This document presents a study on predicting the PID control model used on different PLCs. The study compares the output of a virtual plant controlled by the PID model in a PLC versus the output controlled by PID models in MATLAB using an OPC server. Simulation results show that the PLC M221 uses a parallel PID model based on having a smaller integral error compared to an ideal PID model in MATLAB. The PLC S7-1200 was found to use an ideal PID model based on a smaller integral error compared to a parallel PID model in MATLAB. The conclusions were further supported by experiments on a real RLC circuit plant.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Pradeep Solanki to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. The report discusses automation using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It provides an overview of automation technologies, including feedback control, sequential control, and computer control. The report also examines the history and applications of automation in various industries.
This document discusses PID controllers, which are widely used in industrial control systems. It provides details on:
- The basic components and functions of a PID controller, which uses proportional, integral and derivative terms to continuously calculate and apply error corrections.
- The characteristics and effects of P, I, and D controllers individually and together in a PID controller. While P reduces steady state error, I eliminates it, and D increases stability and reduces overshoot.
- Methods for tuning PID controllers, including Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules which determine parameters based on process response characteristics.
- Implementations of PID controllers using analog electronics with operational amplifiers, and limitations when used without additional modeling or modifications.
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It refers to a system that collects data from sensors at remote locations and sends it to a central computer for monitoring and control. The central monitoring system communicates with remote terminal units or programmable logic controllers through communication links. SCADA systems allow operators to monitor entire systems in real-time with little human intervention through functions like data acquisition, supervisory control, alarms, logging, and trending.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses the history and evolution of automation and PLCs, describes common PLC components and programming, and reviews the MicroLogix 1000 PLC and RSLogix5000 programming software. Key features of SCADA systems are also summarized, including dynamic graphics, alarms, recipe management, security, connectivity, databases, and scripting. The document is submitted by Nitish Kumar Singh for review by KL Pursnani and covers automation, PLCs, ladder logic, MicroLogix1000, and SCADA systems at a high level.
The document provides information about an industrial training project completed by Sudeep Giri at Insulators and Electricals Ltd. It includes an acknowledgement, preface, and table of contents. The content covers topics like the company background, software used, automation, PLC components, programming languages, and a motor start/stop example. It aims to describe PLC programming through ladder logic based on the training received.
Seminar Presentation on Programmeble Logic Controller , By an Engineering Student For doing Professional Presentation like Business Presentation, Industrial Use
The document provides an introduction to Advance Technology in Chandigarh, which offers technical education solutions and products. It then discusses Geeta Institute of Management and Technology in Kurukshetra, which offers various degree programs and has excellent infrastructure for training and student placement. The rest of the document covers topics on industrial automation, including an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs), their history and need, basic PLC architecture, and components like the CPU and I/O interfaces.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Pradeep Solanki to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. The report discusses automation using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It provides an overview of automation technologies, including feedback control, sequential control, and computer control. The report also examines the history and applications of automation in various industries.
This document discusses PID controllers, which are widely used in industrial control systems. It provides details on:
- The basic components and functions of a PID controller, which uses proportional, integral and derivative terms to continuously calculate and apply error corrections.
- The characteristics and effects of P, I, and D controllers individually and together in a PID controller. While P reduces steady state error, I eliminates it, and D increases stability and reduces overshoot.
- Methods for tuning PID controllers, including Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules which determine parameters based on process response characteristics.
- Implementations of PID controllers using analog electronics with operational amplifiers, and limitations when used without additional modeling or modifications.
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It refers to a system that collects data from sensors at remote locations and sends it to a central computer for monitoring and control. The central monitoring system communicates with remote terminal units or programmable logic controllers through communication links. SCADA systems allow operators to monitor entire systems in real-time with little human intervention through functions like data acquisition, supervisory control, alarms, logging, and trending.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses the history and evolution of automation and PLCs, describes common PLC components and programming, and reviews the MicroLogix 1000 PLC and RSLogix5000 programming software. Key features of SCADA systems are also summarized, including dynamic graphics, alarms, recipe management, security, connectivity, databases, and scripting. The document is submitted by Nitish Kumar Singh for review by KL Pursnani and covers automation, PLCs, ladder logic, MicroLogix1000, and SCADA systems at a high level.
The document provides information about an industrial training project completed by Sudeep Giri at Insulators and Electricals Ltd. It includes an acknowledgement, preface, and table of contents. The content covers topics like the company background, software used, automation, PLC components, programming languages, and a motor start/stop example. It aims to describe PLC programming through ladder logic based on the training received.
Seminar Presentation on Programmeble Logic Controller , By an Engineering Student For doing Professional Presentation like Business Presentation, Industrial Use
The document provides an introduction to Advance Technology in Chandigarh, which offers technical education solutions and products. It then discusses Geeta Institute of Management and Technology in Kurukshetra, which offers various degree programs and has excellent infrastructure for training and student placement. The rest of the document covers topics on industrial automation, including an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs), their history and need, basic PLC architecture, and components like the CPU and I/O interfaces.
This document provides information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses what a PLC is, its applications in machine control and process control, advantages like speed and cost effectiveness. It describes PLC types based on memory and I/O range. The core components of a PLC are described including the central processing unit, input/output modules, power supply and bus system. Programming standards for PLCs like IEC 61131-3 are also mentioned. Selection criteria for PLCs versus distributed control systems includes factors like cost, reliability, flexibility and standard compliance.
