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Pragmatics deals with language use and context. Presuppositions are implicit assumptions about knowledge that speakers assume hearers already have, like assuming someone knows people in an example. Implicature conveys additional meaning beyond what is said literally. Entailment belongs to semantics as it is not affected by context. Presuppositions are taken for granted assumptions triggered by sentences, like assuming someone once wrote fiction in the sentence "Jane no longer writes fiction." Understanding presuppositions and implicature is important for comprehending intended meaning.
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Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning in communication and involves three major skills: understanding intended meaning, status of those involved, and speaker intent. It examines how transmission of meaning depends not just on linguistic knowledge but also contextual factors like knowledge about participants and the inferred purpose behind an utterance. Pragmatic competence specifically refers to the ability to understand another person's intended meaning.
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Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions and the effects of language choice. Pragmatics considers implied meanings, presuppositions, and conversational implicatures rather than just the literal meaning of words. It analyzes utterances as speech acts that serve functions like requests, complaints, promises. Pragmatics distinguishes between what is said and what is implied through maxims like quantity, quality, relation and manner proposed by Grice's cooperative principle.
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3) Pragmatics analyzes how social and cultural norms influence language use through politeness principles, social roles, and conventions.
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- Utterances have a locution (literal meaning), illocution (intended meaning), and perlocution (interpreted meaning by the hearer).
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Pragmatics includes inference, presupposition, implicature, and entailment. Inference and presupposition allow listeners to interpret utterances based on context. Pragmatic implicature conveys additional meaning beyond the literal words through context. Entailment is related but distinct from implicature as it operates at the semantic level and does not depend on context like IF X THEN Y logical statements. Together, presupposition, implicature, and entailment help provide the full meaning of an utterance based on context.
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This document discusses key concepts in pragmatics including inference, presupposition, pragmatic implicature, and entailment. It explains that inference involves interpreting utterances based on available context, while presupposition leads speakers to form utterances assuming listeners can infer their meaning. Pragmatic implicature conveys additional meaning beyond the literal message. Entailment is related to semantics as it describes logical relationships between propositions. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.
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Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. It studies how people choose language in social interactions and how those choices affect others. Pragmatics looks at speaker meaning rather than just word meanings alone. It examines how inferences, context, and the unsaid contribute to communicated meaning. Pragmatics also studies deixis, which uses language to point or refer to people, places, times, and things that depend on shared context between speakers and listeners. Politeness and face are also part of pragmatics, examining how people navigate social relationships and maintain self-image through their language choices.
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Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning in communication. It focuses on the users of language and how the context of language use affects meaning, rather than just the semantic meaning of words. Pragmatics examines implied meanings, presuppositions, and speech acts. It studies how people choose language to achieve different purposes in social interactions and how those choices affect others. Pragmatics analyzes both linguistic and non-linguistic aspects of communication, such as physical context, shared knowledge between speakers, social relationships, and more. Theorists like Austin and Searle contributed speech act theory to pragmatics, distinguishing between what is said and what is meant by an utterance. Grice's
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Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context and how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge but also on the context of the situation in which an utterance is made. It examines the ways context contributes to meaning. This includes studying how language is used in social interactions, the different types of speech acts, implicature, presupposition, and how context helps determine what is actually meant by an utterance, beyond just its literal meaning. Pragmatics considers both linguistic and contextual knowledge in interpreting meaning.
Pragmatics slide 1
Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context and how more is communicated than what is literally said. It examines the relationships between linguistic forms, their users, and the context of an utterance. Pragmatics considers contextual factors like the situation, background knowledge and intentions of speakers and interpreters. Unlike semantics which examines word and sentence meaning alone, pragmatics takes into account these contextual factors to determine meaning.
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This document provides an overview of pragmatics and summarizes several key concepts in pragmatics. It begins with defining pragmatics as the systematic study of language use in context. It then distinguishes pragmatics from semantics and discourse analysis. Several pragmatic concepts are then summarized in 1-2 sentences each, including speech act theory, conversational implicature, conversational maxims, politeness, presupposition, deixis, and reference and inference. The document aims to introduce some of the main topics and approaches in the field of pragmatics.
