Petroleum
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Petroleum is a dark colored, viscous liquid found below the earth's crust that is obtained through mining. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of ancient organisms over time under heat and pressure. Refining petroleum involves separating it into useful fractions through fractional distillation. This process involves heating crude oil in a tall distillation tower, which separates it into fractions with different boiling points like gasoline, kerosene, diesel and lubricating oil that are collected on different trays based on their volatility and used for various purposes. Straight run oils are also produced through this initial distillation process.
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In this presentation, we focus on the analysis of petroleum product from crude oil. The methodology of fractional distillation and factor affecting in analysis. This slide also focus on the adulteration of petroleum product and case study.
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Secondary explosives are more powerful than primary explosives and require a detonator to initiate detonation. They include TNT, PETN, RDX, HMX, and nitrocellulose. PETN is colorless and soluble in acetone, while being relatively insensitive to friction. It is used in blasting caps and detonation cords. RDX is more thermally and chemically stable than PETN, and is used in plastic explosives. HMX exists in four crystalline forms and its beta form is employed in secondary explosives.
Analysis of petrol.pdf
This document discusses the analysis and characterization of petroleum and petroleum products. It begins with an introduction to the constituents of petroleum and the fractional distillation process used to separate petroleum into fractions. It then describes several key tests used to analyze petroleum products, including tests to determine specific gravity, viscosity, aniline point, color, cloud point, pour point, and tests to detect water, acid/base content, ash, and metals. The document provides details on the principles and procedures for each test method. It concludes with discussions of petroleum fractionation and the typical composition of crude petroleum.
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Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's surface that is refined into fuels. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons like alkanes, naphthenes, and aromatics. Petroleum forms from the thermal maturation of buried organic matter over millions of years. It varies in composition but is largely made up of carbon and hydrogen, with other elements like sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen present in smaller amounts. The type of petroleum depends on factors like the organic material it formed from and temperature/pressure conditions during formation.
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Petroleum products are obtained through fractional distillation of crude oil based on boiling points and molecular weights. Different hydrocarbon ranges are used for various fuels like gasoline containing C4-C10 hydrocarbons, kerosene and aviation fuels containing C4-C19, and diesel fuels containing C8-C21. Refined fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons formulated for specific properties and contain impurities like gums, metals, and microbial growth that require additives. Octane rating indicates gasoline resistance to detonation with higher ratings for higher compression engines, while volatility and flammability relate to evaporation and combustion tendencies important for engine performance.
Petroleum
Petroleum has been used for thousands of years, with the earliest known oil wells dating back 5-6 thousand years before Christ. There are two main theories for the origin of petroleum - abiogenic or biogenic. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons such as paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics, along with other elements like sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Crude oil is refined into many useful products through fractional distillation, with typical final products including fuels like gasoline, diesel and jet fuel; lubricating oils; wax; and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry to produce plastics and other materials.
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Secondary explosives are more powerful than primary explosives and require a detonator to initiate detonation. They include TNT, PETN, RDX, HMX, and nitrocellulose. PETN is colorless and soluble in acetone, while being relatively insensitive to friction. It is used in blasting caps and detonation cords. RDX is more thermally and chemically stable than PETN, and is used in plastic explosives. HMX exists in four crystalline forms and its beta form is employed in secondary explosives.
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Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's surface that is refined into fuels. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons like alkanes, naphthenes, and aromatics. Petroleum forms from the thermal maturation of buried organic matter over millions of years. It varies in composition but is largely made up of carbon and hydrogen, with other elements like sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen present in smaller amounts. The type of petroleum depends on factors like the organic material it formed from and temperature/pressure conditions during formation.
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Petroleum products are obtained through fractional distillation of crude oil based on boiling points and molecular weights. Different hydrocarbon ranges are used for various fuels like gasoline containing C4-C10 hydrocarbons, kerosene and aviation fuels containing C4-C19, and diesel fuels containing C8-C21. Refined fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons formulated for specific properties and contain impurities like gums, metals, and microbial growth that require additives. Octane rating indicates gasoline resistance to detonation with higher ratings for higher compression engines, while volatility and flammability relate to evaporation and combustion tendencies important for engine performance.
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Petroleum has been used for thousands of years, with the earliest known oil wells dating back 5-6 thousand years before Christ. There are two main theories for the origin of petroleum - abiogenic or biogenic. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons such as paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics, along with other elements like sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Crude oil is refined into many useful products through fractional distillation, with typical final products including fuels like gasoline, diesel and jet fuel; lubricating oils; wax; and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry to produce plastics and other materials.
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Petroleum or crude oil
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Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons formed from the remains of ancient microscopic plants and animals. It is extracted through drilling and then separated into fractions like gasoline and diesel through fractional distillation. This process involves heating crude oil and allowing the different hydrocarbon compounds to condense out at different temperatures based on their boiling points. Most hydrocarbons in crude oil are saturated alkanes consisting of chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms. When burned as fuels, alkanes produce carbon dioxide and water through combustion reactions.
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Derived from the Latin word petra oleum, meaning “stone oil”
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Along with other forensic specialists, forensic chemists commonly testify in court as expert witnesses regarding their findings. Forensic chemists follow a set of standards that have been proposed by various agencies and governing bodies, including the Scientific Working Group on the Analysis of Seized Drugs. In addition to the standard operating procedures proposed by the group, specific agencies have their own standards regarding the quality assurance and quality control of their results and their instruments. To ensure the accuracy of what they are reporting, forensic chemists routinely check and verify that their instruments are working correctly and are still able to detect and measure various quantities of different substances.
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- Atmospheric conditions like temperature affect ballistics, as ammunition is manufactured for a specific temperature range and velocities vary with temperature.
