Bandaging involves covering wounds or injuries to provide support, immobilization, and protection. Common bandage materials include cotton, gauze, and elastic bandages. Proper bandaging techniques such as starting from below and applying even pressure are important to avoid complications. Common types of bandages include triangular bandages, roller bandages, and special bandages like T-bandages. Slings and splints are also used to immobilize injured limbs and provide support.
Bandaging and Splinting & Slings; Techniques and Types (Health Subject)Jewel Jem
A short report about bandaging, types of bandages, bandaging techniques and even Splinting & Slings, types of splinting & slings, splinting & Splints techniques
Bandaging and Splinting & Slings; Techniques and Types (Health Subject)Jewel Jem
A short report about bandaging, types of bandages, bandaging techniques and even Splinting & Slings, types of splinting & slings, splinting & Splints techniques
Bed-making is the act of arranging the bedsheets and other bedding on a bed, to prepare it for use. It is a household chore, but is also performed in establishments including hospitals, hotels, and military or educational residences. Bed-making is also a common childhood chore.
Surgical Hand Washing
By Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU, Jammu
Introduction
During the 19th century, surgical hand preparation consisted of washing the hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, frequently with the use of a brush.
Definition
Hand washing is important in every setting, including hospital. It is an effective infection control measures, as it prevent spread of micro organisms. For routine client care, the CDC recommends a vigorous hand washing under a stream of water for at least 10 seconds using soap.
Purpose
To remove transient and resident bacteria from fingers, hand and forearms.
To prevent the risk of transmission of infection to patients.
To reduce the risk of transmission of infection organisms to oneself.
To prevent cross infection among clients.
Equipments/ Articles Used For Hand Washing
Soap in a soap dish
Bacteriocidal or antimicrobial soap.
Surgical scrub brush
Running water
Towel/ sterile towels
Surgical hand washingSteps of procedure
Done mask, hair cover and booties, if required
Perform 5 to 10 minute surgical scrub using counted brush stroke method.
Remove rings, chipped nail polish and watch.
Contd….
Wet hands and arm from elbows to fingerprints under flowing water (use sink with side or foot pedal).
Place soap, preferably antimicrobial/ bacteriostatic, on hands and rub vigorously for 15 to 30 seconds; use scrub brush gently
Contd….
Using circular motion, scrub all skin areas, joints, fingernails, between finger and so forth (on all sides and 2 inches above elbows); slide ring, if present, up and down while rubbing fingers.
Continue scrub for 5 to 10 min or per agency policy.
Contd…
Rinse hands from fingers to elbow under flow of water.
Repeat soaping, rubbing and rinsing until hands and arms are clean.
Pat hands dry with sterile towel, moving from fingers to wrist.
Back care consists of cleaning and massaging back (from shoulder to lower level of the buttocks) by using scientific form of required strokes for maximizing cutaneous stimulation, comfort and emotional relaxation as well.
Bed-making is the act of arranging the bedsheets and other bedding on a bed, to prepare it for use. It is a household chore, but is also performed in establishments including hospitals, hotels, and military or educational residences. Bed-making is also a common childhood chore.
Surgical Hand Washing
By Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU, Jammu
Introduction
During the 19th century, surgical hand preparation consisted of washing the hands with antimicrobial soap and warm water, frequently with the use of a brush.
Definition
Hand washing is important in every setting, including hospital. It is an effective infection control measures, as it prevent spread of micro organisms. For routine client care, the CDC recommends a vigorous hand washing under a stream of water for at least 10 seconds using soap.
Purpose
To remove transient and resident bacteria from fingers, hand and forearms.
To prevent the risk of transmission of infection to patients.
To reduce the risk of transmission of infection organisms to oneself.
To prevent cross infection among clients.
Equipments/ Articles Used For Hand Washing
Soap in a soap dish
Bacteriocidal or antimicrobial soap.
