Preparations containing nanogold in traditional medicines
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•194 views
Traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicines use gold in preparations to enhance memory and mental capabilities in babies. Swarnabhasma, a gold therapeutic agent, has been used to treat several clinical disorders like asthma, arthritis, diabetes, and nervous diseases. The ancient Egyptians and alchemists also used gold in dentistry, elixirs, and medical treatments due to its perceived healing properties.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Marchantia important points
Marchantia is a genus of liverworts that reproduces both sexually and asexually. The plant body is a flattened thallus with dorsal midribs that bear gemmae cups for asexual reproduction. Male and female gametophytes develop on separate plants. During sexual reproduction, sperm from the male antheridia fertilize eggs in the female archegonia to form zygotes. These zygotes develop into sporophytes that produce spores through meiosis. The spores disperse and can germinate to form new gametophyte generations.
Life cycle of gnetum
- Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms that are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs, and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in their xylem.
- There are approximately 35 species of Gnetum distributed mainly in tropical and humid regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. Five species are reported in India.
- Gnetum reproduces sexually as a dioecious plant. The male and female strobili (inflorescences) are compound structures composed of bracts and rings of male or female flowers. Pollen grains contain two nuclei that develop into the male gametophyte within the anther.
Selaginella
Selaginella, commonly known as club moss or spike moss, is a genus of vascular plants that has worldwide distribution, especially in tropical regions. It reproduces both sexually and asexually. The plant body is differentiated into roots, stems, microphyllous leaves, and ligules. The stems are green and branched. Microspores and megaspores are produced in sporangia and develop into male and female gametophytes, respectively, through precocious germination. Fertilization occurs when sperm from the male gametophyte fuses with eggs in the female gametophyte, forming a diploid sporophyte.
Algae thallus structure
Algae exhibit a wide range of thallus structures, from single-celled organisms to large seaweeds. Their thalli can be unicellular and motile, unicellular and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, heterotrichous, siphonous, uni-axial, multi-axial, or parenchymatous. Examples include Chlamydomonas as a unicellular motile type, Chlorella as a unicellular non-motile type, Volvox as a motile coenobial type, Spirogyra as a filamentous type, and Ulva as a thalloid type. Algae reproduce both sexually through structures
"Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction
The plant body of Equisetum has an underground rhizome and an aerial shoot. The shoot has scale-like leaves arranged in whorls and ridges with stomata located in furrows. It reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia on separate gametophytes. Upon fertilization of the egg, the zygote develops into a four-celled embryo that grows into a new sporophyte, with multiple sporophytes potentially developing from a single gametophyte.
Anthoceros.ppt
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that reproduces both sexually and asexually. The life cycle involves an alternation of generations between a dominant haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte.
2. The gametophyte is a small, thalloid structure that produces male antheridia and female archegonia for sexual reproduction. Fertilization of an egg cell within the archegonium forms a zygote that develops into the sporophyte.
3. The sporophyte is an elongated structure that bears haploid spores through meiosis. Upon germination, the spores develop into new gametophyte plants, completing the
chara.pptx
Chara is a freshwater green alga found in shallow ponds, lakes, and slow rivers. It reproduces both sexually and asexually. Sexually, the male globule contains sperm that fertilize the female nucule, forming a hardy diploid oospore. The oospore's nucleus undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid nuclei, restarting the life cycle. Asexually, bulbils, amylum stars, and secondary protonema can form new plants. Overall, Chara's life cycle is predominantly haploid, with only the oospore being diploid briefly before meiosis.
Life cycle of_sphagnum
Sphagnum, or peat moss, is a perennial bryophyte that grows in wet areas, forming dense mats. It has a unique leaf structure of chlorophyll-containing and hyaline cells. The gametophyte reproduces vegetatively through innovations, gemmae, and protonemal branches. Sexual reproduction involves antheridia and archegonia on separate monoecious or dioecious plants. Fertilization results in a sporophyte with a bulbous foot, spherical capsule, and columella containing haploid spores. Germination of spores forms a protonema that develops into a new gametophyte.