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Distillation
Crude oil is separated into components by distillation based on boiling points. It is pumped to storage tanks and preheated before entering distillation units. Single-stage units produce a few products, while two-stage and three-stage units use additional towers and pressure to produce more products. Crude is separated first in a high-pressure tower, then subsequent towers at lower pressures, to efficiently distill its many hydrocarbon components.
refining of crude oil by Arun kumar rana
This document discusses the refining of crude oil. It begins by describing crude oil as a complex mixture of hydrocarbons found in the Earth's crust. The refining process separates crude oil into fractions using fractional distillation based on differences in boiling points. Major fractions include petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, lubricating oil, and fuel oil. Further processing using thermal cracking and catalytic cracking converts heavier fractions into more valuable products like liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline. Refineries are upgraded in response to market demands and clean air regulations.
Elective_Refining 1.pptx
The document discusses petroleum refining processes. It begins with an overview of refining which involves separating petroleum into fractions and treating them to produce marketable products. It then discusses four major forces that have influenced the development of refining processes: demand for products, feedstock supply, environmental regulations, and new technology. Next, it provides historical context starting with early refining focused on kerosene production. It then outlines the main categories of modern refining processes: separation, conversion, and finishing. The document dives deeper into specific separation processes like dewatering/desalting, distillation, and vacuum distillation.
Oil Refining
The document discusses the process of oil refining. Crude oil enters the refinery and is separated into fractions through fractional distillation in distillation towers. It then undergoes additional processes like heating, cooling, and chemical processes. The fractions are treated to remove impurities and blended to produce useful products like gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and others which are then stored for shipping and distribution.
Gasoline
The document discusses the chemistry of petroleum and gasoline. Petroleum is composed of hydrocarbon molecules with varying numbers of carbon atoms. Crude oil is extracted from wells as a mixture of hydrocarbons and refined into fuels like gasoline through fractional distillation and chemical processing. Gasoline is made up of hydrocarbon molecules with between 5-12 carbon atoms and must have an octane rating sufficient to prevent engine knocking in automobiles. Tetraethyl lead was formerly added to gasoline but was phased out due to environmental and health effects.
Gasoline
The document discusses the chemistry of petroleum and gasoline. Petroleum is composed of hydrocarbon molecules with varying numbers of carbon atoms. Crude oil is extracted from wells as a mixture of hydrocarbons and refined into useful products through fractional distillation and cracking/reforming processes. Gasoline is the portion of refined petroleum containing 8 carbon hydrocarbons that vaporize at low temperatures, making it a suitable fuel for combustion engines. Octane rating and additives like tetraethyl lead were historically used to prevent engine knocking, though lead posed health and environmental risks.
Fractional distillation of petroleum
Fractional distillation is a process that separates mixtures into their individual chemical components based on differences in boiling points. Petroleum, a yellow-to-black liquid, is separated via fractional distillation into its main fractions including petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene oil, diesel oil, lubricating oil, and residue by heating it to different temperature ranges at which each component vaporizes. This process allows petroleum to be used for various applications such as fuel for stoves, lamps, jet engines, and vehicles as well as building roads.
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
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Petroleum
- 2. PETROLEUM Prtra- rock oleum-oil Dark coloured oily liquid found below earth crust Obtained by mining-mineral oil/crude oil Gas accompanying petroleum- natural gas Decomposition product of the remains of marine organisms and plants over the ages, by action of bacteria and under the action of earth’s heat and pressure
- 3. PETROLEUM Petroleum is a viscous oily liquid Mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons(alkanes C1- C40) with mucher lesser amount of cyclo alkanes and aromatic compounds Small amounts of organic compounds of sulphur and nitrogen Actual composition of petroleum varies with the place of orgin Natural gas is always found along with petroleum
- 4. REFINING OF PETROLEUM Aliphatic hydrocarbons from petroleum The process of separating petroleum into useful fractions and the removal of undesirable impurities
- 5. Refining of petroleum Oil well Pumped out Crude oil Viscous Mechanically freed from sand and brine Crude oil Washing- Neutralisation by acidic/basic solution Crude oil Coiled pipe (Gas heated furnace) Vapour s Bubble cap fractionating column (Bubble tower) Variors fractions of petroleum
- 6. Fractional distillation of petroleum Tall cylindrical structure with horizontal trays having holes Holes are covered with bubble cap-allows lighter(more volatile) components to pass up and heavier(less volatile) components condense and flow into trays below Each tray is provided with an over flow pipe(keeps the liquid to a certain level and allows the rest to flow down to the lower tray) Higher boiling fractions condense first in the lower portion portions Lower boiling fractions rise up the tower and condende at different level(depending on their boiling range) Uncondensed gas escape through the top the tower
- 7. Fractional distillation of petroleum
- 10. Name of fraction Boiling Range Appro.co mposition Appro.% Uses Gaseous Hydrocarbons 113- 303K C1-C4 2 Gaseous fuel,production of gasoline,ammonia,methanol Petroleum ether (ligroin) 303- 343K C5-C7 2 Solvent for fats and oils,dry cleaning clothes Petrol or Gasoline 343- 473K C7-C12 32 Motor fuel, dry cleaning Kerosene 448- 548K C12-C15 18 Illuminant fuel and jet engine fuel Gas oil,fuel oil and diesel oil 523- 673K C15-C18 20 As furnance fuel,fuel for diesel engine and in cracking Lubricating oil,greases petroleum jelly 623 K and up C16 Onwards Lubrication Paraffin wax Melts(32 5-330 K) C20 Onwards Candles , Water proofing,oinments, wax paper etc Petroleum coke Residue Artificial asphalt, fuel, electrodes
- 11. Straight run process-sraight run oils Uncondensed gases(methane,eth ane, propane and butane) are liquified to LPG (fuel)
- 12. THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION