The document provides an overview of aerodynamics for a Piper Archer, covering topics such as basic aerodynamic principles like Newton's laws of motion and Bernoulli's principle. It discusses concepts like center of pressure, center of gravity, load factor, airspeeds, stalls, stability, drag and boundary layers. Key points covered include how forward and aft center of gravity affects an airplane, the relationship between load factor and stall speed, and the different types of airspeeds and drags.
Nomenclature and classification of controls in an airplane (slide # 3-4).
Which are the aerodynamic forces acting on airplane (slide # 5).
Working principle of an airplane (slide # 6).
How an airplane flies (basic motions of an airplane) (slide # 7).
How controls play their roles in these motions (slide # 8-22).
Simulate a flight in Cessna Skyhawk (slide # 23-28).
References and Questions & answers (slide # 30).
This Powerpoint Presentation reviews on the topic - Aeroplane and Its Parts (With aerodynamics).
It was made for Educational Purpose.
If anyone want source file, E-mail:- moideenthashreef@hotmail.com
INTRODUCTION:
While a helicopter is a far more complex machine than an aeroplane, the fundamental principles of flight are the same.
The rotor blades of a helicopter are identical to the wings of an aeroplane –when air is blown over them, lift is produced.
The crucial difference is that the flow of air is produced by rotating the wings – or rotor blades – rather than by moving the whole aircraft.
When the rotor blades start to spin, the air flowing over them produces lift, and this can cause the helicopter to rise into the air.
So, the engine is used to turn the blades, and the turning blades produce the required lift.
Nomenclature and classification of controls in an airplane (slide # 3-4).
Which are the aerodynamic forces acting on airplane (slide # 5).
Working principle of an airplane (slide # 6).
How an airplane flies (basic motions of an airplane) (slide # 7).
How controls play their roles in these motions (slide # 8-22).
Simulate a flight in Cessna Skyhawk (slide # 23-28).
References and Questions & answers (slide # 30).
This Powerpoint Presentation reviews on the topic - Aeroplane and Its Parts (With aerodynamics).
It was made for Educational Purpose.
If anyone want source file, E-mail:- moideenthashreef@hotmail.com
INTRODUCTION:
While a helicopter is a far more complex machine than an aeroplane, the fundamental principles of flight are the same.
The rotor blades of a helicopter are identical to the wings of an aeroplane –when air is blown over them, lift is produced.
The crucial difference is that the flow of air is produced by rotating the wings – or rotor blades – rather than by moving the whole aircraft.
When the rotor blades start to spin, the air flowing over them produces lift, and this can cause the helicopter to rise into the air.
So, the engine is used to turn the blades, and the turning blades produce the required lift.
basic aerodynamic design consideration of automobile, importance of car aerodyanamic design, various aerodynamic devices use in car body,different tools require for anlysis of aerodynamic
The file contains a seminar on Automotive Aerodynamics. It is must that you study details of aerodynamics before reading this as I didn't wrote so much about the Aerodynamics because I explained the topic orally
Stall avoidance training and pilot evaluations of approach to stall recovery procedures must develop essential habit formations that instill recognition and proper recovery from imminent and full stall situations. Using power as the primary control without a reduction in elevator backpressure while recovering from an approach to stall does not instill habit formation for effective stall avoidance and aircraft upset recovery.
A Good Effect of Airfoil Design While Keeping Angle of Attack by 6 Degreepaperpublications3
Abstract: Airfoil is a shape of wing or blade of (a propeller, rotor or turbine) by which a fluid generates an aerodynamic force. The component of this force perpendicular to the direction of its speed is called lift force and the component parallel to its speed is called drag forces. Here we see that if we set the angle of attack by 6 degree in fluid NACA0012 we found the aerodynamic forces with suitable positive result our research is totally based on iterations method and based on the help of cfd software.
The axes of an aircraft are three imaginary lines that pass through an aircraft’s CG. The axes can be considered as imaginary axles around which the aircraft turns. The three axes pass through the CG at 90° angles to each other. The axis passes through the CG and parallel to a line from nose to tail is the longitudinal axis, the axis that passes parallel to a line from wingtip to wingtip is the lateral axis, and the axis that passes through the CG at right angles to the other two axes is the vertical axis. Whenever an aircraft changes its flight attitude or position in flight, it rotates about one or more of the three axes.
Aerodynamics pdf containing forces & all dynamics of airplaneAnjaneyaDas
It contains all the forces acting on aeroplane, different components and their works in flight.Different types of effects that affects a flying system.Concept on Boundary layers, types of flow of fluid (air), Concept on lift,drag, thrust and weight, concept on wake turbulence & Airfoil selection & airfoil mechanism.Airplane designing containing flaps, ailerons, elevators, rudders ,wing & fuselage.Concept on balancing & centre of gravity, concept of parasite drag,induced drag,skin friction drag,form drag, Interface drag & profile drag.Concept on types of tails V- tail,T- tail, reverse T- tail.Concept on chord line, camber line, angle of attack, angle of incidence, centre of pressure, aerodynamic centre,wing loading, aspect ratio, tapered ratio, pressure altitude, density altitude,Mean Aerodynamic chord,top Chord ,Root Chord,fine Ness ratio, Dihedral & Anhedral wing, types of wing like rectangular wing, tapered wing,delta wing, elliptical wing, swept back wing etc., concept on wing tip vortices,plane stability, stalling, High lift devices, slats.3 axis of flight I e, Lateral (pitch)axis, Longitudinal (Roll) axis & Yaw axis.. Concept on inset hinge, internal balance,balance tab,anti balance tab,servo tab, spring tab, flying control,flaperon, trimming, design limit load, design altimate load,wind shear, micro burst, Aerodynamics forced on propeller, propeller efficiency, propeller pitch,power absorption,Gyroscopic procession, Concept on Reynolds number, coefficient of moment,Dorsal fin,load factor,keel effect & pendulum effect, design of regular,micro,Remote control plane,Glider plane, fighter plane & cargo plane and manufacturing etc.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
2. Aerodynamics
The purpose of this pilot briefing is to discuss
the simple and complex aerodynamics of the
Piper Archer.
Please use the following references:
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
Flight Theory for Pilots
3. Aerodynamics-Basics
These fundamental basics first must be
acknowledged:
Air is a fluid. It can be compressed &
expanded
The atmosphere is composed of
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% other gasses
Most of the oxygen is below 35,000 feet. (WHY?)
4. Aerodynamics-Basics
Newton’s Laws of motion:
Law 1 – A body at rest will remain at rest. A
body in motion will remain in motion
Law 2 – F=MA Force is equal to mass times
acceleration
Law 3 – For ever action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
Bernoulli’s principle of
Pressure:
An increase in the speed of
movement or flow will cause a
decrease in the fluid’s pressure.
- Example: the Venturi
Low
Pressure
6. Aerodynamics-Basics
Because air is a fluid, it utilizes the properties
of the Coanda effect: the tendency for a fluid
to follow the object along its flow path.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvLwqRCb
GKY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-
SAQtODAQw
7. Aerodynamics - Stalls
When does an airplane stall?
When it exceeds the critical angle of attack.
Chord line=the line
from the leading edge
of the wing to the
trailing edge
Relative
wind=perpendicular to
lift, relative to the airfoil
What is angle of attack?
Angle of attack is the angle
between the chord line and the
relative wind
8. Aerodynamic-Stalls
Stall speed vs. Ground speed
An airplane will stall at the respected Indicated airspeed. It does
NOT matter what the groundspeed is!
If you have a stiff enough headwind at altitude, on a given day,
you can stall an airplane with a negative groundspeed.
Indicated airspeed is the speed read directly from the airspeed
indicator; it is the speed the plane thinks it is at.
Groundspeed is the speed of travel over the ground. There is
minimal correlation with indicated airspeed; because
groundspeed is dependent upon outside wind velocities.
