The document discusses key concepts in pragmatics including speaker's meaning, context, deixis, reference, inference, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, and felicity conditions. It defines pragmatics as the study of what speakers mean, including how context and assumptions influence meaning. It contrasts pragmatics with semantics and discusses how pragmatics analyzes social and contextual aspects of language use.
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that depend on context for their interpretation. There are several types of deixis: spatial deixis indicates locations relative to the speaker, such as "here" and "there"; temporal deixis involves time expressions like "now" and "then"; person deixis distinguishes the speaker, addressee, and other people or things; discourse deixis refers to parts of the discourse; and social deixis concerns social relationships and statuses. Deixis is a fundamental aspect of pragmatics as it connects language structures to the contexts in which they are used.
The document defines pragmatics and discusses several key concepts in pragmatics including:
- Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning and involves speaker's intended meaning. It examines how words are used in practical situations.
- Context, both linguistic (co-text) and physical, influence word interpretation. Deixis involves words that point to people, places, times and require context.
- Other concepts discussed include reference, inference, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness which involves consideration of another's self image or "face".
(1) Deixis refers to the use of words or expressions whose meanings depend on the context of the utterance, such as who is speaking, their location in space and time, gestures, or the topic of discussion. Common deictic expressions include pronouns, demonstratives, temporal adverbs, and articles.
(2) Deixis is important in pragmatics and conversation analysis because it concerns how the structure of language relates to the context in which it is used. Deictic expressions point to elements either in the immediate physical context ("proximal") or not ("distal").
(3) There are different types of deixis, including personal deixis referring to people, temporal
This document provides an overview of pragmatics, which it defines as the study of contextual meaning, speaker meaning, and how more is communicated than what is literally said. It discusses several key concepts in pragmatics, including deixis, reference and inference, conversational implicature, speech acts, and politeness in interaction. Some of the main topics covered are the cooperative principle and maxims of conversation, how context influences referring expressions, and the difference between direct and indirect speech acts. The document aims to explain how pragmatics analyzes both linguistic and non-linguistic factors involved in effective communication.
This document discusses semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. It defines semantics as the analysis of meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. It then discusses different types of meaning, including conceptual meaning, which refers to the linguistic function of a word, and associative meaning, which deals with additional concepts linked to words. The document also covers semantic features, roles, and lexical relations that provide meaning, such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and polysemy.
The document discusses pragmatics, which is the study of how language is used in context and why people use language in particular ways. It provides examples of how the meaning of the word "ball" changes based on the context and discusses different types of context including physical, epistemic, linguistic, and social context. It also discusses speech acts, direct and indirect speech acts, felicity conditions for different speech acts, and Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation. Finally, it discusses language use in advertising and provides discourse analysis examples.
The document presents an overview of deixis, which refers to linguistic expressions whose meaning depends on the context of the utterance. It discusses the main categories of deixis, including person deixis (pronouns like I, you), place deixis (demonstratives like this, that), time deixis (temporal adverbs like now, then), discourse deixis (words referring to parts of the discourse), and social deixis (expressions encoding social relationships). Key points are that deictic expressions cannot be understood without context and indicate something relative to the speaker.
This document provides an overview of pragmatics and summarizes several key concepts in pragmatics. It begins with defining pragmatics as the systematic study of language use in context. It then distinguishes pragmatics from semantics and discourse analysis. Several pragmatic concepts are then summarized in 1-2 sentences each, including speech act theory, conversational implicature, conversational maxims, politeness, presupposition, deixis, and reference and inference. The document aims to introduce some of the main topics and approaches in the field of pragmatics.
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that depend on context for their interpretation. There are several types of deixis: spatial deixis indicates locations relative to the speaker, such as "here" and "there"; temporal deixis involves time expressions like "now" and "then"; person deixis distinguishes the speaker, addressee, and other people or things; discourse deixis refers to parts of the discourse; and social deixis concerns social relationships and statuses. Deixis is a fundamental aspect of pragmatics as it connects language structures to the contexts in which they are used.
The document defines pragmatics and discusses several key concepts in pragmatics including:
- Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning and involves speaker's intended meaning. It examines how words are used in practical situations.
- Context, both linguistic (co-text) and physical, influence word interpretation. Deixis involves words that point to people, places, times and require context.
- Other concepts discussed include reference, inference, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness which involves consideration of another's self image or "face".
(1) Deixis refers to the use of words or expressions whose meanings depend on the context of the utterance, such as who is speaking, their location in space and time, gestures, or the topic of discussion. Common deictic expressions include pronouns, demonstratives, temporal adverbs, and articles.
(2) Deixis is important in pragmatics and conversation analysis because it concerns how the structure of language relates to the context in which it is used. Deictic expressions point to elements either in the immediate physical context ("proximal") or not ("distal").
(3) There are different types of deixis, including personal deixis referring to people, temporal
This document provides an overview of pragmatics, which it defines as the study of contextual meaning, speaker meaning, and how more is communicated than what is literally said. It discusses several key concepts in pragmatics, including deixis, reference and inference, conversational implicature, speech acts, and politeness in interaction. Some of the main topics covered are the cooperative principle and maxims of conversation, how context influences referring expressions, and the difference between direct and indirect speech acts. The document aims to explain how pragmatics analyzes both linguistic and non-linguistic factors involved in effective communication.