Recommended
Marchantia important points
Marchantia is a genus of liverworts that reproduces both sexually and asexually. The plant body is a flattened thallus with dorsal midribs that bear gemmae cups for asexual reproduction. Male and female gametophytes develop on separate plants. During sexual reproduction, sperm from the male antheridia fertilize eggs in the female archegonia to form zygotes. These zygotes develop into sporophytes that produce spores through meiosis. The spores disperse and can germinate to form new gametophyte generations.
Life cycle of gnetum
- Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms that are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs, and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in their xylem.
- There are approximately 35 species of Gnetum distributed mainly in tropical and humid regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. Five species are reported in India.
- Gnetum reproduces sexually as a dioecious plant. The male and female strobili (inflorescences) are compound structures composed of bracts and rings of male or female flowers. Pollen grains contain two nuclei that develop into the male gametophyte within the anther.
Selaginella
Selaginella, commonly known as club moss or spike moss, is a genus of vascular plants that has worldwide distribution, especially in tropical regions. It reproduces both sexually and asexually. The plant body is differentiated into roots, stems, microphyllous leaves, and ligules. The stems are green and branched. Microspores and megaspores are produced in sporangia and develop into male and female gametophytes, respectively, through precocious germination. Fertilization occurs when sperm from the male gametophyte fuses with eggs in the female gametophyte, forming a diploid sporophyte.
Algae thallus structure
Algae exhibit a wide range of thallus structures, from single-celled organisms to large seaweeds. Their thalli can be unicellular and motile, unicellular and non-motile, colonial, filamentous, heterotrichous, siphonous, uni-axial, multi-axial, or parenchymatous. Examples include Chlamydomonas as a unicellular motile type, Chlorella as a unicellular non-motile type, Volvox as a motile coenobial type, Spirogyra as a filamentous type, and Ulva as a thalloid type. Algae reproduce both sexually through structures
"Equisetum" Structural development Reproduction
The plant body of Equisetum has an underground rhizome and an aerial shoot. The shoot has scale-like leaves arranged in whorls and ridges with stomata located in furrows. It reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia on separate gametophytes. Upon fertilization of the egg, the zygote develops into a four-celled embryo that grows into a new sporophyte, with multiple sporophytes potentially developing from a single gametophyte.
Anthoceros.ppt
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that reproduces both sexually and asexually. The life cycle involves an alternation of generations between a dominant haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte.
2. The gametophyte is a small, thalloid structure that produces male antheridia and female archegonia for sexual reproduction. Fertilization of an egg cell within the archegonium forms a zygote that develops into the sporophyte.
3. The sporophyte is an elongated structure that bears haploid spores through meiosis. Upon germination, the spores develop into new gametophyte plants, completing the
chara.pptx
Chara is a freshwater green alga found in shallow ponds, lakes, and slow rivers. It reproduces both sexually and asexually. Sexually, the male globule contains sperm that fertilize the female nucule, forming a hardy diploid oospore. The oospore's nucleus undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid nuclei, restarting the life cycle. Asexually, bulbils, amylum stars, and secondary protonema can form new plants. Overall, Chara's life cycle is predominantly haploid, with only the oospore being diploid briefly before meiosis.
Life cycle of_sphagnum
Sphagnum, or peat moss, is a perennial bryophyte that grows in wet areas, forming dense mats. It has a unique leaf structure of chlorophyll-containing and hyaline cells. The gametophyte reproduces vegetatively through innovations, gemmae, and protonemal branches. Sexual reproduction involves antheridia and archegonia on separate monoecious or dioecious plants. Fertilization results in a sporophyte with a bulbous foot, spherical capsule, and columella containing haploid spores. Germination of spores forms a protonema that develops into a new gametophyte.
Anatomy of Dicot and monocot Root.pptx
1. The document describes the anatomy of roots in dicotyledonous and monocot plants.
2. It details the tissues found in roots of various plants including Cicer, Tinospora, and Ficus. These tissues include the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, pith and periderm.
3. Secondary growth occurs in some dicot roots through the formation of cambium rings between vascular bundles. Cambium activity results in the production of secondary xylem and phloem, forming a continuous cylinder around the primary tissues over time.
