The document summarizes a seminar presentation on liquid nitrogen vehicles (LNVCs). It discusses that LNVC use liquid nitrogen as a fuel, which is pressurized and vaporized to power the vehicle. The document outlines the key parts of an LNVC including the cryogen storage vessel, pump, economizer, heat exchanger, and expander. It also discusses the operation, efficiency, advantages over electric vehicles, and challenges preventing commercialization like safety and funding issues.

1. CHAMELI DEVI GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Department of mechanical engineering
Seminar on-
CRYOCAR
AMAN
KAPOOR
By-

2. Topic of interest-
1) Introduction
2) What is liquid nitrogen vehicle?
3) Why nitrogen as a vehicle fuel?
4) Parts of a LNPC
5) Principle of operation
6) Liquid nitrogen propulsion cycle
7) Advantages over electric cars
8) Efficiency
9) Drawbacks
10)Why not commercialized?
11)Conclusion

3. INDRODUCTION
Use of
alternate
resources
Pollution
Human
greed

4. CRYOCAR
uses
Cryogenic
fuel
like
Liquid
Nitrogen
What is liquid nitrogen vehicle?
It is a vehicle which uses Cryogenic fluid(liquid
nitrogen) as a working fluid.
Propulsion system is a cryogenic heat engine in which
a cryogenic substance is used as a heat sink.
CRYOGENICS
Cryogenic can be defined as the branch of the physics
that deals with the study of the production of very
low temperature (below −150 °C, −238 °F or 123 K) and the
behavior of materials at those temperatures.

5. Why nitrogen as a vehicle fuel?
High cost and limited availability of fossil fuels like petrol and diesel.
Due to high level of pollution associated with the combustion of fossil fuels the
need of ZEV(Zero Emission Vehicle) has been generated. (presently the
battery powered electric vehicle is the only commercially available ZEV but
not successful due to high initial cost, slow recharge and limited range).
And the most important is the huge availability of Nitrogen gas(78% of air is
nitrogen).
Note: According to Petroleum Conservation and Research Association
petroleum production will be at its peak in 2012 and is likely to
decrease after that.

6. Parts of a LNPC
1)
Cryogen
storage
vessel
A pressurized tank(24 gallon) to store liquid nitrogen.
Low boil-off rate , minimum size and mass and reasonable cost.
2)
Pump
The pump is used to pump the liquid nitrogen into the engine.
Operating pressure between 500-600psi

7. Parts of LNPC…….
3)
Economizer
A preheater , called an economizer , uses left over heat in
the engine’s exhaust to preheat the liquid nitrogen before
it enters the heat exchanger.
Improves efficiency.
4)
Heat
exchanger
A primary heat exchanger that heats (using
atmospheric heat) LN2 to form N2 gas, then heats gas
under pressure to near atmospheric temperature

8. Parts of LNPC.........
5)
Expander
An Expander to provide work to the drive shaft of the
vehicle.

9. Principle of operation
 LN2 at –320oF (-196oC) is pressurized and then vaporized in a heat exchanger by
ambient temperature of the surrounding air.
 This heat exchanger is like the radiator of a car but instead of using air to cool
water, it uses air to heat and boil liquid nitrogen.
 Liquid N2 passing through the primary heat exchanger quickly reaches its boiling
point.
 The N2 expands to a gas with a pressure of 150 KPa.
 The pressurized N2 gas drives the motor.
 The only exhaust is nitrogen, which is major constituent of our atmosphere.
 Energy+N2(l)-->N2(g)
 Hence, there is no pollution produced by running this car.

10. Liquid nitrogen propulsion cycle
Cryogen
storage
vessel
Pump
Economizer
Heat
Expander
Engine
Exchanger

11. Advantages over electric cars
 A liquid nitrogen car is much lighter and refilling its tank takes only about 10-
15 minutes.
 The exhaust produced by the car is environmental friendly.
 A cryogenic car could have three times the range of an electric car of the
same weight and no battery disposal concerns
ZEV

12. Efficiency-
 The LN2 car can travel 79 miles(127.58 km) on a full 24 gallon(90 liter)
tank of liquid nitrogen going 20 MPH.
 Its maximum speed is over 35 MPH.

13. Drawbacks:
 The N2 passing through the tubes of the heat exchanger is so cold that
the moisture in the surrounding air would condense on the outside of the
tubes, obstructing the air flow.
 Then there's the safety issue. Should a nitrogen car be kept in a poorly
ventilated space and, if the Nitrogen leaks off, it could prove fatal.

14. Why not commercialized?
Even though the technology is 10 to 12 years old, still it has not come to the
market for two reasons.
 Safety issues have not been sorted out as yet.
 Lack of funds for research.
SAD

15. Conclusion
 In a real sense, the more such vehicles are used, the cleaner the air will
become
 Time to recharge , infrastructure investment , and environmental impact
are among the issues to consider , in addition to range and performance
, when comparing the relative merits of different ZEV technologies.
 Extra research work is needed to utilize the most of the available energy