This document discusses semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. It defines semantics as the analysis of meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. It then discusses different types of meaning, including conceptual meaning, which refers to the linguistic function of a word, and associative meaning, which deals with additional concepts linked to words. The document also covers semantic features, roles, and lexical relations that provide meaning, such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and polysemy.
The document discusses pragmatics, which is the study of how language is used in context and why people use language in particular ways. It provides examples of how the meaning of the word "ball" changes based on the context and discusses different types of context including physical, epistemic, linguistic, and social context. It also discusses speech acts, direct and indirect speech acts, felicity conditions for different speech acts, and Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation. Finally, it discusses language use in advertising and provides discourse analysis examples.
The document presents an overview of deixis, which refers to linguistic expressions whose meaning depends on the context of the utterance. It discusses the main categories of deixis, including person deixis (pronouns like I, you), place deixis (demonstratives like this, that), time deixis (temporal adverbs like now, then), discourse deixis (words referring to parts of the discourse), and social deixis (expressions encoding social relationships). Key points are that deictic expressions cannot be understood without context and indicate something relative to the speaker.
This document provides an overview of pragmatics and summarizes several key concepts in pragmatics. It begins with defining pragmatics as the systematic study of language use in context. It then distinguishes pragmatics from semantics and discourse analysis. Several pragmatic concepts are then summarized in 1-2 sentences each, including speech act theory, conversational implicature, conversational maxims, politeness, presupposition, deixis, and reference and inference. The document aims to introduce some of the main topics and approaches in the field of pragmatics.
There are seven types of meaning in semantics:
1. Conceptual meaning refers to the basic dictionary definition of a word.
2. Connotative meaning involves attributes and associations beyond the literal meaning.
3. Social meaning conveys information about the social context of a word's use.
4. Affective or emotive meaning refers to the feelings or attitudes a word evokes in listeners.
5. Reflected meaning arises from a word having multiple conceptual meanings.
6. Collocative meaning is based on words that tend to co-occur together.
7. Thematic meaning depends on how a message organizes focus and emphasis.
The document discusses presuppositions and entailments in language. It defines presuppositions as assumptions that speakers make before making an utterance that the hearer already knows. Entailments are logical implications that follow from assertions in utterances. The document provides examples of different types of presupposition triggers in language, such as definite descriptions and factive verbs. It distinguishes between presuppositions and entailments, noting that speakers have presuppositions while sentences have entailments.
The document discusses the key concepts of discourse analysis including:
- Language has both transactional and interactional functions
- Spoken and written language differ in their production and use
- Utterances refer to spoken language while sentences refer to written language
- Discourse analysts study natural language use in context to describe regularities rather than rules
- The focus is on language as a dynamic process rather than just the static products of language
This document discusses implicature in pragmatics. It defines implicature as what is communicated less what is said. Implicature can be divided into conventional implicature, derived from specific words or expressions, and conversational implicature, derived from the context of an utterance. Conversational implicature includes generalized implicature, derived without context, and particularized implicature, derived from a specific context. The document provides examples to illustrate these different types of implicature.
The document discusses flouting and violating maxims, which are ways that speakers can deliberately fail to observe conversational maxims for the purpose of implicature (flouting) or to mislead (violating). It provides examples of characters flouting or violating the maxim of quality by lying or avoiding direct answers. Among the examples are a boy lying about studying all day, a student arriving late to class, friends avoiding directly answering where they are or have been, and characters avoiding answering direct questions about conversations or possessions.
Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. It studies how people choose language in social interactions and how those choices affect others. Pragmatics looks at speaker meaning rather than just word meanings alone. It examines how inferences, context, and the unsaid contribute to communicated meaning. Pragmatics also studies deixis, which uses language to point or refer to people, places, times, and things that depend on shared context between speakers and listeners. Politeness and face are also part of pragmatics, examining how people navigate social relationships and maintain self-image through their language choices.
The document discusses conversational implicature, which is when a speaker implies something beyond their words by relying on shared context and cooperation between the speaker and listener. It provides examples of implicatures, such as one speaker bringing bread but not cheese, implying they did not bring the cheese. The document also explains how implicatures allow speakers to imply more than they state through inferences the listener recognizes based on the context of the conversation.
This document discusses linguistic politeness and face. It explains that Brown and Levinson theorized that all cultures have a need to be polite in order to maintain face, which refers to one's public self-image and expectations of how one wishes to be treated. The document outlines that people behave as if their face wants, or expectations of self-image, will be respected by others. It also discusses that speakers can perform face-threatening acts and face-saving acts in their language use. Face-threatening acts are those that damage another's face, while face-saving acts are ways of speaking that lessen threats to another's face.
This document discusses semantics and meanings in language. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in words, phrases, and sentences. Meaning exists in the mind and we express meaning through language. Philosophers have debated the relationship between words and their meanings for over 2000 years. More recently, thinkers have argued that the meaning of a word is the concept it represents in the mind rather than the object itself. The document goes on to discuss different types of meanings including denotative meaning, social meaning, thematic meaning, and sentence versus utterance meaning. It also covers topics like semantic roles, ambiguity, sense and reference, entailment, and presupposition.
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that can only be interpreted based on contextual information about who is speaking, where, and when. Deixis includes pronouns like I, you, and demonstratives like this and that. The meaning of deictic expressions depends on the deictic center, which is the speaker's point of view in terms of person, place, and time. There are different types of deixis, including person deixis referring to speakers and addressees, place deixis indicating locations, and time deixis referring to moments in time. Deixis is a fundamental aspect of language that allows speakers to anchor meanings to the immediate context of an utterance.