9. Aerodynamics-Stalls
A stall occurs first at the wing root, then works out
toward the tip. This design characteristic is so that
you still maintain aileron control as long as possible.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eoboZNL9R8
Stall speed refers to straight and level, 1G,
unaccelerated flight. Regardless of airspeed, the
plane will ALWAYS stall when the critical angle of
attack is exceeded.
10. Aerodynamics-Stability
“The balance of an airplane in flight depends,
therefore on the relative position of the center
of gravity (CG) and the center of pressure
(CP) of the airfoil” (PHAK 2-7).
What is center of pressure (CP)
Answer: CP is the point
where the resultant force
crosses the chord line.
Because AOA changes,
pressure forces (positive
and negative) are
constantly changing. The
resultant force is the total
positive and negative
forces for each angle of
11. Aerodynamics-Stability
Therefore, if AOA increases, CP moves
forward. If AOA decreases, CP moves aft.
Because CP is located aft of the CG,
the aircraft wants to tumble forward, as it
rotates around the CG. Hence, the
horizontal stabilizer, counteracting the
flipping rotation by creating downward
lift.
The CG is usually forward of the CP.
Rotations around the different axis
(lateral, longitudinal, and vertical),
occur around the CG.
As the CG and CP get closer, the
aircraft becomes less stable. The
farther apart they are, the more stable
the aircraft is.
12. Aerodynamics-Stability
Stability=the tendency to correct back to the original
state
Maneuverability=the ability to change attitude and
withstand stresses
Controllability=the aircraft’s response to pilot imputs
Types of Stability: Static & Dynamic
Static- the aircraft’s initial response
Dynamic-the response over a period of time
13. Aerodynamics-Stability
Static Stability (initial tendency)
Positive Static=immediately return to the original state
Neutral Static=remain in the new position
Negative Static=continue away from the original state
Dynamic Stability (over time)
-Positive Dynamic=returns to original state
-Neutral Dynamic-Once displaced, the plane neither
increases or decreases in amplitude, stays the same
-Negative Dynamic=continues going away, becomes
more divergent if displaced
16. Aerodynamics-Stability
Phugoid Oscillations- Result from the worse type
of stability (Positive static, neutral dynamic). They
are long oscillations, and very slow. Phugoid
oscillations occur with a close CG and CP
(inherently unstable).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh_
I25FmOrI
Above is a video of a case study done
on Japan Airlines flight 123.
-Caution- Long video
Phugoid
17. Aerodynamics-Stability
Dihedral- This is the angle that exists
between the wings and the fuselage. Dihedral
affects longitudinal stability
Yaw stability-developed from the vertical
stabilizer
Longitudinal stability-roll
Vertical stability-yaw
Lateral stability-pitch
*Through the CG*
18. Aerodynamics
Definition of Camber - curvature of the wing
Adverse Yaw – You change
the camber of the wing with
the ailerons when executing
a turn. The upward wing has
more lift than the lower wing.
In adverse yaw, the aircraft
tends to slip towards the
upward wing due to the
difference in lift. An increase
in lift results in an increase
in drag. Therefore more
drag on the upward wing
causes the shift/twist around
the vertical axis resulting in
an uncontrolled turn.
This demonstrates the need for a rudder.
19. Aerodynamics-CG
Center of Gravity (CG) is the center point where all
the weight acts through.
“The center of gravity is a point at which an airplane
would balance if it were suspended at that
point…The center of gravity is not necessarily a fixed
point; its location depends on the distribution of
weight in the airplane.” (PHAK 8-2).
Longitudinal unbalance = too forward CG (nose
heavy) or too aft CG (tail heavy)
20. Aerodynamics-CG
What is the CG range in a Piper Archer?
Answer: 82”-93” aft of datum.
Datum is right at the tip of the nose of the
plane. The datum is established by airplane
designers. Really, the Archer only has about
11 inches for CG adjustment.
Where is that located with
reference to you sitting in the
pilot seat?
Answer: right below your
feet
21. Aerodynamics-CG
Characteristics of an aft CG:
Decreased stability – Because when the CG
moves rearward, it causes an increase in
AOA.
More difficult to recover from stalls and spins.