PLC and Industrial Automation - Technology OverviewNereus Fernandes
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and industrial automation. It discusses PLC types, programming languages, protocols, connectivity to SCADA/HMI systems, and emerging technologies. The document also outlines an agenda covering topics like PLC selection, programming guidelines, industrial automation hierarchies, and the integration of PLCs with technologies like IoT, cloud computing, and augmented reality.
This document is a training report submitted by Priya Hada to her faculty supervisor, Ms. Pushpa Gothwal, on the topics of PLC and SCADA. It includes an introduction to automation, sections on PLC components and operation, ladder logic programming, SCADA features and applications. It also describes two student projects using a PLC to automate a pharmaceutical plant and using SCADA software to automate a bottle filling and capping station.
The document outlines the syllabus for a PLC Automation course. The syllabus covers 4 units: 1) Introduction to Automation, 2) Automation Components, 3) PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), and 4) Allen Bradley PLC. Unit 1 introduces automation concepts. Unit 2 covers components like relays, switches, sensors and actuators. Unit 3 provides an overview of PLC systems including architecture, memory, I/O, scanning, programming and applications. Unit 4 focuses on Allen Bradley PLCs, addressing configuration, software, and programming instructions. The contact information at the end advertises career development and placement services for courses in PCB design, embedded systems, PLC automation, and simulation
Control systems project report (180501008)(180501016)(180501018)(180501020)khang31
A cruise control system for an electric vehicle has been modeled in MATLAB Simulink. A PI controller controls torque and a PID controller controls speed. The effect of the controllers and different inputs were analyzed. With both controllers, the system became stable, while it was unstable with no controllers. Step, ramp, and sine wave inputs all stabilized. Key parameters like peak time, rise time, and settling time were calculated from the output.
This document presents a summer training project on PLC and SCADA systems. It describes two projects: one using a PLC to control LED lights according to button inputs and another using SCADA software to model a water treatment system. The PLC project uses an Allen-Bradley Micro Logix 1000 PLC to control four LEDs based on selections from a switch and button inputs to turn the lights on and off. The SCADA project models a water treatment system in Wonderware Intouch including processes like sedimentation, chlorination, and storage.
This document discusses the differences between programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and distributed control systems (DCSs) in order to help determine which type of system is best suited for different applications. It outlines seven key questions to consider regarding the manufacturing process, product value, system requirements, operator needs, engineering expectations, and whether the application is hybrid in nature. PLCs are generally better for discrete and simple batch control, while DCSs are more suitable for complex batch processes and facilities that require flexibility and recipe management where system availability is critical. A hybrid system may be needed if an application requires both fast logic control and regulatory analog loop control.
The document discusses National Instruments' CompactRIO system, a reconfigurable input/output system for industrial control applications. It consists of a real-time controller running LabVIEW that can be paired with modular I/O modules. CompactRIO offers benefits like ruggedness, flexibility, and ease of programming compared to traditional PLC or PC-based systems. Specific modules mentioned include analog input, digital I/O, and thermocouple modules. CompactRIO is targeted at applications requiring control, measurement, processing or communication capabilities.
Summer Internship Report For PLC Programming of Traffic light through Ladder ...Aman Gupta
For free download Subscribe to https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTfiZ8qwZ_8_vTjxeCB037w and Follow https://www.instagram.com/fitrit_2405/ then please contact +91-9045839849 over WhatsApp.
An industrial PLCs system is used for the development of the controls of machinery. This paper describes the PLCs systems in terms of their architecture, their interface to the process hardware, the functionality and the application development facilities they provide. Some attention is also paid to the industrial standards to which they abide their planned evolution as well as the potential benefits of their use. Ladder Logic is a graphical programming language, initially programmed with simple contacts that simulates the opening and closing of relays. Ladder Logic programming has been expanded to include functions such as Counters, Timers, shift Registers and math operations. Ladder logic is a method of drawing electrical logic schematics. It is now a graphical language very popular for programming Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It was originally invented to describe logic made from relays. The name is based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical "rails" and a series of horizontal "rungs" between them.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic components of a PLC including the central processing unit, input and output modules, power supply, and programming software. PLCs were developed to provide flexibility compared to traditional hardwired control systems. The document discusses PLC applications, advantages such as ease of programming and modification, as well as some disadvantages like proprietary aspects. It also covers PLC size, history, and leading manufacturers.
Roseben Thomas has over 10 years of experience in instrumentation engineering for oil and gas projects. He has experience managing commissioning projects and supervising instrumentation installation and loop checking. Some of the projects he has worked on include clean fuels projects in Kuwait and offshore oil field development in Kazakhstan. He is proficient in commissioning control and automation systems from manufacturers like Yokogawa, Schneider, and Invensys.
This document is a project report on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems by Ishank Ranjan, an 8th semester undergraduate student at Hindustan College of Science and Technology in Mathura, India. The report provides an acknowledgment, certificate of training, preface, table of contents, and 15 sections that describe features of PLCs, ladder logic programming, SCADA systems, and potential benefits of using PLCs and SCADA for industrial automation and process control.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The objectives are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC languages, and operate and program PLCs. The contents include the history of PLCs, relay logic, PLC architecture such as CPU and I/O systems, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. PLCs were developed to replace relay-based control systems and are now widely used in industrial automation.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which are microprocessor-based devices used to control machinery on the shop floor. Early PLCs were designed to replace relay logic systems and were programmed using ladder logic to resemble relay diagrams. Modern PLCs can communicate over networks and use various programming languages according to standards. PLCs read sensors and control actuators to automate industrial processes, and are well-suited for applications requiring customized control systems that may need to change over time.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the major components of a PLC including the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. It discusses PLC applications, programming concepts, and troubleshooting. The document also provides details on PLC memory organization, input and output modules, and different types of memory designs used in PLCs.