Deixis refers to linguistic elements whose meaning depends on context. There are several types of deixis:
1. Person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he/she that indicate speaker and addressee.
2. Place deixis uses words like here and there to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time deixis references moments like now and then in relation to utterance time.
4. Discourse deixis refers back to parts of the ongoing conversation using words like before, after.
5. Social deixis encodes social relationships through honorifics and polite forms. Deictic elements are crucial for communication as their meaning relies on shared context
This document discusses theories of politeness from a socio-pragmatic perspective. It outlines Brown and Levinson's influential theory of politeness from 1978, which proposes that politeness arises from people's desire to protect each other's "face" or public self-image. Brown and Levinson identify two types of face - positive face, which is the desire to be approved of, and negative face, which is the desire to not be imposed on. They suggest politeness strategies like indirect speech acts that mitigate potential threats to another's face. The document also reviews other approaches to politeness including social norm, conversational contact, and maxims approaches.
This document discusses deixis, which refers to words or phrases that depend on context for their meaning. It covers three main types of deixis: person deixis, which points to speakers and addressees; place deixis, which indicates locations; and time deixis, which refers to times. For each type, it provides examples and discusses related concepts like proximal and distal terms, vocatives, calendrical vs. non-calendrical time references, and how deixis depends on the deictic center of the speaker. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding deixis to avoid misunderstandings in communication.
This document provides an overview of pragmatics from a lecture. It defines pragmatics as the study of speaker meaning, contextual meaning, and how more is communicated than what is said. It discusses key concepts in pragmatics including invisible meaning, context, deixis, reference, inference, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness. Politeness involves face-saving acts that minimize threats to people's self-image and independence or connection to others. The appropriate interpretation of language depends on context and can differ across cultures.
Kelompok 6 semprag (cooperation and implicature)donawidiya
The document discusses semantics and pragmatics, specifically cooperation and implicature. It defines cooperation as how components of a system work together, and implicature as something inferred from an utterance that is not necessary for its truth. Implicatures can be canceled or strengthened based on context. The cooperative principle and Grice's maxims are explained, along with conversational implicature, scalar implicature, particularized implicature, and properties of implicature like defeasibility. Hedges are also defined as devices that lessen impact.
This document discusses different types of meaning in language. It outlines seven types of conceptual meaning: 1) conceptual or denotative meaning, 2) connotative meaning, 3) social meaning, 4) affective or emotive meaning, 5) reflected meaning, 6) collocative meaning, and 7) thematic meaning. It also discusses literal and figurative meaning, and explains how sentence meaning differs from speaker meaning. Finally, it describes Ogden and Richards' theory of symbols and meaning, including their semantic triangle model of the relationships between symbols, thoughts, and referents.
This document defines key concepts in discourse analysis including text vs discourse, devices for analyzing discourse such as cohesion, coherence, parallelism, speech events, turn-taking, and conversational analysis. It also discusses Grice's cooperative principle and the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept. Background knowledge, schemes, and scripts are also defined as important aspects of discourse analysis.
The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to cohesion and coherence in texts, including:
- Text, texture, ties, cohesion, and different types of reference such as exophoric, endophoric, anaphora, and cataphora.
- Substitution and its types including nominal, verbal, and clausal substitution.
- Ellipsis and its occurrence when structurally necessary elements are left unsaid, discussing nominal, verbal, and clausal ellipsis.
- Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.
The document discusses semantics, which is defined as the systematic study of meaning. It provides several definitions of semantics from different linguistic sources that emphasize its focus on the study of meaning in language. It also presents examples to demonstrate speakers' semantic knowledge, such as distinguishing anomalies from paraphrases, identifying synonyms and antonyms, recognizing contradictions, and understanding entailments and presuppositions.
Pragmatics presentation presupposition prepared by Mr. Ijaz Ahmed MPhil Schol...Ijaz Ahmed
This presentation discusses presupposition in linguistics. It defines presupposition as an implicit assumption whose truth is taken for granted. There are several types of presuppositions including existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, and counterfactual presuppositions. Examples are provided for each type from a short story. The presentation concludes that presuppositions are implicit assumptions speakers and listeners assume to make utterances appropriate in context.
This document discusses parts of speech in English. It begins by defining what a part of speech is, which is a category assigned to words based on their syntactic functions. The main parts of speech in English are listed as noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Each part of speech is then defined and examples are provided. Types of each part of speech are also defined, such as types of nouns including common nouns, proper nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, and collective nouns. Classroom activities are suggested for teaching parts of speech as well.
There are seven types of meaning in semantics:
1. Conceptual meaning refers to the basic dictionary definition of a word.
2. Connotative meaning involves attributes and associations beyond the literal meaning.
3. Social meaning conveys information about the social context of a word's use.
4. Affective or emotive meaning refers to the feelings or attitudes a word evokes in listeners.
5. Reflected meaning arises from a word having multiple conceptual meanings.
6. Collocative meaning is based on words that tend to co-occur together.
7. Thematic meaning depends on how a message organizes focus and emphasis.
The document discusses presuppositions and entailments in language. It defines presuppositions as assumptions that speakers make before making an utterance that the hearer already knows. Entailments are logical implications that follow from assertions in utterances. The document provides examples of different types of presupposition triggers in language, such as definite descriptions and factive verbs. It distinguishes between presuppositions and entailments, noting that speakers have presuppositions while sentences have entailments.