Easy to overstress the airplane – due to “very
light control forces” (PHAK 8-2).
22. Aerodynamics-CG
Characteristics of a forward CG:
Increased stall speed – Because the critical
angle of attack is reached at a higher speed
due to an increased wing loading.
Increased cruise speed – Due to decreased
drag because of a decreased AOA from the
nose down pitch tendency.
Difficulty in takeoff – Struggles to raise the
nose with in a nose-heavy situation.
Difficulty in the flare – Hard to raise the nose
in the flare.
23. Aerodynamics-Load Factor
Definition: “Any force applied to an airplane to deflect
its flight from a straight line produces a stress on its
structure; the amount of this force is termed load
factor” (PHAK 3-26).
It’s a ratio of total airload : gross weight
Load factor is defined in G’s.
Example: the ratio = 3:1 therefore the load factor is 3,
and you are producing 3’Gs.
24. Aerodynamics-Load Factor
Why is load factor important:
“Dangerous overload that
is possible for a pilot to
impose on structures”
(PHAK 3-26)
“Increased load factor
increases the stalling
speed and makes stalls
possible at seemingly safe
flight speeds” (PHAK 3-26)
25. Aerodynamics-Load Factor
What is the load factor in a 60 degree steep
turn?
Answer: 2Gs
What will I weigh in this type
of steep turn if I weigh 150lbs
in 1G flight?
Answer: 300lbs
26. Aerodynamics-Load Factor
Load Factor and stall speed are proportional. The load factor squares as
the stalling speed doubles.
Therefore, in a Piper archer with a stall speed of 50 in 1G, unaccelerated
flight, what would the stall speed be in a 2G steep turn?
Answer: Approximately 73 kts
27. Aerodynamics-Va
What is maneuvering speed?
Practically, it is the speed that you slow to in
the event of turbulent situations.
Why is VA (maneuvering speed) a range?
What affects it?
Answer: weight affects maneuvering speed. The
heavier the plane is, the higher your maneuvering
speed should be (113). If you are lighter, Va
should be lower (89).
28. Aerodynamics-Va
How to calculate Va for any given flight:
Va = 113 * Sqrt (Current Weight/2550)
Example: You weigh 2200lbs
Va = 113 * Square root (2200/2550)
Va = 113 * Square root (.88)
Va = 113 * .938
Va = 106
Definition of Va:
“At any speed below this
speed the aircraft cannot
be overstressed. It will stall
befor eth elimit load factor
is reached. Above this
speed, however, the
aircraft can exceed the limit
load factor before it stalls.
29. Aerodynamics-Drag
There are two main types of drag:
Induced
Parasitic:
Form drag
Skin friction
Interference drag
Definition of induced drag: This type of drag is based
upon efficiency. Because no machine is 100%
efficient, induced drag exists. With an increase in
efficiency, there will be a decrease in induced drag.
It is the drag due to lift.
* Drag is defined in pounds *
30. Aerodynamics-Drag
Parasitic Drag types:
Form Drag: Due to the shape of an aircraft,
form drag is a result of airflow going around it.
– Consider a flat plate vs. a sphere when
being thrown –
Interference Drag: This occurs a the
intersection of air currents. For example, the
wing root connected to the fuselage.
Skin friction: This drag is the aerodynamic
resistance from the contact of air with the
surface of the airplane.
31. Aerodynamics-Drag
What are wingtip vortices?
This is the wake that is generated from the
wingtips. They are counter-rotating vortices
that are caused from air spilling over the end
of the wing.
“This pressure differential triggers the rollup of the
airflow aft of the wing resulting in swirling air
masses trailing downstream of the wingtips”
(PHAK 12-13).
The pressure difference the PHAK is referencing is
the Low pressure above the wing, countered with a
High pressure below the wing.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1ESmvyAmOs
32. Aerodynamics-Drag
Always land beyond an aircraft generating significant wingtip vortices.
Rotate prior to their rotation point. ALWAYS give yourself plenty of
time to avoid them. Remember to sidestep upwind.
Problem: Have you ever seen a Piper Archer out climb a 727?