I am working to recently Clean Fuels Project KNPC MAB1 (KUWAIT) project. With a back ground of total experience more than 10 years & involved in many complicated multidiscipline Gas Petrochemical Refinery and power Generation Plant, Experience in area of Supervision Quality Inspection, Broad Experience and good knowledge of execution Instrumentation. Installation / Pre-commissioning inspection for each phase of Instrumentation activities as per standard & project specification. Especially Instrument side. Having solid experience as a with the ability to follow the INSTRUMENT QA/QC ENGINEER he procedure ITP to include Site inspection, material equipment’s, instruments final inspection before pre-commissioning good supervision &coordinating with QC Engineer QC Manager within Company & Client.
I have good interpersonal and management skill, discipline, technical knowledge and self-confidence also good team player with excellent health. I thank you for your time& consideration, I can assure you that if given the opportunity, I shall discharge my duties to your satisfaction.
BACKGROUND INCLUDES
o Project Handling and execution
o Site activities Engineer in executing the project
o Technical support activities at site while project execution
o Site design changes as per IFC drawing
PROFESSIONAL SKILLS
o Quality Assurance / Quality Control
o A career span over 12 years experience in Aboard both.
o Strong Analytical, Training Skills and problem solving abilities. An Excellent ability
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs were developed to replace relay-based control systems, describing some advantages as being reprogrammable, easier troubleshooting, and able to control complex systems. The document outlines the typical parts of a PLC including the power supply, processor, memory, I/O modules, and communication modules. It also compares PLCs to personal computers and describes how PLCs operate using ladder logic programming.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Sumit Patidar to Rajvi Gandhi Prauoyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report covers a 25-day industrial training at Robotronix Engineering Tech Pvt. Ltd, where Sumit learned about programmable logic controllers and automation systems under the guidance of Mr. Bhupendra Singh Thakur. The report includes sections on PLC architecture, programming languages, sensors, actuators, memory types, and examples of programs developed during the training.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controller (PLC) architecture. It discusses PLC components like the memory unit and input/output modules. It describes different PLC types including fixed, modular, and rack PLCs. The document also covers the PLC scan cycle involving input scanning, program execution, and output scanning. Common PLC programming methods like ladder logic and structured text are introduced. Key concepts such as latching and unlatching in PLC programs are defined.
To Perform SIL And PIL Testing on Fast Dynamic System using Economical AVR Co...ijsrd.com
This document describes using an economical AVR controller to perform software-in-the-loop (SIL) and processor-in-the-loop (PIL) testing on a fast dynamic system. It discusses using an Arduino board with an Atmega328 microcontroller to implement rapid control prototyping (RCP) methodology. The RCP process involves modeling a DC motor system in Simulink, designing a PI controller, and then performing SIL and PIL tests to verify the controller code functions as intended on the AVR hardware before implementation on the real system. The results show the PIL output is within acceptable limits of the SIL and model-in-the-loop simulations, demonstrating the feasibility of using low
IRJET- A Study of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) and Graphical User Int...IRJET Journal
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their use in industrial automation. It provides an overview of PLC components like the CPU, input/output modules, power supply, and communication bus. PLC programming is typically done using ladder logic and software like RS Logix 500. The document also presents some industrial control applications of PLCs and concludes that teaching PLC fundamentals to students using inexpensive hardware and software platforms is an effective way to help them understand industrial automation concepts.
This document provides information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses what a PLC is, its applications in machine control and process control, advantages like speed and cost effectiveness. It describes PLC types based on memory and I/O range. The core components of a PLC are described including the central processing unit, input/output modules, power supply and bus system. Programming standards for PLCs like IEC 61131-3 are also mentioned. Selection criteria for PLCs versus distributed control systems includes factors like cost, reliability, flexibility and standard compliance.
PLC and Industrial Automation - Technology OverviewNereus Fernandes
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and industrial automation. It discusses PLC types, programming languages, protocols, connectivity to SCADA/HMI systems, and emerging technologies. The document also outlines an agenda covering topics like PLC selection, programming guidelines, industrial automation hierarchies, and the integration of PLCs with technologies like IoT, cloud computing, and augmented reality.
This document is a training report submitted by Priya Hada to her faculty supervisor, Ms. Pushpa Gothwal, on the topics of PLC and SCADA. It includes an introduction to automation, sections on PLC components and operation, ladder logic programming, SCADA features and applications. It also describes two student projects using a PLC to automate a pharmaceutical plant and using SCADA software to automate a bottle filling and capping station.
The document outlines the syllabus for a PLC Automation course. The syllabus covers 4 units: 1) Introduction to Automation, 2) Automation Components, 3) PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), and 4) Allen Bradley PLC. Unit 1 introduces automation concepts. Unit 2 covers components like relays, switches, sensors and actuators. Unit 3 provides an overview of PLC systems including architecture, memory, I/O, scanning, programming and applications. Unit 4 focuses on Allen Bradley PLCs, addressing configuration, software, and programming instructions. The contact information at the end advertises career development and placement services for courses in PCB design, embedded systems, PLC automation, and simulation
Control systems project report (180501008)(180501016)(180501018)(180501020)khang31
A cruise control system for an electric vehicle has been modeled in MATLAB Simulink. A PI controller controls torque and a PID controller controls speed. The effect of the controllers and different inputs were analyzed. With both controllers, the system became stable, while it was unstable with no controllers. Step, ramp, and sine wave inputs all stabilized. Key parameters like peak time, rise time, and settling time were calculated from the output.