Rhynia
Rhynia was an extinct genus of early vascular plant that lived approximately 407-395 million years ago in the early Devonian period. It included two species, R. gwynne-vaughani and R. major, which were small herbaceous plants up to 20 cm tall with dichotomously branching aerial shoots and rhizomes. The aerial shoots bore terminal sporangia that contained spores formed in tetrahedral tetrads, indicating Rhynia was a homosporous plant that reproduced sexually.
Marsilea.pptx
Marsilea is a genus of aquatic ferns that grow in mud. The sporophyte has horizontal underground stems called rhizomes from which arise roots, petioles, and leaves with four leaflets. Sporocarps containing sporangia develop on the rhizomes. The sporocarps contain gradate sori with megaspores in the upper rows and microspores below. Upon maturation and hydration, the sporocarps split open and the sori are released. The male and female gametophytes develop within the spores. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with the egg inside the female gametophyte. The zygote then develops into a new sporophy
Plant Anatomy-1
The document provides details on the syllabus for a Botany course covering Angiosperm Systematics, Anatomy, and Embryology. The syllabus is divided into 6 units that will examine topics such as the classification and evolution of angiosperms, important plant families, plant tissue structure, anatomy of roots, stems, and leaves, and plant reproduction through embryology. Key concepts that will be discussed include plant tissue types, vascular bundle structure, leaf anatomy related to photosynthesis, and plant development from megasporogenesis through embryogenesis.
Life cycle of_funaria
1) Funaria is a terrestrial moss that grows in dense green patches in moist, shady areas like damp soil, tree trunks, and walls.
2) It has both underground protonemal filaments and above-ground leafy gametophores that produce rhizoids, a stem, and spirally arranged leaves.
3) Sexual reproduction involves the production of antheridia and archegonia on separate male and female branches that lead to fertilization and the growth of a sporophyte with foot, seta, and capsule containing spores.
Megasporogenesis by vimal priya
The document discusses the structure and development of the ovule and female gametophyte (embryo sac) in flowering plants. It describes the ovule as containing the megasporangium, which produces megaspores through megasporogenesis. The megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form four megaspores, with one developing into the embryo sac. The embryo sac contains three antipodal cells at the base, two synergid cells and one egg cell at the micropylar end, and two nuclei that fuse at the center to form the central cell. The document also classifies different ovule types and embryo sac development patterns, such as monosporic, bisporic and tetras
Marsilea.pptx
Marsilea is a genus of aquatic ferns that grow in mud or wet soil. The sporophyte has horizontal underground stems called rhizomes from which emerge roots and leaves. Leaves are arranged in pairs and each leaf has four leaflets. Sporocarps containing sporangia develop on the rhizomes. The sporocarps contain either microsporangia or megasporangia. After fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo within the megaspore.
Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes-BOTANY
Pteridophytes are vascular plants that reproduce via spores. They have a number of shared characteristics including lignified cell walls, tracheary elements, and an independent sporophyte generation. The stele, or central vascular cylinder, of pteridophytes can take several forms. The protostele is the simplest form, with a central xylem core surrounded by phloem. More advanced forms include the siphonostele, with a central pith, and the dictyostele, with overlapping leaf gaps. The eustele features a ring of vascular bundles around the edge of the pith.
Bryophytes.pptx
The document discusses the classification and characteristics of bryophytes. It begins by introducing bryophytes and their habitats. It then describes their general characters including having a dorsiventral thallus, alternation of generations, and sexual reproduction via gametophyte and sporophyte stages. The document outlines G.M. Smith's classification system, dividing bryophytes into 3 classes: Hepaticopsida (liverworts), Anthocerotopsida (hornworts), and Bryopsida (mosses). Each class is characterized in terms of their gametophyte, sporophyte structures, and reproductive features. Major orders within each class are also listed.
Fossil Pteredophytes by P. shivakumar singh ppt
1. The document discusses the evolution and classification of early vascular land plants, known from fossil evidence. It describes important plant groups from the Ordovician to Devonian periods, including Cooksonia, Rhynia, Aglaophyton, Zosterophyllum, trimerophytes, lycophytes, equisetales, and progymnosperms.
2. Many of these early plants were found preserved as fossils in sites like Rhynie, Scotland, which provide important insights into the origin and diversification of vascular plants.
