Pragmatic presupposition
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This document discusses several key concepts in pragmatics: - Pragmatics examines language use in real communication contexts beyond just conveying information. - Speakers can imply meanings beyond the literal message through implicature. For example, saying "I'm really busy" in response to "Are you coming to the party?" implies the speaker is not coming. - Utterances have a locution (literal meaning), illocution (intended meaning), and perlocution (interpreted meaning by the hearer). - Speakers can use indirect speech acts, like requesting salt by saying "The salt is over there", which appears more polite than a direct request. - Deixis refers
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acquires meaning in use. It has developed from the tradition of the
philosophy of language known as pragmatics.
Focus: The study of contextualised meaning and is concerned with
describing the principles that underlie how we interpret the meaning
behind words: how we get from what we say to what we mean.
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to formulate generalisable principles about how people produce and
interpret discourse (eg’ the use of humour in business meetings’).
Context
Context is an important concept in DA. Language does not take place in a vacuum and we
need to consider the context in which it occurs in order to understand it.
However, this seemingly unproblematic statement masks the issues and debates that are
ongoing in discourse analysis around the concept of context and its significance.
Two types of context
The 'intrinsic' or 'linguistic' context which refers to information that can be found
within the text that surrounds the language that is being analysed at a particular
moment. It is generally agreed that this type of context is not only useful but essential.
The more problematic type of context lies outside the actual text: what is sometimes
called 'extrinsic' (Schegloff 1997) or 'experiential' context.
This refers to all sorts of information about setting, situation, social circumstances of the
participants such as age, gender, ethnicity and possibly also about the shared
background knowledge and assumptions of the participants.
So, in the example:
'Later, an item about vasectomy and the results of the do-it-yourself competition'
(from Cameron 2001:12)
 The issue with extrinsic context is moving from description to interpretation in
research. Along with describing 'what' is happening in the discourse , it is also
important to interpret 'why' it is happening.
 Extrinsic contextual evidence can be potentially very useful in discussing why
participants say a particular thing in a particular way at a particular time,
however, there is also a danger of 'reading too much into the text' and of
judging which out of many possible interpretations is the 'right' one.
For instance, if the analyst is aware of gender, age or ethic difference among
discourse participants, these variables may well appear to influence the
discourse but how do we know which of these particular variables are
important to the participants in an particular communicative event.
 This is not to say that we should ignore extrinsic context but to suggest that we
need to be cautious about what we select as significant and rigorous about how
we incorporate it into our analyses. Schegloff (1997) advises that the best
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Pragmatic presupposition
- 1. introduction In human communication, much of what is expressed goes beyond simply conveying information to others. language within a context, in real-life situations. pragmatics is an utterance made in a concrete communicative context.
- 2. Inference and presupposition We infer the "total meaning" of an utterance based on all the information we have available in the moment we hear it. When someone addresses you and says; For example "Did you know that John and Mary split up?"
- 3. Pragmatic implicature and entailment implicature is the process through which speakers include meaning beyond the literal message in an utterance. Example: Bob: Are you coming to the party? Jane: You know, I'm really busy If one proposition entails another, this works in the same way as a logical condition of the form IF X THEN Y. For example The president was assassinated entails The president is dead.
- 4. Illocution and perlocution locution = the content of the utterance itself. illocution = the meaning intended by the speaker. perlocution = the interpretation of the message by the hearer.
- 5. Direct and indirect speech acts In everyday situations, we often do not directly express what we intend, but instead formulate our utterances in ways which appear more polite to hearers. It therefore qualifies as an indirect speech act, whereas Pass me the salt! is a direct speech act.
- 6. Types of deixis Central types of deixis include • person e.g. I, you • place e.g. here, there, near, far, left, right, come, go • time e.g. now, soon, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, next, last Non-central types of deixis are • social e.g. Sir, Madam, Mr. President, Your Honor • manner and degree e.g. this (big), so (fat), like this, etc. (accompanied by gestures) • discourse e.g. this story, as mentioned above, this chapter, therefore
- 7. conclusion It is very helpful for student learning.