This document presents a summer training project on PLC and SCADA systems. It describes two projects: one using a PLC to control LED lights according to button inputs and another using SCADA software to model a water treatment system. The PLC project uses an Allen-Bradley Micro Logix 1000 PLC to control four LEDs based on selections from a switch and button inputs to turn the lights on and off. The SCADA project models a water treatment system in Wonderware Intouch including processes like sedimentation, chlorination, and storage.
This document discusses the differences between programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and distributed control systems (DCSs) in order to help determine which type of system is best suited for different applications. It outlines seven key questions to consider regarding the manufacturing process, product value, system requirements, operator needs, engineering expectations, and whether the application is hybrid in nature. PLCs are generally better for discrete and simple batch control, while DCSs are more suitable for complex batch processes and facilities that require flexibility and recipe management where system availability is critical. A hybrid system may be needed if an application requires both fast logic control and regulatory analog loop control.
The document discusses National Instruments' CompactRIO system, a reconfigurable input/output system for industrial control applications. It consists of a real-time controller running LabVIEW that can be paired with modular I/O modules. CompactRIO offers benefits like ruggedness, flexibility, and ease of programming compared to traditional PLC or PC-based systems. Specific modules mentioned include analog input, digital I/O, and thermocouple modules. CompactRIO is targeted at applications requiring control, measurement, processing or communication capabilities.
Summer Internship Report For PLC Programming of Traffic light through Ladder ...Aman Gupta
For free download Subscribe to https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTfiZ8qwZ_8_vTjxeCB037w and Follow https://www.instagram.com/fitrit_2405/ then please contact +91-9045839849 over WhatsApp.
An industrial PLCs system is used for the development of the controls of machinery. This paper describes the PLCs systems in terms of their architecture, their interface to the process hardware, the functionality and the application development facilities they provide. Some attention is also paid to the industrial standards to which they abide their planned evolution as well as the potential benefits of their use. Ladder Logic is a graphical programming language, initially programmed with simple contacts that simulates the opening and closing of relays. Ladder Logic programming has been expanded to include functions such as Counters, Timers, shift Registers and math operations. Ladder logic is a method of drawing electrical logic schematics. It is now a graphical language very popular for programming Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It was originally invented to describe logic made from relays. The name is based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical "rails" and a series of horizontal "rungs" between them.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic components of a PLC including the central processing unit, input and output modules, power supply, and programming software. PLCs were developed to provide flexibility compared to traditional hardwired control systems. The document discusses PLC applications, advantages such as ease of programming and modification, as well as some disadvantages like proprietary aspects. It also covers PLC size, history, and leading manufacturers.
Roseben Thomas has over 10 years of experience in instrumentation engineering for oil and gas projects. He has experience managing commissioning projects and supervising instrumentation installation and loop checking. Some of the projects he has worked on include clean fuels projects in Kuwait and offshore oil field development in Kazakhstan. He is proficient in commissioning control and automation systems from manufacturers like Yokogawa, Schneider, and Invensys.
This document is a project report on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems by Ishank Ranjan, an 8th semester undergraduate student at Hindustan College of Science and Technology in Mathura, India. The report provides an acknowledgment, certificate of training, preface, table of contents, and 15 sections that describe features of PLCs, ladder logic programming, SCADA systems, and potential benefits of using PLCs and SCADA for industrial automation and process control.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The objectives are to describe PLC components, interpret specifications, apply troubleshooting techniques, convert relay logic to PLC languages, and operate and program PLCs. The contents include the history of PLCs, relay logic, PLC architecture such as CPU and I/O systems, programming concepts, applications, and troubleshooting. PLCs were developed to replace relay-based control systems and are now widely used in industrial automation.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which are microprocessor-based devices used to control machinery on the shop floor. Early PLCs were designed to replace relay logic systems and were programmed using ladder logic to resemble relay diagrams. Modern PLCs can communicate over networks and use various programming languages according to standards. PLCs read sensors and control actuators to automate industrial processes, and are well-suited for applications requiring customized control systems that may need to change over time.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the major components of a PLC including the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. It discusses PLC applications, programming concepts, and troubleshooting. The document also provides details on PLC memory organization, input and output modules, and different types of memory designs used in PLCs.
I am working to recently Clean Fuels Project KNPC MAB1 (KUWAIT) project. With a back ground of total experience more than 10 years & involved in many complicated multidiscipline Gas Petrochemical Refinery and power Generation Plant, Experience in area of Supervision Quality Inspection, Broad Experience and good knowledge of execution Instrumentation. Installation / Pre-commissioning inspection for each phase of Instrumentation activities as per standard & project specification. Especially Instrument side. Having solid experience as a with the ability to follow the INSTRUMENT QA/QC ENGINEER he procedure ITP to include Site inspection, material equipment’s, instruments final inspection before pre-commissioning good supervision &coordinating with QC Engineer QC Manager within Company & Client.
I have good interpersonal and management skill, discipline, technical knowledge and self-confidence also good team player with excellent health. I thank you for your time& consideration, I can assure you that if given the opportunity, I shall discharge my duties to your satisfaction.