3. By the late Devonian and Carboniferous periods, lycophytes had diversified and some groups included large trees, while ferns and hor
Rubiaceae
The document discusses the plant family Rubiaceae, otherwise known as the coffee family. It specifically focuses on Cinchona pubescens, commonly known as red cinchona. Some key details are:
- Cinchona pubescens is a tall tree native to Central and South America that grows in tropical forests between 300-3900 meters in altitude.
- Its bark contains quinine and quinidine, which are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias, respectively. An infusion of the bark also has other medicinal uses.
- The leaves are opposite and ovate with an entire margin. Pink flowers grow in panicle inflorescences and develop into capsular fruits containing
General characters and clasification of gymnosperm
This document provides an overview of gymnosperms, including their general characters, classification, and examples. It discusses how gymnosperms are woody, vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed in fruits. They are classified into 5 orders - Cycadales, Coniferales, Ephadrales, Gnetales, and Ginkgoales. Examples like cycas, conifers, ephedra, gnetum, and ginkgo biloba are described. The classification system proposed by David Bierhost in 1971 is outlined.
Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Lycopodium
This document provides information on the systematic position, morphology, anatomy, reproduction, and life cycle of Lycopodium. It discusses that Lycopodium has 400 species found in varied habitats worldwide, including in India. It has dichotomously branched stems and leaves without ligules. Reproduction occurs vegetatively and via spores. Spores form in structures called strobili and develop into homothallic gametophytes that produce both antheridia and archegonia for sexual reproduction. The life cycle involves a diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generation.
Life cycle of_funaria-jb
1) Funaria is a terrestrial moss that grows in dense green patches in moist, shady areas like damp soil, tree trunks, and walls.
2) It has both underground protonemal filaments and above-ground leafy gametophores that produce rhizoids, a stem, and spirally arranged leaves.
3) Sexual reproduction involves the production of antheridia and archegonia on separate male and female branches that lead to fertilization and the growth of a sporophyte with foot, seta, and capsule containing spores.
Oedogonium
Oedogonium is a freshwater, filamentous green alga identified by rings formed at the ends of cells during cell division. It reproduces through both sexual and asexual means. Asexual reproduction occurs through fragmentation, zoospore formation, or aplanospore formation. Sexual reproduction is oogamous and can be either macrandrous or nannandrous. Fertilization occurs when sperm enter an egg, forming a zygote. The zygote produces a thick-walled oospore which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid zoospores that germinate into new haploid filaments.
Bryophytes
Bryophytes are the oldest land plants that have been around for over 400 million years. They are non-vascular plants that do not have true roots but have rhizoids. There are around 2,000 species of bryophytes divided into three groups: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Mosses are typically small, soft plants that grow in moist areas. Liverworts are also small flowerless plants that can cover patches of ground and produce spores in capsules. Hornworts have spores produced in horn-like capsules and there are only around 100 species.
Morphology, anatomy and reproduction in Funaria
This document summarizes the morphological, anatomical, and reproductive characteristics of the moss species Funaria. It describes the gametophyte structure including rhizoids, stem, and leaves. Anatomically, it details the layers of the stem and leaf structures. Sexual reproduction involves antheridia and archegonia that develop on separate plants. Fertilization results in a sporophyte structure including foot, seta, and capsule. The capsule contains spores that are dispersed upon dehiscence involving several stages including drying, tearing of spore sacs, and movement of peristome teeth.
Vaucheria ppt.pptx
1. The document describes the algal genus Vaucheria, which has coenocytic, filamentous thalli.
2. Vaucheria reproduces through both asexual and sexual means. Asexually, it produces zoospores, aplanospores, and akinetes. Sexually, it produces antheridia and oogonia that undergo fertilization to form zygotes.
3. The zygotes develop thick walls called oospores that allow the alga to survive unfavorable conditions. When conditions improve, the oospores germinate to form new haploid thalli.
Vaucheria
Vaucheria is a genus of green algae in the order Heterosiphonales. It is a coenocytic, filamentous alga that can live in aquatic or terrestrial environments. It reproduces asexually through the formation of sporangia containing zoospores or aplanospores, and sexually through an oogamous process involving antheridia and oogonia. Fragmentation of the filament is also a form of vegetative reproduction in Vaucheria.