Surgical scrub brush
Running water
Towel/ sterile towels
Surgical hand washingSteps of procedure
Done mask, hair cover and booties, if required
Perform 5 to 10 minute surgical scrub using counted brush stroke method.
Remove rings, chipped nail polish and watch.
Contd….
Wet hands and arm from elbows to fingerprints under flowing water (use sink with side or foot pedal).
Place soap, preferably antimicrobial/ bacteriostatic, on hands and rub vigorously for 15 to 30 seconds; use scrub brush gently
Contd….
Using circular motion, scrub all skin areas, joints, fingernails, between finger and so forth (on all sides and 2 inches above elbows); slide ring, if present, up and down while rubbing fingers.
Continue scrub for 5 to 10 min or per agency policy.
Contd…
Rinse hands from fingers to elbow under flow of water.
Repeat soaping, rubbing and rinsing until hands and arms are clean.
Pat hands dry with sterile towel, moving from fingers to wrist.
Back care consists of cleaning and massaging back (from shoulder to lower level of the buttocks) by using scientific form of required strokes for maximizing cutaneous stimulation, comfort and emotional relaxation as well.
BANDAGING: TRIANGULAR BANDAGING AND CRAVAT, TYPES OF KNOTSManisha Thakur
BANDAGING: TRIANGULAR BANDAGING AND CRAVAT, TYPES OF KNOTS: CRAVAT, ELBOW BANDAGE, ARM SLING, PALM BANDAGE, HAND BANDAGE, HEAD BANDAGE, ELBOW BANDAGE, EAR INJURY BANDAGE, FOREARM BANDAGE, LEG AND THIGH BANDAGE, FOOT BANDAGE. TYPES OF KNOTS: PRINCIPLES OF TYING KNOTS, TYPES: REEF KNOT, BOWLINE , SHEET BENT
The BANDAGING for First Aid Provider and Health care PersonelSankappa Gulaganji
BANDAGING
Dr. Sankappa Gulaganji
Associate Professor
BLDEA’s Shri B M Patil Institute of Nursing Sciences, Vijayapur
Definition
A strip of material used mainly to support and immobilize a part of the body. Definition of a bandage. And used
To support - fractured bone
To immobilize – Dislocated shoulder/Jaw
To apply pressure – Stop bleeding & Improve venous blood flow.
To secure a dressing in place.
To retain splints in place.
TYPES OF BANDAGING
Crepe bandages: Crepe bandages, commonly made of cotton, are a woven, elasticated bandage. Crepe bandages are ideal to support the healing of sprains and strains, as they provide good compression to injured areas, as per the PRICE method, but as they’re elastic they don’t prevent joints or muscles from flexing. Washable & Reusable
Conforming bandages: Conforming bandages are very stretchy and, as their name suggests, conform closely to the body’s contours. These bandages are ideal for securing dressings in place, particularly on limbs. These bandages are lightweight, fray-resistant and breathable. These are usually made with synthetic materials.
PRICE Method
Cohesive bandages (adhesive): Cohesive bandages are designed to stick to themselves, but not to skin or hair. This makes cohesive bandages quick and easy to apply and remove, not requiring any tape or pins to hold them in place. These bandages can be used both for holding wound dressings in place and for supporting and providing compression to injured muscles or joints.
Open wove bandages(cotton/Gauze): Unlike other kinds of bandage, these bandages are non-elastic, and can be used to hold dressings in place without constricting or pressuring the wound. This does however make them unsuitable for PRICE therapy. Their loose weave allows good ventilation, helping the skin to breathe and avoiding infection.
Plaster of paris: These bandages are used for creating casts to provide rigid immobilisation of fractured or broken limbs. Impregnated with Plaster of Paris (calcined gypsum), once immersed in water, these bandages can be moulded to the limb. The bandages then set fast into a strong, solid cast. These bandages should only be applied by medical professionals.
Triangular bandage:
Method of Applying Bandages
Circular
Spiral
Reverse Spiral
Figure of Eight
Principles for Applying Bandages
Wash hands
Give victim comfortable position on bed or chair and support the body part to be bandaged.