BACKGROUND INCLUDES
o Project Handling and execution
o Site activities Engineer in executing the project
o Technical support activities at site while project execution
o Site design changes as per IFC drawing
PROFESSIONAL SKILLS
o Quality Assurance / Quality Control
o A career span over 12 years experience in Aboard both.
o Strong Analytical, Training Skills and problem solving abilities. An Excellent ability
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs were developed to replace relay-based control systems, describing some advantages as being reprogrammable, easier troubleshooting, and able to control complex systems. The document outlines the typical parts of a PLC including the power supply, processor, memory, I/O modules, and communication modules. It also compares PLCs to personal computers and describes how PLCs operate using ladder logic programming.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Sumit Patidar to Rajvi Gandhi Prauoyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report covers a 25-day industrial training at Robotronix Engineering Tech Pvt. Ltd, where Sumit learned about programmable logic controllers and automation systems under the guidance of Mr. Bhupendra Singh Thakur. The report includes sections on PLC architecture, programming languages, sensors, actuators, memory types, and examples of programs developed during the training.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controller (PLC) architecture. It discusses PLC components like the memory unit and input/output modules. It describes different PLC types including fixed, modular, and rack PLCs. The document also covers the PLC scan cycle involving input scanning, program execution, and output scanning. Common PLC programming methods like ladder logic and structured text are introduced. Key concepts such as latching and unlatching in PLC programs are defined.
To Perform SIL And PIL Testing on Fast Dynamic System using Economical AVR Co...ijsrd.com
This document describes using an economical AVR controller to perform software-in-the-loop (SIL) and processor-in-the-loop (PIL) testing on a fast dynamic system. It discusses using an Arduino board with an Atmega328 microcontroller to implement rapid control prototyping (RCP) methodology. The RCP process involves modeling a DC motor system in Simulink, designing a PI controller, and then performing SIL and PIL tests to verify the controller code functions as intended on the AVR hardware before implementation on the real system. The results show the PIL output is within acceptable limits of the SIL and model-in-the-loop simulations, demonstrating the feasibility of using low
IRJET- A Study of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) and Graphical User Int...IRJET Journal
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their use in industrial automation. It provides an overview of PLC components like the CPU, input/output modules, power supply, and communication bus. PLC programming is typically done using ladder logic and software like RS Logix 500. The document also presents some industrial control applications of PLCs and concludes that teaching PLC fundamentals to students using inexpensive hardware and software platforms is an effective way to help them understand industrial automation concepts.
Hybrid fuzzy-PID like optimal control to reduce energy consumptionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a hybrid fuzzy-PID controller to minimize energy consumption of a DC motor while maintaining performance. The hybrid fuzzy-PID controller uses fuzzy logic to tune the proportional gain (Kp) of a PID controller online based on error and power inputs. This allows the controller to behave similarly to an optimal LQR controller by adjusting the tradeoff between performance and energy use. Simulation and hardware tests on a mini conveyor system show the hybrid fuzzy-PID reduces energy consumption by up to 5.58% on average compared to a standard PID, with only a 1.89% average increase in integral square error, a performance metric. The controller performs best at minimizing energy when there is more speed variation in the system.
IRJET- Speed Control of Induction Motor using Hybrid PID Fuzzy ControllerIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on using a hybrid PID fuzzy controller with a BAT optimization algorithm to control the speed of an induction motor. It begins with background on PID controllers and fuzzy logic controllers. It then proposes using a BAT algorithm to select the Kp and Ki parameters of a PI controller to regulate motor speed. The results show that the proposed BAT-PID controller reduces speed fluctuations and settling time compared to a traditional PID controller. In conclusion, the hybrid fuzzy-PID controller with BAT optimization improves induction motor speed control.
IRJET-A Study of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) and Graphical User Inte...IRJET Journal
This document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their use in industrial automation. It begins with an abstract that outlines how PLCs are widely used to control industrial machines and presents experiments for students to learn about various PLC applications. The next sections describe the basic components of a PLC system, including input/output modules, the central processing unit, and programming software. Ladder logic programming is discussed as a common method to control PLCs. The document concludes that the presented educational approach on PLCs is effective for teaching students about industrial automation and control systems.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Fuzzy and GA-PID Controllers for Optimized Perf...IRJET Journal
This document describes research into using different controller types, including fuzzy logic controllers and genetic algorithm optimized PID controllers, to control a STATCOM device for improved reactive power compensation performance. A STATCOM is a shunt Flexible AC Transmission System device that can help solve power quality issues. Conventionally, PID controllers are used but require trial and error to tune parameters. The document models a STATCOM system and explores using fuzzy logic control or genetic algorithms to automatically determine optimal PID parameters to achieve faster response compared to conventional PID control. Simulation results in MATLAB show that both fuzzy logic control and genetic algorithm optimized PID control improve the STATCOM current control response compared to manually tuned PID controllers.
IRJET- Analysis of 3-Phase Induction Motor with High Step-Up PWM DC-DC Conver...IRJET Journal
This document discusses control methods for STATCOMs using fuzzy logic controllers and genetic algorithm-tuned PID controllers. STATCOMs are shunt FACTS devices that help solve power quality issues through fast reactive power control. Conventionally, PID controllers are used but require trial and error to tune parameters. The document proposes using fuzzy logic controllers and genetic algorithms to optimize PID parameters to improve STATCOM current control response. It describes STATCOM modeling, fuzzy logic controller design including fuzzification, inference, and defuzzification. Genetic algorithms are used to find optimal PID parameters. Simulation results in MATLAB show the proposed methods improve current control response over conventional PID control.
This document describes a project to control a heat exchanger model using a PID controller implemented on a PLC (S7-1200) and interfaced with MATLAB using an Arduino. The heat exchanger transfer function is modeled in MATLAB. The PID controller is programmed on the PLC using TIA software. Arduino interfaces the PLC and MATLAB. Response to three setpoints is analyzed. Limitations of Arduino interfacing are noted. Real-time control of the heat exchanger model is demonstrated without needing a physical plant.