The document discusses the key concepts of discourse analysis including:
- Language has both transactional and interactional functions
- Spoken and written language differ in their production and use
- Utterances refer to spoken language while sentences refer to written language
- Discourse analysts study natural language use in context to describe regularities rather than rules
- The focus is on language as a dynamic process rather than just the static products of language
This document discusses implicature in pragmatics. It defines implicature as what is communicated less what is said. Implicature can be divided into conventional implicature, derived from specific words or expressions, and conversational implicature, derived from the context of an utterance. Conversational implicature includes generalized implicature, derived without context, and particularized implicature, derived from a specific context. The document provides examples to illustrate these different types of implicature.
The document discusses flouting and violating maxims, which are ways that speakers can deliberately fail to observe conversational maxims for the purpose of implicature (flouting) or to mislead (violating). It provides examples of characters flouting or violating the maxim of quality by lying or avoiding direct answers. Among the examples are a boy lying about studying all day, a student arriving late to class, friends avoiding directly answering where they are or have been, and characters avoiding answering direct questions about conversations or possessions.
Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. It studies how people choose language in social interactions and how those choices affect others. Pragmatics looks at speaker meaning rather than just word meanings alone. It examines how inferences, context, and the unsaid contribute to communicated meaning. Pragmatics also studies deixis, which uses language to point or refer to people, places, times, and things that depend on shared context between speakers and listeners. Politeness and face are also part of pragmatics, examining how people navigate social relationships and maintain self-image through their language choices.
The document discusses conversational implicature, which is when a speaker implies something beyond their words by relying on shared context and cooperation between the speaker and listener. It provides examples of implicatures, such as one speaker bringing bread but not cheese, implying they did not bring the cheese. The document also explains how implicatures allow speakers to imply more than they state through inferences the listener recognizes based on the context of the conversation.
This document discusses linguistic politeness and face. It explains that Brown and Levinson theorized that all cultures have a need to be polite in order to maintain face, which refers to one's public self-image and expectations of how one wishes to be treated. The document outlines that people behave as if their face wants, or expectations of self-image, will be respected by others. It also discusses that speakers can perform face-threatening acts and face-saving acts in their language use. Face-threatening acts are those that damage another's face, while face-saving acts are ways of speaking that lessen threats to another's face.
This document discusses semantics and meanings in language. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in words, phrases, and sentences. Meaning exists in the mind and we express meaning through language. Philosophers have debated the relationship between words and their meanings for over 2000 years. More recently, thinkers have argued that the meaning of a word is the concept it represents in the mind rather than the object itself. The document goes on to discuss different types of meanings including denotative meaning, social meaning, thematic meaning, and sentence versus utterance meaning. It also covers topics like semantic roles, ambiguity, sense and reference, entailment, and presupposition.
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that can only be interpreted based on contextual information about who is speaking, where, and when. Deixis includes pronouns like I, you, and demonstratives like this and that. The meaning of deictic expressions depends on the deictic center, which is the speaker's point of view in terms of person, place, and time. There are different types of deixis, including person deixis referring to speakers and addressees, place deixis indicating locations, and time deixis referring to moments in time. Deixis is a fundamental aspect of language that allows speakers to anchor meanings to the immediate context of an utterance.
Deixis refers to linguistic elements whose meaning depends on context. There are several types of deixis:
1. Person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he/she that indicate speaker and addressee.
2. Place deixis uses words like here and there to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time deixis references moments like now and then in relation to utterance time.
4. Discourse deixis refers back to parts of the ongoing conversation using words like before, after.
5. Social deixis encodes social relationships through honorifics and polite forms. Deictic elements are crucial for communication as their meaning relies on shared context
This document discusses theories of politeness from a socio-pragmatic perspective. It outlines Brown and Levinson's influential theory of politeness from 1978, which proposes that politeness arises from people's desire to protect each other's "face" or public self-image. Brown and Levinson identify two types of face - positive face, which is the desire to be approved of, and negative face, which is the desire to not be imposed on. They suggest politeness strategies like indirect speech acts that mitigate potential threats to another's face. The document also reviews other approaches to politeness including social norm, conversational contact, and maxims approaches.
This document discusses deixis, which refers to words or phrases that depend on context for their meaning. It covers three main types of deixis: person deixis, which points to speakers and addressees; place deixis, which indicates locations; and time deixis, which refers to times. For each type, it provides examples and discusses related concepts like proximal and distal terms, vocatives, calendrical vs. non-calendrical time references, and how deixis depends on the deictic center of the speaker. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding deixis to avoid misunderstandings in communication.
This document provides an overview of pragmatics from a lecture. It defines pragmatics as the study of speaker meaning, contextual meaning, and how more is communicated than what is said. It discusses key concepts in pragmatics including invisible meaning, context, deixis, reference, inference, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness. Politeness involves face-saving acts that minimize threats to people's self-image and independence or connection to others. The appropriate interpretation of language depends on context and can differ across cultures.