Probably Not. So, what good will it do to rotate prior to their rotation
point if you can’t remain high above their climb out path? You will
eventually fly through them. Time will solve this problem so that they
can dissipate.
33. Aerodynamics-Drag
Imagine an infinite wing…would it have
wingtip vortices?
Answer: No. This is because an infinite wing
would not have wingtips, therefore it would not
develop wingtip vortices.
Wingtips generate induced drag. Therefore if
an infinite wing does not have wingtips, it
would not generate induced drag.
34. Aerodynamics-Drag
Ground effect- “Fly an airplane just clear of
the ground (or water) at a slightly slower
airspeed than that required to sustain level
flight at higher altitudes” (PHAK 3-7)
Ground effect alters:
Upwash
Downwash
Wingtip vorticies
Ground effect is a reduction of
induced drag
35. Aerodynamics-Drag
“On entering ground effect:
1. Induced drag is decreased
2. Nose-down pitching moments occur
3.The airspeed indicator reads low
Upon leaving ground effect:
1. Induced drag is increased
2. Nose-up pitching moments occur
3The airspeed will read higher (correctly)”
Page 72 Flight Theory for Pilots
36. Aerodynamics-Drag
According to the diagram, in ground effect, less thrust is required to
maintain any given velocity, compared with the thrust required out of
ground effect
“Therefore, the wing will require a lower angle of attack in ground effect
to produce the same lift coefficient or, if a constant angle of attack is
maintained, an increase in lift coefficient will result” (PHAK 3-7).
38. Aerodynamics-Airspeed
Indicated airspeed - simply the airspeed that is read
off the airspeed indicator. The raw speed.
Calibrated airspeed – The airspeed corrected for
instrument and position error. Errors occur from
limitations where the pitot tube is located, or even
where the static port is placed.
Equivalent airspeed – The airspeed after it is
calibrated for compressibility For the Piper Archer,
compressibility is not a factor due to the slow speeds it
cruises at. It becomes an issue above 250kts.
True airspeed – The final airspeed that we calculate
flight planning at.
39. Aerodynamics-Airspeed
Callibrated can be either higher
or lower than indicated.
Equillivant is always lower than
Callibrated.
True is always higher than
equilivant.
It is easy to remember with the
acronym: ICE T (like Ice Tea)
And with the square root symbol
40. Aerodynamics-Boundary Layer
The boundary layer is located a few
millimeters above the surface of the airfoil, at
the microscopic level.
Within the boundary layer airflow decreases
in velocity; it slows going over the wing due
to surface friction.
Interference occurs with the wing and the air
flowing around it.
41. Aerodynamics-Boundary Layer
At the surface, the velocity of the air
equals 0.
As the distance increases above the
airfoil, the velocity increases, until it is
equivalent to free stream velocity.
The farther away from the
surface of the airfoil, the
higher the velocity of the
airflow is.
42. Aerodynamics-Boundary Layer
There are two types of airflow going over a wing:
Laminar – Smooth, constant, uninterrupted airflow
Turbulent – Rough, bumpy airflow
As you move farther back on the wing, the boundary
layer becomes thicker. This causes unstable airflow
(turbulent air).
Therefore, the airflow separates with the surface, due
to the increased boundary layer and decreased
velocity of airflow.
44. Aerodynamics-Boundary Layer
It is bad for airflow to separate when going
over an airfoil. Recall Bernoulli's principle:
When air travels over the surface of a wing, it
creates lift.
If there is no airflow going over a wing, no lift
will be produced.
45. Aerodynamics-Boundary Layer
This is why turbulent airflow is important.
If the surface of the airfoil is disrupted (example
rivets), it will create turbulent airflow.
Turbulent airflow will continue to stick to the surface,
thus allowing lift to be produced.
Turbulent airflow is better than no airflow at all!
46. Aerodynamics-Boundary Layer
Consider a golf ball. It was developed with indents (dimples). Thus, it creates
turbulent air, allowing the airflow to stick to the airfoil longer than if it were
developed with a smooth surface.