EPOXIDISED LIQUID NATURAL RUBBER-VARIATION IN EPOXIDATION RATIO BASED ON MOLE...
EPOXIDISED LIQUID NATURAL RUBBER-VARIATION IN EPOXIDATION RATIO BASED ON MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WATER AND MINERAL CONTENT OF EDIBLE SHELL FISH VARIETI...
This document presents a comparative study of the water, mineral, and biochemical content of three common edible shellfish varieties found in South Kerala: white prawn, mud crab, and clam. The study aimed to determine the moisture content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash, calcium, and magnesium content of each variety. The results showed that all three varieties contained high moisture levels between 75-85%, with white prawn having the highest at 83.85%. Mud crab had the highest total ash and acid insoluble ash, indicating higher mineral content. White prawn and mud crab both had higher calcium and magnesium levels than clam. The study concludes that all shellfish varieties provide good nutrient value and
More Related Content
What's hot
Anatomy of Dicot and monocot Root.pptx
1. The document describes the anatomy of roots in dicotyledonous and monocot plants.
2. It details the tissues found in roots of various plants including Cicer, Tinospora, and Ficus. These tissues include the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, pith and periderm.
3. Secondary growth occurs in some dicot roots through the formation of cambium rings between vascular bundles. Cambium activity results in the production of secondary xylem and phloem, forming a continuous cylinder around the primary tissues over time.
Rhynia
Rhynia was an extinct genus of early vascular plant that lived approximately 407-395 million years ago in the early Devonian period. It included two species, R. gwynne-vaughani and R. major, which were small herbaceous plants up to 20 cm tall with dichotomously branching aerial shoots and rhizomes. The aerial shoots bore terminal sporangia that contained spores formed in tetrahedral tetrads, indicating Rhynia was a homosporous plant that reproduced sexually.
Marsilea.pptx
Marsilea is a genus of aquatic ferns that grow in mud. The sporophyte has horizontal underground stems called rhizomes from which arise roots, petioles, and leaves with four leaflets. Sporocarps containing sporangia develop on the rhizomes. The sporocarps contain gradate sori with megaspores in the upper rows and microspores below. Upon maturation and hydration, the sporocarps split open and the sori are released. The male and female gametophytes develop within the spores. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with the egg inside the female gametophyte. The zygote then develops into a new sporophy
Plant Anatomy-1
The document provides details on the syllabus for a Botany course covering Angiosperm Systematics, Anatomy, and Embryology. The syllabus is divided into 6 units that will examine topics such as the classification and evolution of angiosperms, important plant families, plant tissue structure, anatomy of roots, stems, and leaves, and plant reproduction through embryology. Key concepts that will be discussed include plant tissue types, vascular bundle structure, leaf anatomy related to photosynthesis, and plant development from megasporogenesis through embryogenesis.
Life cycle of_funaria
1) Funaria is a terrestrial moss that grows in dense green patches in moist, shady areas like damp soil, tree trunks, and walls.
2) It has both underground protonemal filaments and above-ground leafy gametophores that produce rhizoids, a stem, and spirally arranged leaves.
3) Sexual reproduction involves the production of antheridia and archegonia on separate male and female branches that lead to fertilization and the growth of a sporophyte with foot, seta, and capsule containing spores.
Megasporogenesis by vimal priya
The document discusses the structure and development of the ovule and female gametophyte (embryo sac) in flowering plants. It describes the ovule as containing the megasporangium, which produces megaspores through megasporogenesis. The megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form four megaspores, with one developing into the embryo sac. The embryo sac contains three antipodal cells at the base, two synergid cells and one egg cell at the micropylar end, and two nuclei that fuse at the center to form the central cell. The document also classifies different ovule types and embryo sac development patterns, such as monosporic, bisporic and tetras
Marsilea.pptx
Marsilea is a genus of aquatic ferns that grow in mud or wet soil. The sporophyte has horizontal underground stems called rhizomes from which emerge roots and leaves. Leaves are arranged in pairs and each leaf has four leaflets. Sporocarps containing sporangia develop on the rhizomes. The sporocarps contain either microsporangia or megasporangia. After fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo within the megaspore.