Kelompok 6 semprag (cooperation and implicature)donawidiya
The document discusses semantics and pragmatics, specifically cooperation and implicature. It defines cooperation as how components of a system work together, and implicature as something inferred from an utterance that is not necessary for its truth. Implicatures can be canceled or strengthened based on context. The cooperative principle and Grice's maxims are explained, along with conversational implicature, scalar implicature, particularized implicature, and properties of implicature like defeasibility. Hedges are also defined as devices that lessen impact.
This document discusses different types of meaning in language. It outlines seven types of conceptual meaning: 1) conceptual or denotative meaning, 2) connotative meaning, 3) social meaning, 4) affective or emotive meaning, 5) reflected meaning, 6) collocative meaning, and 7) thematic meaning. It also discusses literal and figurative meaning, and explains how sentence meaning differs from speaker meaning. Finally, it describes Ogden and Richards' theory of symbols and meaning, including their semantic triangle model of the relationships between symbols, thoughts, and referents.
This document defines key concepts in discourse analysis including text vs discourse, devices for analyzing discourse such as cohesion, coherence, parallelism, speech events, turn-taking, and conversational analysis. It also discusses Grice's cooperative principle and the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept. Background knowledge, schemes, and scripts are also defined as important aspects of discourse analysis.
The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to cohesion and coherence in texts, including:
- Text, texture, ties, cohesion, and different types of reference such as exophoric, endophoric, anaphora, and cataphora.
- Substitution and its types including nominal, verbal, and clausal substitution.
- Ellipsis and its occurrence when structurally necessary elements are left unsaid, discussing nominal, verbal, and clausal ellipsis.
- Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.
The document discusses semantics, which is defined as the systematic study of meaning. It provides several definitions of semantics from different linguistic sources that emphasize its focus on the study of meaning in language. It also presents examples to demonstrate speakers' semantic knowledge, such as distinguishing anomalies from paraphrases, identifying synonyms and antonyms, recognizing contradictions, and understanding entailments and presuppositions.
Pragmatics presentation presupposition prepared by Mr. Ijaz Ahmed MPhil Schol...Ijaz Ahmed
This presentation discusses presupposition in linguistics. It defines presupposition as an implicit assumption whose truth is taken for granted. There are several types of presuppositions including existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, and counterfactual presuppositions. Examples are provided for each type from a short story. The presentation concludes that presuppositions are implicit assumptions speakers and listeners assume to make utterances appropriate in context.
This document discusses parts of speech in English. It begins by defining what a part of speech is, which is a category assigned to words based on their syntactic functions. The main parts of speech in English are listed as noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Each part of speech is then defined and examples are provided. Types of each part of speech are also defined, such as types of nouns including common nouns, proper nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, and collective nouns. Classroom activities are suggested for teaching parts of speech as well.
This document discusses semantics and various linguistic concepts related to semantics. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like speaker meaning versus sentence meaning. It also discusses topics like referring expressions, predicates, senses, reference, deixis, definiteness, prototypes, and various semantic relations between words. The document is broken into 10 units that progressively introduce and explain these semantic concepts.
Semantic is the study of meaning in language. It examines meaning at several linguistic levels, including phonology, morphology, and lexical meaning. At the phonological level, sound symbolism refers to an association between a word's sound and its meaning. Morphology considers how word structure and morphemes convey different types of meaning, such as plurality, possession, and tense. Lexical meaning looks at open class words like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, as well as closed class words like prepositions, determiners and conjunctions. Semantic explores meaning across these linguistic levels to understand how language communicates meaning.
This document discusses semantics and provides definitions and examples of key semantic concepts across 10 units. It defines semantics as the study of meaning in language. Key concepts explained include reference, sense, predicates, referring expressions, propositions, and sense relations. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept. The document is a study guide for understanding semantics.
This document contains definitions and examples of several linguistic concepts:
1. It defines symbol, referent, denotation, connotation, and implication, providing examples to illustrate the differences between these concepts.
2. It also defines and provides examples of euphemism, ambiguity, metaphor, simile, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and homonym.
3. The document is written in an educational style, aiming to teach the reader about key semantic concepts through straightforward definitions and clear examples.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in semantics, including:
- Semantics is the study of meaning in language. Speaker meaning differs from sentence meaning.
- A theory is a framework that explains facts in a coherent, economical way. The truth of sentences depends on the reference of expressions.
- Utterances are instances of language use. Sentences are abstract strings of words. Propositions describe states of affairs expressed by declarative sentences.
- Referring expressions refer to things in the world. Sense is an expression's meaning and relationship to other expressions. Predicates contribute to sentence meaning without referring.
The document discusses several linguistic concepts including symbol, referent, euphemism, denotation, connotation, implication, ambiguity, metaphor, simile, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and homonym. It provides definitions and examples for each concept. For example, it states that a symbol is something used to represent another thing, while a referent is everything related to the symbol. It also gives examples of euphemisms used to soften truths, such as "passed away" instead of "died".
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning and speaker meaning. It examines how context contributes to meaning. Some key concepts in pragmatics include deixis, which examines words like I, you, here, and now that depend on context; presupposition, which are assumptions in language; speech acts, which are actions performed through language like requests or promises; and politeness, which is using language to respect face or self-image. Pragmatics analyzes how people communicate beyond just the words themselves.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in English grammar including parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives), word classes (countable vs. uncountable nouns), morphology (morphemes), syntax, spoken vs. written grammar, problems with grammar rules, vocabulary, meaning, and the sounds of language. It discusses topics such as stress, intonation, individual sounds, and paralinguistic features of language including gestures, facial expressions, and proximity. The document is from Uludag University's English Language Teaching Department and focuses on explaining foundational elements of grammar.