Due to extensive use of motion control system in industry, there has been growing research on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. DC motors are widely used various areas of industrial applications. The aim of this paper is to implement efficient method for controlling speed of DC motor using a PID controller based. Proposed system is implemented using arduino microcontroller and PID controller. Motor speed is controlled through PID based revolutions per minute of the motor. This encoder data will be send through microcontroller to Personal Computer with PID controller implemented in MATLAB. Results shows that PID controllers used provide efficient controlling of DC motor.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This work shows the design and tuning procedure of a discrete PID controller for regulating buck boost converter circuits. The buck boost converter model is implemented using Simscape Matlab library without having to derive a complex mathematical model. A new tuning process of digital PID controllers based on identification data has been proposed. Simulation results are introduced to examine the potentials of the designed controller in power electronic applications and validate the capability and stability of the controller under supply and load perturbations. Despite controller linearity, the new approach has proved to be successful even with highly nonlinear systems. The proposed controller has succeeded in rejecting all the disturbances effectively and maintaining a constant output voltage from the regulator.
This document discusses direct digital control (DDC), which uses a computer as an integral part of an industrial control loop. It describes the structure of a DDC system, including analog to digital converters to transform sensor signals and digital to analog converters to control actuators. Two common algorithms - position and velocity - are discussed for programming digital PID controllers. DDC offers advantages over analog control like flexibility to implement complex control schemes and improve process effectiveness, efficiency, and energy use. Examples of DDC applications in industries like steel, cement, and water treatment are provided.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of tuned PID controllers for speed control of a DC motor. The researchers developed linear and nonlinear mathematical models of a DC motor and represented the system using state space equations. They then simulated four different PID controllers using MATLAB/Simulink to control the motor speed in response to a step input signal. The system responses under each controller were analyzed and discussed in terms of their performance.
This document compares the performance of PID, PI, and MPC controllers for controlling water level in a tank process. It describes modeling the first-order plus dead time process in MATLAB and tuning the PID controller using Ziegler-Nichols method. Simulation results show that the MPC controller achieved better performance than the PID and PI controllers in terms of rise time, settling time, and overshoot. Specifically, the MPC controller had the shortest rise time and settling time, as well as the lowest overshoot of the three controllers evaluated.
Design of Fuzzy PID controller to control DC motor with zero overshootIJERA Editor
Most of the real time operation based physical system, digital PID is used in field such as servo-motor/dc
motor/temperature control system, robotics, power electronics etc. need to interface with high speed constraints,
higher density PLD’s such as FPGA used to integrate several logics on single IC. There are some limitations in
it to overcome these limitations Fuzzy logic is introduced with PID and Fuzzy PID is formed. This paper
explains experimental design of Fuzzy PID controller. We aimed to make controller power efficient, more
compact, and zero overshoot. MATLAB is used to design PID controller to calculate and plot the time response
of the control system and Simulink to generate a set of coefficients.
PID Controller Simulator Design for Polynomials Transfer FunctionMIbrar4
PID Controller Simulator Design for Polynomials Transfer Function
Objective:
• To compute responses at different values of PID for a transfer function for both open
loop and Closed Loop Simulation
This document provides a report on industrial automation based on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It includes an introduction to industrial automation, PLCs, and SCADA. The report was submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in electrical engineering and covers automation technologies used from June to July 2014 during an internship.
Self-Tuning Fuzzy PID Design for BLDC Speed ControlGRD Journals
Brushless DC motor is an electrical motor has high efficiency and torque, long life, cheap maintenance, but it is a nonlinear so complicated in controlling its speed. The popular control system used is PID control. Many ways of determining PID parameters, but because of BLDC motors have non-linear properties so need the intelligent control techniques in setting up PID parameters. In this paper, a self-tuning fuzzy PID control system embedded in ATMega 16 microcontroller to control the speed of BLDC motor adaptively. The results of self-tuning controller PID with fuzzy logic for fixed speed reference at variation speed 1000-2500 RPM has a good transient response parameter value. On the reference up and down the controller is able to adjust the speed change adaptively. The test of momentary disturbance shows the speed is decreasing about 1 second and can back to set point quickly.
Citation: Sumardi, Diponegoro University; Wahyudi ,Diponegoro University; Ajub Ajulian ,Diponegoro University; Bambang Winardi ,Diponegoro University; Mega Rosaliana ,Diponegoro University. "Self-Tuning Fuzzy PID Design for BLDC Speed Control." Global Research and Development Journal For Engineering 34 2018: 4 - 11.
Implementation of the trinity of the control system based on OPCIJRES Journal
The WinCC+PLC control system is a typical real-time control system. Many Engineering colleges Introduce corresponding control experiments in relevant courses to enhance the students' understanding of this knowledge. But it needs both venues and funds and has unsafety factors to equipped with varieties of experimental subjects for the laboratory. This paper gives a very good solution to this problem by introducing MATLAB virtual control object in the classic WinCC+PLC control system. What’s more,it realizes the seamless connection between the MATLAB and the WinCC+PLC control system after analysing how to make the PID controller in STEP7 .
In the current era, researchers have been active in confirming and achieving their work through simulation using the computer program Matlab, in addition to the comparison between different control methods is also one of the prevailing behaviors, and the focus has been on the use of electrical machines in industry through multiple applications. Researchers in this study selected type of electric motors and two types of control systems for comparison, and to verify the possibility of improving the system’s work performance through the simulation results, the process of achieving the objectives of the current research is carried out. This paper presents using conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and artificial neural networks (ANN) with direct current servo motor (DCSM) in order to obtain good performance characteristics because of efficient and widely use of this motor in the fields of control. The motor model in addition to the controller is built using Matlab simulation software. A comparison was made between these controllers (PID and ANN), where the simulation results indicate that the neural networks being developmental in the process of simulating the operation of the servo motor type and got good performance and better results from the traditional real-time console use case.
