhaust stroke:
The Burnt product is pushed through
the exhaust valve by the upward movement of the piston.
16. Secondary power stroke:
• At the end of the exhaust stroke the
cylinder temperature becomes
around 900-10,000 C. At this stage
water is injected by an injector in the
form of fine droplets. The water turns
in to vapour increasing volume
around 1600 times when it comes in
contact with the superheated cylinder.
17. Secondary exhaust stroke:
• In this stroke the water vapour is exhausted by the
upward motion of the piston.
18. In this engine all the first four strokes are carried in the
same way as the crowner engine.
The difference is carried out at the last two strokes of the
combustion process.
At fifth stroke pure air is injected into the cylinder where it
expands due to the temperature of cylinder and pulls down
the piston.
After expansion outlet valve is opened and air is pushed out
by the piston.
19. Advantages of Six stroke engine:
Uses rejected heat from engine
Fuel economy increases to 60% of conventional engine
Power output per stroke is more
Exhaust gas emission is low
High thermal Efficiency
There is 40%reduction in fuel consumption
Reduction in fuel consumption
Higher overall efficiencyThe engine can run on a variety of
fuels ranging from gasoline and diesel fuel to LPG
It shows 65% reduction in CO pollution when compared
with the four stroke from which it was developed.
20. Disadvantages:
Injecting relatively cold water onto a hot metal piston can
damage it over time from thermal expansion and contraction
Separate water tank would have significant weight and space
penalties
A steam-free cool down reduces the temperature inside the
combustion chamber.
Cold climate anti-freezing measures would be needed in the
water reservoir.
Air injected into cylinder should be pure without contaminents.
Power output will be less than 4stroke engine.