This document discusses various concepts related to communication, language, and meaning. It defines semantics as the study of meaning and distinguishes between three subfields: lexical semantics, grammatical semantics, and logical semantics. It also discusses different units of analysis including words, utterances, sentences, and propositions. Finally, it outlines different dimensions of meaning such as reference versus sense, denotation versus reference, descriptive versus non-descriptive meaning, and literal versus non-literal meaning. Contextual meaning is also discussed as important for disambiguation.
Semantics session 3_18_10_2021 Sentence, Utterance and proposition.pdfDr.Badriya Al Mamari
This document discusses key linguistic concepts - sentence, utterance, and proposition. It defines a sentence as a grammatically complete string of words expressing a thought, while an utterance is any stretch of speech between pauses. A proposition is the statement or assertion conveyed by a declarative sentence, describing some state of affairs involving things or persons referred to in the sentence. The document provides examples and comparisons of sentences, utterances, and propositions, examining their meanings and relationships. It also discusses different types of sentence and proposition meanings.
This document provides an overview of different types of pronouns according to traditional grammar. It defines pronouns as words that take the place of nouns. It then discusses various pronoun types including indefinite pronouns, personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, emphatic pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, distributive pronouns, and relative pronouns. For each type, it provides the definition and examples to illustrate their meaning and usage.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It examines how words, phrases and sentences convey meaning based on their conceptual and associative meanings. Semantic analysis helps explain why some sentences are syntactically correct but semantically odd due to mismatches between the semantic features of words. Words fulfill different semantic roles like agent, theme, instrument and location that provide meaning within a situation. Lexical relations like synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy describe how words are related through meaning.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. There are two aspects of meaning - speaker meaning which is what a speaker intends to convey, and sentence meaning which is the objective meaning of words and sentences. A theory of semantics attempts to establish a precise framework for describing meaning. Key concepts in semantics include references which link language to real world objects, senses which describe relationships within a language, predicates which express properties, and analytic versus synthetic sentences.
Function words serve important grammatical functions and have little meaning on their own. They include articles, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, determiners, intensifiers, prepositions, pronouns, and interjections. Articles precede nouns and can be definite or indefinite. Auxiliary verbs combine with other verbs to form verb phrases. Conjunctions link words and phrases. Determiners introduce nouns. Pronouns replace nouns.
This document discusses several linguistic concepts:
1. It thanks Allah for allowing the completion of homework and includes greetings for Prophet Muhammad.
2. It requests feedback on a blog post and thanks the recipient.
3. It provides definitions and examples for symbol, referent, euphemism, denotation, connotation, implication, ambiguity, metaphor, simile, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and homonym.
This document discusses several linguistic concepts:
1. It provides examples to illustrate the differences between symbols, referents, and content in language. A symbol represents an idea or object, a referent is the real-world entity, and content is what is conveyed about the referent.
2. Euphemisms are discussed as polite expressions that replace potentially offensive words. Examples like "passed away" instead of "died" are given.
3. Denotation refers to the direct meaning of a word, while connotation involves emotional associations. Implication suggests indirect meanings or consequences.
4. Other concepts covered include ambiguity, metaphor, simile, synonyms/antonyms, and homonyms. Distinctions
This document discusses several linguistic concepts:
1. It thanks Allah for allowing the completion of homework and includes greetings for Prophet Muhammad.
2. It requests feedback on a blog post and thanks the recipient.
3. It provides definitions and examples for symbol, referent, euphemism, denotation, connotation, implication, ambiguity, metaphor, simile, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and homonym.
Here are the key points from the video about linguistic relativity:
- Linguistic relativity hypothesis proposes that the language we speak shapes or influences our thoughts and behaviors.
- Boroditsky gave examples showing how language can influence basic cognitive processes like spatial frames of reference. In languages like English, space is described in relation to the body (left, right). But in other languages, space is described in relation to environmental landmarks.
- In one study, Boroditsky found that speakers of languages with different spatial frames of reference think differently about basic spatial relations. For example, when asked to remember the location of objects, English speakers were more accurate remembering left/right while speakers of other languages were more accurate remembering environmental landmarks
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
1. PRAGMATICS
Disusun oleh:
Ratu Anisah D. F.
17202244009
Liana Buruuja Nisa’ 17202244013
Muhammad Pramadya K 17202244017
Sukarno 17202244018
Ardian Cahya P 17202244023
PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
FAKULTAS BAHASA DAN SENI
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA
Introduction to Linguistics
Dosen pengampu: Siti Mukminatun, S.S., M.Hum.
2. WHAT IS PRAGMATICS?
The study of what speakers mean, or “speaker’s meaning”.
The study of “invisible” meaning, or how we recognize what is meant
even when it isn’t actually said or written.
Yule, 2010 : 127
3. In order for that to happen, speakers (or writers) must be able to
depend on a lot of shared assumptions and expectations when they
try to communicate. The investigation of those assumptions and
expectations provides us with some insights into how more is always
being communicated than is said.
Yule, 2010 : 128
4. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS?
Semantics
1. Semantics attempts to relate meanings to logic and truth, deals with meaning as a
matter primarily of sense-relations within the language.