Similar to Prediction of PID control model on PLC (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 1, February 2019: 529-536
530
can used to prove that improvement performance of traditional PID obtained from parameters
self-tuning PID [22-25]. The system is design in MATLAB/Simulink and the software
communicates with PLC using Kepware OPC which allows communication between
multi-vendor devices without any restrictions [26].
2. PID Control
PID Control is a control loop feedback mechanism that mostly used in industrial control
systems. PID control calculates an error value and applies correction based on proportional,
integral, and derivative terms. There are 3 types of PID controllers; they are series PID, parallel
PID, and ideal PID as shown in (1), (2), and (3). The parameters of each type of PID controller
have an influence on the control signal generated.
𝑃𝐼𝐷𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 𝐾𝑝 (1 +
1
𝑇𝑖 𝑠
)(1 + 𝑇𝑑 𝑠) (1)
𝑃𝐼𝐷 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 = 𝐾𝑝 +
𝐾𝑖
𝑠
+ 𝐾𝑑 𝑠 (2)
𝑃𝐼𝐷𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝐾𝑝 (1 +
1
𝑇𝑖 𝑠
+ 𝑇𝑑 𝑠) (3)
The series PID model is usually called the interacting form, because the value of
derivative time affects the integral part, so this part interacts with each other. The
Ziegler-Nichols PID rules tuning were developed for this controller algorithm. The parallel PID
model is one that is commonly used because it has a proportional value, pure integral action. In
the Ideal PID model, proportional, integral, and derivative actions do not interact with each other
in the time domain. The Cohen-Coon and Lambda PID tuning rules were designed for this
algorithm [27].
3. Research Method
PLC is a controller in which there is a PID controller. Each PLC from various vendors
provides PID controllers with different models. In this paper will be compared PID model of two
different PLC brand with intermediary OPC Server and MATLAB. PLC will be used as PID
controller. PID model testing process on PLC will be done by comparing the output of virtual
plant after PID controlled on PLC and output after PID controlled on MATLAB, with the help of
OPC Server. MATLAB SIMULINK is used to create a virtual plant from second order system
and as a comparison of the PID model. After all the testing that had been done, user will have
more choice in determining more appropriate tuning algorithm. Also, by knowing PID model in
PLC, user can use MATLAB to analyze and implement the analysis results to PLC.
The OPC Server application used is KepserverEx v6. For the communication
configuration diagram between PLC, OPC Server, and MATLAB used in the comparison
simulation process shown in Figure 1. For configuration of PID controller on PLC and MATLAB
with OPC Server interface device used in this paper is shown in Figure 2. While the
configuration for PID in MATLAB is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 1. Communication configuration diagram between PLC, OPC Server, and MATLAB
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Figure 2. PID configuration block diagram of PLC with OPC Server interface (PLC to MATLAB)
Figure 3. PID MATLAB configuration block diagram with OPC Server interface
(MATLAB to MATLAB)
The two block diagrams shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, are made similar, because for
the process of comparison between the two systems must have the same state. The process is
the setpoint goes into the OPC, the PID output goes to the OPC, and the outputs (feedback) go
to OPC. Plant made in the form of a virtual plant. In this paper virtual plant created in SIMULINK
application. The second order plant used plant mass-spring-damper.
4. Results and Analysis
This section shows the simulation results in the output graph from the virtual plant after
being controlled by PLC PID and MATLAB PID. For comparison use parallel PID MATLAB and
ideal PID MATLAB to compare result with PLC PID to know PID model used in PLC. For PLC
M221 from Schneider produces a comparison of output graph as shown in Figure 4 using PID
parameters in Table 1. The first PID parameters are obtained by using auto-tune in PLC M221.
Next use the second PID parameter to ensure the simulation results in PLC M221. The
second PID parameter is shown in Table 2 and the results are shown in Figure 5. For PLC
S7-1200 from Siemens produces a graph of output graph as shown in Figure 6, with PID
parameter as in Table 3 obtained by using auto-tune PLC S7-1200. Next result with second PID
parameter on PLC S7-1200. The second PID parameter is shown in Table 4 and the results are
shown in Figure 7.
Table 1. The First PID Parameters used for
Comparison of Mass-spring-Damper Plant
for M221 PLC
Indicator Value
Setpoint 100
Ts 50ms
PID Parameter
Kp: 130
Ti : 16
Td: 4
Table 2. The second PID Parameters used for
Comparison of Mass-spring-damper Plant
for M221 PLC.
Indicator Value
Setpoint 100
Ts 50ms
PID Parameter
Kp: 189
Ti : 27
Td: 1
Setpoint OPC PID OPC Plant
OPC
+-
Output
Feedback
PLC
Setpoint OPC
PID
MATLAB
OPC Plant
OPC
+-
Output
Feedback
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TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 1, February 2019: 529-536
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Table 3. The First PID Parameters used for
Comparison of Mass-spring-damper Plant
for PLC S7-1200
Indicator Value
Setpoint 100
Ts 50ms
PID Parameter
Kp: 0.1
1/ki: 0.4
Kd: 0.05
Table 4. The second PID Parameters used for
Comparison of Mass-spring-damper
Plant PLC S7-1200
Indicator Value
Setpoint 100
Ts 50ms
PID Parameter
Kp: 1.89
1/ki: 0.758
Kd: 0.308
Figure 4. Comparison of output of M221 and
MATLAB for mass-spring-damper plant with
first PID paramete
Figure 5. Comparison of output of M221 and
MATLAB for mass-spring-damper plant with
second PID parameter
Figure 6. Comparison of output S7-1200 and
MATLAB for mass-spring-damper plant with
the first PID parameter.
