Communication is a social process that involves the exchange of symbols to establish meaning between individuals. There are several models of communication: 1) The linear model views communication as a one-way process where a sender transmits a message to a receiver through a channel. 2) The interactional model sees communication as a two-way process between communicators, with the sending and receiving of messages going in both directions. 3) The transactional model emphasizes that communication is a cooperative process, with both the sender and receiver mutually responsible for the effectiveness of the message exchange. Understanding communication theory helps develop critical thinking, provides context for personal experiences, and fosters self-awareness about how communication works.

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2. TopicsDefining CommunicationModels of CommunicationThe Value of Understanding Communication Theory

3. Defining Communication

5. In the most fundamental way, communication depends on our ability tounderstand one another.

6. Communication is a social process in whichindividuals employ symbols to establishand interpret meaning in their environment.

7. Five Key Terms in Communication

8. When interpretingcommunication as social, it involves two people, whoact as senders and receivers.Communication is a process means that it isongoing and unending.The process nature of communication also means that much canhappenfrom the beginning of a conversation to the end.

9. Communication is symbols. A symbol is anarbitrary label or representation ofphenomena.Concrete symbolsis the symbol represents an object

10. Abstractsymbolsis the symbol stands for a thought or ideaMeaning is what people extract from amessage.In communication episodes, messages can have more than one meaning andeven multiple layers of meaning.

11. Environment is the situation or context in which communication occurs. Theenvironment includes a number ofelements, including time, place, historicalperiod, relationship, and a speaker’s and listener’s cultural backgrounds.

12. Models of Communication

13. The linearmodel ofcommunicationThe interactionalmodelof communicationThe transactional model of communication

14. Communication as Action: The Linear Model

16. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver (1949) described communication as a linear process.They were concerned with radio and telephone technology and wanted todevelop a model that could explain how information passed through various channels.Examples: a letter, email, text message, lecture.

17. Bell's drawing of the workings of a telephone, from his original sketches

18. Communication as Interaction: The Interactional Model

20. Wilbur Schramm (1954) conceptualized the interactional modelof communication, which emphasizes the two-waycommunication process betweencommunicators.In other words, communication goes intwo directions: from sender to receiver and from receiver to sender.Examples: instant messaging or a question/answer session

21. Communication as Transaction: The Transactional Model

23. Dean Barnlund (1970) :The transactional model of communicationunderscores the simultaneous sending andreceiving of messages in a communication episode.Communication is transactional means that the process is cooperative; the sender and thereceiver are mutually responsible for the effect and the effectiveness of communication.Examples: talking/listening to friends

25. The Value of Understanding Communication Theory

26. Understanding communicationtheory cultivatescriticalthinkingskillsUnderstanding communicationtheoryhelpsyouto recognize the breadth and depth of researchUnderstanding communicationtheoryhelps to makesense of personallifeexperiencesCommunication theory fosters self-awareness

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