2. Semantics is concerned with the word and sentence meaning.
Pragmatics
1. Pragmatics attempts to relate meanings to context of utterance; it views language
as action which is performed by speakers.
2. Pragmatics entails utterance meaning. An utterance can be defined as a word or
sentence which is uttered by a speaker.
5. Pragmatics is more focus on the speaker meaning in speech and
semantics focuses on word or sentence meaning in text.
6. SOCIAL MEANING
Social meaning is related to the situational in which utterance is
used. It is concerned with the social circumstances of the use of a
linguistics expression.
For example, some dialectic words inform us about the regional and
social background of the speaker. In the same way, some stylistic
usages let us know something of the social relationship between the
speaker and the hearer.
Universeofenglish.blogspot.in
7. For example, “steed” “horse” and “nag” are synonymous. They all mean a
kind of animal i.e. Horse. But they differ in style and so have various social
meaning.
Steed is used in poetry.
Horse is used in general.
Nag is a slang.
The word “Home” can have many use like domicile (official), residence (formal), abode
(poetic) and home (ordinary use).
Universeofenglish.blogspot.in
8. Context
The discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to
determine its interpretation.
Yule, 2010 : 129
9. 1. Physical Context (Co-Text)
It refers to where the conversations takes place, what objects are
present, and what actions are taken.
Example: I want that book. (accompanied by pointing)
2. Linguistic Context
It refers to things that were said previous to the utterance under
consideration.
Example :
Someone said : she is so stupid.
I can’t believe you said like that!
Yule, 2010:129-130
10. Continue...
1. Social context
It refers to the social relationship of the people involved in
communication.
Example: # Mr. President, stop bugging me and go home.
(You can not talk like this to the President.)
# commonly used to mark a sentence that is inappropriate for a
given context.
Linguistics 201, Detmar Meurers Handout 3 (April 9, 2004)
11. 2. Epistemic
It refers to knowledge and beliefs of the speaker/hearer.
Example:
Scenario
Lisa and Daniel have a special relationship. Nisa is their friend.
Someday they’re going to cinema. Daniel and Nisa want to watch A
movie, but Lisa wants to watch B movie. At night, Lisa said that she
doesn’t like that. Then Daniel concludes that Lisa is jealous with Nisa.
Linguistics 201, Detmar Meurers Handout 3 (April 9, 2004)
Continue...
12. Deixis
Deixis is a word or phrase that points to the time, place, or
situation in which a speaker is speaking. In other word,
“pointing via language”.
To accomplish this pointing we use deictic expressions or
indexicals.
Yule, 2010: 130
13. These are example of deictic expression words:
1. Words to point to things (it, this, these) and people (him, them,
those), sometimes called person deixis.
Example : He burned himself.
2. Words and phrases used to point to a location (here, there,
near that) are examples of spatial deixis.
Example : I put it here.
3. To point to a time (now, then, last week) are examples of
temporal deixis.
Example : I saw him last week.
Yule, 2010: 130-131
14. Reference
Reference is an act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable a listener (or reader)
to identify something.
– Proper nouns.
(Chomsky, Jennifer, Whiskas)
– Other nouns in phrases
(a writer, my friend, the cat)
– Pronouns
(he, she, it)
Example : “Look at him.”
So, reference is tied to the speaker’s goals and beliefs about the listener knowledge in the
use of language.
Yule, 2010: 131
15. Inference
Inference is a successful act of reference depends more on the
listener’s ability to recognize what we mean than on the listener’s
“dictionary” knowledge of a word we use.
Example:
‘Shakespeare’ does not refer only to a spesific person. It can be
refer to things, writer product.
- We saw Shakespeare in London.
- Can I borrow your Shakespear?
Yule, 2010: 131
16. Anaphora can be defined as subsequent reference to an already introduced entity.
In this type of referential relationship,
- The second (or subsequent) referring expression
is an example of anaphora (“referring back”).
- The first mention is called the antecedent.
Anaphora
Mostly we use anaphora in texts to maintain reference.
Example:
We saw a funny home video about a
boy washing a puppy in a small bath.
The puppy started struggling and
shaking and the boy got really wet.
When he let go, it jumped out of the
bath and ran away.
(Yule, 2010: 132)
17. The connection between an antecedent and an anaphoric expression is
created by use of:
• a pronoun (it),
• a phrase with the plus the antecedent noun (the puppy),
• or another noun that is related to the antecedent in some way (The
little dog ran out of the room).
The connection between antecedents and anaphoric expressions is
often based on inference, as in these examples.
- We found a house to rent, but the kitchen was very small.
- I caught a bus and asked the driver if it went near the downtown area.
(Yule, 2010: 132)
18. Presupposition
Examples:
1. Your brother is waiting outside. There is an obvious presupposition that you have a
brother.
2. Why did you arrive late? There is a presupposition that you did arrive late.
3. When did you stop smoking? There are at least two presuppositions involved, the
speaker presupposes that you used to smoke and that you no longer do so.
What a speaker (or writer) assumes is true or known by a listener (or reader)
can be described as a presupposition.
(Yule, 2010: 132)
19. Presupposition
The “Constancy Under Negation” test for identifying a presupposition.
Examples:
(+) My car is a wreck. And (-) My car is not a wreck.
The underlying presupposition (I have a car) remains true despite the fact that the two
sentences have opposite meanings.
• I used to regret marrying him, but I don’t regret marrying him now.