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Discourse analysis considers the relationship between language and the context in which it is used by examining both spoken and written communication beyond the sentence level. It studies how people comprehend and produce speech acts in concrete situations through a pragmatic analysis. The cultural and social characteristics of speakers and audiences also influence communicative competence and cultural ways of speaking. Discourse shapes and is shaped by language, mediums, social identities, performances, and the differences between spoken versus written language use.
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When John and Mary construct their shared realities, they engage in what we call the human communication process. Both John and Mary serve as sources and receivers of messages. Both engage in message encoding and decoding and in selecting verbal and nonverbal channels for message transmission. Both are influenced by their individual competence and their perception of the competence of the other. Each brings to the exchange a different set of experiences, and each may view the context of their interaction differently. Thus, all their messages are subject to distortion or noise. The effect, or what happens between John and Mary, is a result of the complex interaction of all these elements. John and Mary are literally constituting or bringing about the reality of their relationship.
Human communication process
Attempts to construct shared realities through social interaction.
Source/Receiver
Each individual engaged in communication with others is both a message source and a message receiver. We talk (send messages) while closely monitoring the nonverbal reactions of others (receiving messages). We listen (receive messages) and determine how to respond (send messages). We use technology to rapidly exchange messages without cues important in face-to-face interactions. Often message-sending and message-receiving activities occur so rapidly that they seem to be happening simultaneously.
Source/Receiver
Individuals send messages as sources and receive messages as receivers. The process is often so rapid as to appear simultaneous.
Encoding/Decoding
Message encoding is the process of formulating messages, choosing content and symbols to convey meaning. Message decoding is the process of assigning meaning in the role of receiver to message symbols generated by the message source.
Encoding/Decoding
As a message source and receiver, each individual encodes and decodes messages. Message encoding is the process of formulating messages, choosing content and symbols to convey meaning. Message encoding is determining what we want to be understood (content) and how we believe that it can best be presented (choosing symbols). Message decoding is the process of assigning meaning in the role of receiver to message symbols generated by the message source. Decoding is taking what we see and hear from others and deciding how it should be interpreted or understood. Both encoding and decoding are influenced by our communicative competence (knowledge, sensitivity, skills, and values), our personal identifications (cultural, social, organizational, and other), our specific intentions (desire for clarity, openness, manipulation, deceit, control, and so forth), our past experiences, our perception of the competence of others, and the communication context.
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The message is the symbolic attempt to transfer meaning; it is the signal that serves as a stimulus for a receiver. Sources send messages consisting of aud ...
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Discourse analysis considers the relationship between language and the context in which it is used by studying both spoken and written interaction beyond the sentence level. Discourse analysis examines how people comprehend and produce communicative acts through pragmatic analysis of naturally occurring language use. The cultural and social characteristics of speakers and audiences also influence communicative competence and cultural ways of speaking. Discourse shapes and is shaped by both language and the medium used, as well as socially situated identities.
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Presentation 33
- 1. Pragmatics presupposition and Entailment Presented By : TayybaAmber
- 2. Introduction Pragmatics : Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.
- 3. Inference and presupposition We infer the "total meaning" of an utterance based on all the information we have available in the moment we hear it. This includes past experiences, our knowledge about the person we are communicating with, about the situation, about what was previously said, what is deemed culturally appropriate and countless other factors.
- 4. Presupposition In everyday communication, speakers have a number of presuppositions about the world- knowledge of hearers.When someone addresses you and says "Did you know that John and Mary split up?" the speaker has the presupposition that you know John and Mary and were aware of the fact that they were previously a couple.
- 5. Pragmatic implicature and entailment implicature is the process through which speakers include meaning beyond the literal message in an utterance. Example: Bob: Are you coming to the party? Jane: You know, I'm really busy
- 6. Entailment Entailment is a related but distinct phenomenon and it belongs in the realm of semantics, because it is not affected by the context.
- 8. Jane no longer writes fiction. Presupposition: Jane once wrote fiction Examples of presupposition Have you stopped eating meat? Presupposition: you had once eaten meat
- 9. CONCLUSION It is conclude that presupposition and pragmatics is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse. It is very helpful in our learning and information for our students.