Stelar evolution in Pteridophytes-BOTANY
Pteridophytes are vascular plants that reproduce via spores. They have a number of shared characteristics including lignified cell walls, tracheary elements, and an independent sporophyte generation. The stele, or central vascular cylinder, of pteridophytes can take several forms. The protostele is the simplest form, with a central xylem core surrounded by phloem. More advanced forms include the siphonostele, with a central pith, and the dictyostele, with overlapping leaf gaps. The eustele features a ring of vascular bundles around the edge of the pith.
Bryophytes.pptx
The document discusses the classification and characteristics of bryophytes. It begins by introducing bryophytes and their habitats. It then describes their general characters including having a dorsiventral thallus, alternation of generations, and sexual reproduction via gametophyte and sporophyte stages. The document outlines G.M. Smith's classification system, dividing bryophytes into 3 classes: Hepaticopsida (liverworts), Anthocerotopsida (hornworts), and Bryopsida (mosses). Each class is characterized in terms of their gametophyte, sporophyte structures, and reproductive features. Major orders within each class are also listed.
Fossil Pteredophytes by P. shivakumar singh ppt
1. The document discusses the evolution and classification of early vascular land plants, known from fossil evidence. It describes important plant groups from the Ordovician to Devonian periods, including Cooksonia, Rhynia, Aglaophyton, Zosterophyllum, trimerophytes, lycophytes, equisetales, and progymnosperms.
2. Many of these early plants were found preserved as fossils in sites like Rhynie, Scotland, which provide important insights into the origin and diversification of vascular plants.
3. By the late Devonian and Carboniferous periods, lycophytes had diversified and some groups included large trees, while ferns and hor
Rubiaceae
The document discusses the plant family Rubiaceae, otherwise known as the coffee family. It specifically focuses on Cinchona pubescens, commonly known as red cinchona. Some key details are:
- Cinchona pubescens is a tall tree native to Central and South America that grows in tropical forests between 300-3900 meters in altitude.
- Its bark contains quinine and quinidine, which are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias, respectively. An infusion of the bark also has other medicinal uses.
- The leaves are opposite and ovate with an entire margin. Pink flowers grow in panicle inflorescences and develop into capsular fruits containing
General characters and clasification of gymnosperm
This document provides an overview of gymnosperms, including their general characters, classification, and examples. It discusses how gymnosperms are woody, vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed in fruits. They are classified into 5 orders - Cycadales, Coniferales, Ephadrales, Gnetales, and Ginkgoales. Examples like cycas, conifers, ephedra, gnetum, and ginkgo biloba are described. The classification system proposed by David Bierhost in 1971 is outlined.
Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Lycopodium
This document provides information on the systematic position, morphology, anatomy, reproduction, and life cycle of Lycopodium. It discusses that Lycopodium has 400 species found in varied habitats worldwide, including in India. It has dichotomously branched stems and leaves without ligules. Reproduction occurs vegetatively and via spores. Spores form in structures called strobili and develop into homothallic gametophytes that produce both antheridia and archegonia for sexual reproduction. The life cycle involves a diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generation.
Life cycle of_funaria-jb
1) Funaria is a terrestrial moss that grows in dense green patches in moist, shady areas like damp soil, tree trunks, and walls.
2) It has both underground protonemal filaments and above-ground leafy gametophores that produce rhizoids, a stem, and spirally arranged leaves.
3) Sexual reproduction involves the production of antheridia and archegonia on separate male and female branches that lead to fertilization and the growth of a sporophyte with foot, seta, and capsule containing spores.
Oedogonium
Oedogonium is a freshwater, filamentous green alga identified by rings formed at the ends of cells during cell division. It reproduces through both sexual and asexual means. Asexual reproduction occurs through fragmentation, zoospore formation, or aplanospore formation. Sexual reproduction is oogamous and can be either macrandrous or nannandrous. Fertilization occurs when sperm enter an egg, forming a zygote. The zygote produces a thick-walled oospore which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid zoospores that germinate into new haploid filaments.
Bryophytes
Bryophytes are the oldest land plants that have been around for over 400 million years. They are non-vascular plants that do not have true roots but have rhizoids. There are around 2,000 species of bryophytes divided into three groups: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Mosses are typically small, soft plants that grow in moist areas. Liverworts are also small flowerless plants that can cover patches of ground and produce spores in capsules. Hornworts have spores produced in horn-like capsules and there are only around 100 species.