The presupposition (I married him) remains constant even though the verb regret
changes from affirmative to negative.
(Yule, 2010: 132)
20. Speech Act
We can define a speech act as the action performed by a speaker with an utterance.
We use the term speech act to describe actions such as “requesting,” “commanding,”
“questioning” or “informing.”
For example, if you say, I’ll be there at six, you are not just speaking, you
seem to be performing the speech act of “promising.”
(Yule, 2010: 132)
21. Performative Sentence
• A sentence containing a performative verb used to accomplish some
act.
Performative sentences are affirmative and declarative, and are in the
first person, present tense.
An Example: I now pronounce you husband and wife, when spoken by
a justice of the peace in the appropriate situation, is an act of marrying.
Fromkins, 2014: 574
23. Speech act is the action performed by a speaker with an utterance.
Requesting
Commanding
Questioning
Informing
,
e.g :
“I'll be there at six.”
You're not just speaking, you're performed the speech act 'promising'.
SPEECH ACT
Yule, 2010: 133
24. Sentence Structures Functions
Did you eat pizza? Interogative Question
Eat that pizza! Imperative Command (Request)
You ate the pizza. Declarative Statement
DIRECT SPEECH ACT
When an interogative structure is used
with the function of a question it is
described as direct speech act.
Yule, 2010: 134
25. Sentence Structures Functions
Can you pass the salt? Interogative Request
You left the door open. Declarative Request
INDIRECT SPEECH ACT
Whenever one of the structures in the set before is used to perform a function
other than the one listed beside it on the same line, the result is an indirect
speech act.
Yule, 2010: 134
26. Felicity conditions are conditions that must be in place
and are criteria that must be satisfied for an utterance or
speech acts to achieve its purpose.
If these conditions are not met, the speech act will not be
successful.
FELICITY CONDITIONS
Jojo Barulo
27. George vs Teacher Lyn
Reaction to George are varied. Some
didn't believe, some got angry, some were
happy and some were confused if he was
just playing jokes or not.
When Teacher Lyn declared that, the
students immediately celebrated for their
holiday, making her utterance felicitous.
How will the students react to George and how will they act to teacher Lyn?
#1 DECLARATIONS Jojo Barulo
28. Lay vs Teacher Ko
Reaction to Lay was infelicitous because
his classmates didn't performed to the
request.
How will the students react to Lay and how will they react to teacher Ko?
Reaction to Teacher Ko was felicitous
because the students performed to the
request.
#2 REQUESTS Jojo Barulo
29. There was no response in the first situation when the speaker tried to warn his
classmates that the teacher will arrive SOON . But, in the second situation, when the
speaker described how awful the situation is made his classmates respond to the
warning therefore the second utterance was FELICITOUS.
#3 WARNINGS Jojo Barulo
31. If you say something that represent a threat to another
person's self-image, that is called a face-threatening
act.
e.g: “Give me that paper!”
Whenever you say something that lessens the
possible threat to another's face, it can be described
as a face-saving act.
e.g: “Could you pass me that paper?”
Yule, 2010: 135
32. We have both a negative face and a positive face. (Note that “negative”
doesn’t mean “bad” here, it’s simply the opposite of “positive.”)
A. Negative face is the need to be independent and free from imposition.
Examples :
“ I’m sorry to bother you…”.
“ I know you’re busy, but…”.
So, a face-saving act that emphasizes a person’s negative face will show concern about
imposition.
B. Positive face is the need to be connected, to
belong, to be a member of the group.
“ Let’s do this together…”
“ You and I have the same problem, so…”.
A face-saving act that emphasizes a person’s positive face will
show solidarity and draw attention to a common goal.
(Yule 2010: 153)
33. The Cooperative Principle
Cooperative principle is a broad principle with whose scope fall the various
maxims of conversation. It states that in order to communicate effectively, speaker should
agree to be informative and relevant (Fromkin 1976:561).
Examples :
Man : “Does your dog bite ?”
Woman : “No.”
(The man reaches down to pet the dog.The dog bites the man’s hand.)
Man : “Ouch! Hey!You said your dog doesn’t bite.”
Woman : “He doesn’t. But that’s not my dog.”
(Yule 1996:35)
34. The Maxims:
Maxim of Quality : try to make your contribution one that is true, specifically
(i) do not say what you believe to be false;
(ii) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Maxim of Quantity :
(i) make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes
of the exchange;
(ii) do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
Maxim of Relation : make your contribution relevan.
Maxim of Manner : be perspicuous, and specifically
(i) avoid obscurity;
(ii) avoid ambiguity,
(iii) be brief;
(iv) be orderly.
(Radford 2009:396-397)
35. Conversational implicature.
The basic assumption in conversation it that, unless otherwise indicated, the participants are adhering to the
cooperative principle and the maxims.
Example :
Charlene : I hope you brought the bread and the cheese.
Dexter : Ah, I brought the bread.
b = bread
c = cheese
Charlene : b & c ?
Dexter : b (+> Not )
Implicature
That something must be more than just what the words mean. It is an
additional conveyed meaning called an implicature.(Yule 1996:35)
(Yule 1996:40)
36. REFERENCES
Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Fromklin,Victoria dkk. 2014. An Introduction to Language. United
States: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
A, Radford. 2009. Linguistics An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Meurers, Detmar . 2004 .Linguistics 201, Handout 3.