Figure 7. Comparison of output S7-1200 and
MATLAB for mass-spring-damper plant with
second PID parameter
For data analysis, the integral error method is used to indicate the total error difference
between the output plant of PID PLC and output plant of PID MATLAB (parallel PID model and
ideal PID model). The results are shown in Table 5. From the results of data analysis using
integral error method, it is concluded that PLC M221 uses parallel PID model and PLC S7-1200
using Ideal PID model. It is because the total integral error difference when PID PLC M221
compare to parallel PID MATLAB is smaller than the total integral error difference when PID
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PLC M221 compare to ideal PID MATLAB. As well as the total integral error difference when
PID PLC S7-1200 compare to ideal PID MATLAB is smaller than the total integral error
difference when PID PLC S7-1200 compare to parallel PID MATLAB.
Table 5. The Results of Data Analysis using Integral Error Method (mass-spring-damper plant)
Total integral
error
difference
PID PLC M221
compare to parallel
PID MATLAB
PID PLC M221
compare to ideal
PID MATLAB
PID PLC S7-1200
compare to parallel
PID MATLAB
PID PLC S7-1200
compare to ideal
PID MATLAB
First PID
parameter
(auto-tune)
808.30232 1391.07528 2619.8851 341.7901
Second PID
parameter
632.74384 1870.73432 1910.2448 1287.3413
To further convince the conclusion of PID control method prediction on PLC then tested
at real plant. The real plant used in the simulation is the third order RLC plant. The RLC circuit is
realized in the PCB as shown in Figure 8. The equation of the transfer function of the real plant
is as show in (4)
Figure 8. Realization of 3
rd
order RLC circuit on PCB
𝑉𝑜(𝑠)
𝑉𝑖(𝑠)
=
𝑠𝐿 + 𝑅2
𝑠3[(𝐿𝐶1𝐶2𝑅4)(𝑅1 + 𝑅3)]
+𝑠2[𝐶1𝐶2(𝑅1𝑅2𝑅4 + 𝑅1𝑅3𝑅4 + 𝑅2𝑅3𝑅4) + 𝐿(𝐶1 + 𝐶2)(𝑅1 + 𝑅3) + 𝐿𝐶2𝑅4]
+𝑠[(𝐶1 + 𝐶2)(𝑅1𝑅2 + 𝑅1𝑅3 + 𝑅2𝑅3) + 𝐶2𝑅1𝑅4 + 𝐶2𝑅2𝑅4 + 𝐿]
+(𝑅1 + 𝑅2)
(4)
with R1 = R2 = 56kΩ, R3 = R4 = 100kΩ, C1 = 100μF, C2 = 10μF, and L1 = 5mH then the
transfer function is shown in Equation (5)
𝑉𝑜(𝑠)
𝑉𝑖(𝑠)
=
0.005𝑠 + 56000
0.0033𝑠3 + 4.256 × 104 𝑠2 + 4.794 × 105 𝑠 + 112000
(5)
For simulation results using PLC M221 with real plant results output comparison graph
as show in Figure 9 with parameter of PID used as show in Table 6. The result of integral error
method between PLC M221 and parallel PID is 274.178 whereas with ideal PID is 292.736.
These results are increasingly assured that the PID model on the PLC S7-1200 use the
parallel PID model. As for the simulation results using PLC S7-1200 with real plant results the
output comparison graph as in Figure 10 with parameter PID used as in Table 7.
Table 6. PID Parameters used for Comparison
of Real Plant for M221 PLC
Indicator Value
Setpoint 3000
Ts 50ms
PID Parameter
Kp: 1.26
Ti: 1.8
Td: 0.1
Table 7. PID Parameter used for comparison
of real plant for PLC S7-1200
Indicator Value
Setpoint 100
Ts 50ms
Parameter PID
Kp: 0.1
1/ki: 0.4
Kd: 0.05
R1
R2
R3 R4
C1 C2
L1Vi Vo
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Figure 9. Comparison of output of M221 and
MATLAB for real plant with PID parameter
Figure 10. Comparison of output S7-1200 and
MATLAB for real plant with PID parameter
The result of integral error method between PLC S7-1200 with parallel PID is 519.638
whereas with ideal PID is 407.065. These results are increasingly assured that the PID model
on the PLC S7-1200 use the ideal PID model. For the results of the whole analysis is shown in
Table 8.
Table 8. The Result of Data Analysis using Integral Error Method (Real Plant)
Total integral
error
difference
PID PLC M221
compare to
parallel PID
MATLAB
PID PLC M221
compare to ideal
PID MATLAB
PID PLC S7-
1200 compare
to parallel PID
MATLAB
PID PLC S7-
1200 compare
to ideal PID
MATLAB
Real Plant 274.178 292.736 519.638 407.065
4. Conclusion
PID model predictions method have been successfully used by comparing the output of
the plant controlled by PID model in PLC and PID model in SIMULINK MATLAB using OPC
Server intermediaries. Based on comparison result in graph and analysis using integral error
method, PLC M221 is predicted using Parallel PID model and PLC S7-1200 using Ideal PID
model. By knowing the PID model used, user will have more choice in determining the more
appropriate tuning algorithm. By knowing PID model in PLC, user can use MATLAB/Simulink to
analyze and implement the analysis results to PLC.
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