Morphology, anatomy and reproduction in Funaria
This document summarizes the morphological, anatomical, and reproductive characteristics of the moss species Funaria. It describes the gametophyte structure including rhizoids, stem, and leaves. Anatomically, it details the layers of the stem and leaf structures. Sexual reproduction involves antheridia and archegonia that develop on separate plants. Fertilization results in a sporophyte structure including foot, seta, and capsule. The capsule contains spores that are dispersed upon dehiscence involving several stages including drying, tearing of spore sacs, and movement of peristome teeth.
Vaucheria ppt.pptx
1. The document describes the algal genus Vaucheria, which has coenocytic, filamentous thalli.
2. Vaucheria reproduces through both asexual and sexual means. Asexually, it produces zoospores, aplanospores, and akinetes. Sexually, it produces antheridia and oogonia that undergo fertilization to form zygotes.
3. The zygotes develop thick walls called oospores that allow the alga to survive unfavorable conditions. When conditions improve, the oospores germinate to form new haploid thalli.
Vaucheria
Vaucheria is a genus of green algae in the order Heterosiphonales. It is a coenocytic, filamentous alga that can live in aquatic or terrestrial environments. It reproduces asexually through the formation of sporangia containing zoospores or aplanospores, and sexually through an oogamous process involving antheridia and oogonia. Fragmentation of the filament is also a form of vegetative reproduction in Vaucheria.
What's hot (20)
General characters and clasification of gymnosperm
General characters and clasification of gymnosperm
Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Lycopodium
Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Lycopodium
More from SANEESH KUMAR N
EPOXIDISED LIQUID NATURAL RUBBER-VARIATION IN EPOXIDATION RATIO BASED ON MOLE...
EPOXIDISED LIQUID NATURAL RUBBER-VARIATION IN EPOXIDATION RATIO BASED ON MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WATER AND MINERAL CONTENT OF EDIBLE SHELL FISH VARIETI...
This document presents a comparative study of the water, mineral, and biochemical content of three common edible shellfish varieties found in South Kerala: white prawn, mud crab, and clam. The study aimed to determine the moisture content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash, calcium, and magnesium content of each variety. The results showed that all three varieties contained high moisture levels between 75-85%, with white prawn having the highest at 83.85%. Mud crab had the highest total ash and acid insoluble ash, indicating higher mineral content. White prawn and mud crab both had higher calcium and magnesium levels than clam. The study concludes that all shellfish varieties provide good nutrient value and
Petroleum
Petroleum is a dark colored, viscous liquid found below the earth's crust that is obtained through mining. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of ancient organisms over time under heat and pressure. Refining petroleum involves separating it into useful fractions through fractional distillation. This process involves heating crude oil in a tall distillation tower, which separates it into fractions with different boiling points like gasoline, kerosene, diesel and lubricating oil that are collected on different trays based on their volatility and used for various purposes. Straight run oils are also produced through this initial distillation process.
Top down and bottom-top approach
The document discusses top-down and bottom-up approaches for preparing nano particles. The top-down approach involves constructing nano objects from larger entities without atomic level control, using larger devices to direct assembly. The bottom-up approach builds materials and devices from molecular components that self-assemble chemically using molecular recognition principles, arranging smaller components into more complex assemblies, such as using DNA base pairing to construct structures from DNA and other nucleic acids.
Properties of nanoparticles
Nanoparticles have unique optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties compared to larger particles. Optically, their surface plasmon resonance leads to absorption and reflection of visible light that depends on particle size, causing various colors. Magnetically, they can be superparamagnetic and useful in applications like MRI contrast agents. Mechanically, carbon nanotubes have tensile strengths and moduli that are over 1000 times greater than steel.
Nanosystems in nature
Nano sensors exist naturally in biology, enabling senses like smell in animals and light detection in plants. Various animals like dogs have particularly strong senses of smell using nano sensors, while some fish can detect small vibrations in water. Certain bacteria and fungi are also able to make magnetic or metal nano particles, with some bacteria reducing metal ions inside cells to synthesize nanoparticles when added to buttermilk.
CARBON NANO TUBES
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures of carbon with diameters in the nanometer range. They have extremely high tensile strength and unique electrical properties depending on their structure. Carbon nanotubes can be single-walled or multi-walled and are synthesized using arc discharge, laser ablation, or chemical vapor deposition with transition metal catalysts. They have a variety of potential applications in electronics, optics, and other fields due to their novel properties.
Chemistry of nanomaterials introduction
This document discusses the history and fundamentals of nanoscience and nanotechnology. It describes how nanoscience involves studying materials between 1-100 nanometers in size, and how properties differ at the nanoscale due to large surface area to volume ratios and quantum effects. The document outlines key developments in nanoscience history from Maxwell proposing studying individual molecules in 1867 to modern discoveries like fullerenes and carbon nanotubes in the 1980s-1990s. Nanotechnology is defined as engineering functional systems at the molecular scale.
Sonochemistry
This document discusses sonochemistry, which is the application of ultrasound to chemical reactions and processes. It can be divided into three frequency regions: low frequency high power, high frequency medium power, and high frequency low power. The effects of sonic waves on chemical systems were first reported in 1927. Sonochemistry experienced growth in the 1980s with inexpensive generators. The origin of sonochemical effects is acoustic cavitation, where ultrasound induces vibrational motion in molecules that alternately compresses and stretches them, forming cavitation bubbles that collapse with extreme conditions like 2000-5000K temperature and 1800 atm pressure. Cavitational collapse can cause physical, chemical and biological effects through shear forces, jets and shock waves. Benefits of sonochemistry include decreased
LYCURGUS CUP
The Lycurgus Cup is a rare example of a dichroic Roman glass vessel from the 4th century AD. It appears green when light is reflected off its surface but red when light shines through it, due to minute amounts of gold and silver added to the glass. Modern analysis showed the dichroism is caused by microscopic gold and silver crystals in the glass that scatter light differently depending on the light source. The cup also has an ornate decoration depicting the legend of King Lycurgus.
Fullerenes
This document discusses fullerenes, an allotrope of carbon. It describes how the most common fullerene, C60, was discovered in 1985. C60 resembles a soccer ball shape made of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons and pentagons. The document outlines the structure and properties of fullerenes like C60, as well as methods for synthesizing and purifying fullerenes. Potential applications mentioned include use as lubricants, in electronics, and for inhibiting HIV.
Preparation of nano particles
This document discusses various techniques for synthesizing nanoparticles, including sol-gel synthesis, colloidal precipitation, co-precipitation, combustion technique, hydrothermal technique, high energy ball milling, and sonochemistry. It provides details on specific methods like the Frens method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles, co-precipitation reaction for iron oxide nanoparticles using FeCl3 and benzene tetracarboxylic acid, combustion synthesis using lithium nitrate and bismuth nitrate with urea and glycerol, and hydrothermal treatment for titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The advantages of these techniques in producing nanoparticles at low temperatures and with good control of properties are highlighted.
More from SANEESH KUMAR N (12)
EPOXIDISED LIQUID NATURAL RUBBER-VARIATION IN EPOXIDATION RATIO BASED ON MOLE...
EPOXIDISED LIQUID NATURAL RUBBER-VARIATION IN EPOXIDATION RATIO BASED ON MOLE...
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WATER AND MINERAL CONTENT OF EDIBLE SHELL FISH VARIETI...
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WATER AND MINERAL CONTENT OF EDIBLE SHELL FISH VARIETI...
Recently uploaded
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Recently uploaded (20)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Preparations containing nanogold in traditional medicines
- 2. traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicines- gold is used in several preparations Saraswatharishtham prescribed for memory enhancement Swarnabhasma which has been used as a therapeutic agent for several clinical disorders including bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes mellitus , nervous diseases, etc. Medicinal preparation for babies inorder to enhance their mental capability.
- 3. Over 5000years ago, the Egyptians used gold in dentistry. In Alexandria , alchemists a powerful colloidal elixer known as liquid gold to restore youth . The great alchemist and founder of modern medicine , Paracelsus, developed many highly successful treatments from metallic including gold .