Always stand in front of the part to be bandaged except when applying bandages to head, eye and ear.
Be sure the bandages is rolled firm.
Make sure the body part to be bandaged is clean and dry.
Assess skin before applying bandage for any break down.
Observe circulation by noting pulse, surface temperature, skin color and sensation of the body part to be wrapped.
Always start bandaging from inner to outer aspect and far to near end.
When bandaging a joint ensures flexibility of the joint.
Always start and end two circular turns.
Cover the area
It is refers to all procedure used to keep objects or areas sterile or completely free from all micro organism.
It is refers to all procedure used to keep objects or areas sterile or completely free from all micro organism.
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Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
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1. BANDAGING
DEFINITION:
Bandaging is the process of covering a wound or
an injured part.
USES:
Bandages are used for following purposes:
To prevent contamination of wound by holding
dressings in position.
To provide support to the part that is injured,
sprained or dislocated joint.
To provide rest to the part that is injured.
To prevent & control hemorrhage.
2. To restrict movement / immobilize a
fracture or a dislocation.
To correct deformity.
To maintain pressure e.g. elastic bandages
applied to the improve venous return.
TYPES OF BANDAGES:
Triangular Bandage.
Roller Bandage.
Special Bandage. E.g. T- bandage.
3. MATERIALS COMMONLY USED FOR
BANDAGES:
Cotton
Cotton gauze
Jute
Wool
Special materials like crape bandage,
elastic bandage.
PARTS ROLLAR OF BANDAGE:
Head
Free End or tail.
5. SIZES OF BANDAGE:
The size of the bandage varies according to
the part it is supposed to bandage
Part To be Bandaged Width(Cm) Length (Mts)
Head
Trunk
Leg
Arm
Fingers
Hand
Wrist
5
10 to 15
6 to 8
5 to 6
2.5
5
5
4 to 6
6 to 8
4
3 to 4
2
3
3
6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES: -
Select a bandage of proper size & suitable
material.
Put the patient in a comfortable position.
Support the injured area while bandaging.
If a joint is involved, flex it slightly.
Face the patient while applying the
bandage, except when applying it to the
head.
7. Hold the roll of the bandage in the right
hand when applying bandage on the left
side, Hold the bandage with the roll
uppermost & apply the outer surface to the
skin, unrolling a few centimeters of the
bandage at a time.
Put some cotton wool on the part to be
bandaged so that the bandage does not
slip or cause cutting into the skin
underneath.
Bandage from below upward, & from
within outward.
8. Hold the end of the of the bandage over
the outer aspect of the injured area & wind
the bandage around the part twice to fix it.
When bandaging a limb start with an
oblique turn to keep the bandage in
position, as an alternative method.
Cover two thirds of the bandage by the
next one, while covering a large area by
winding the roller bandage around the
part. Keep the edges parallel.
Keep even & not too tight pressure while
applying bandage, too tight bandage
interferes with circulation.
9. Finish with a straight turn & fix the end with a
safety pin, sticking plaster or by dividing the
terminal portion of the bandage longitudinally &
tying the two ends around the bandaged part.
If possible, leave fingers & toes exposed to check
circulation.
Do not bandage the part too tightly or too
loosely.
Observe the extremities carefully for any signs of
swelling or blueness due to interference with
circulation by a bandage that is too tight.
When removing a bandage, pass it from one hand
to the other, so that it is collected in a concertina
fashion.
10. FOLLOWING TERMS ARE USED IN
ROLLER BANDAGING.
Simple spiral
Reverse spiral
Figure of eight.
Spica
1. Simple Spiral :
This type of bandage is used for uniform
thickness part i.e. wrist or finger. Each turn
of the bandage overlaps the previous turn.
11. 2.Reverse Spiral:
This bandage is used for the parts where
the thickness varies e.g. legs & forearms.
It is applied in the same way as the
general spiral bandage, but each turn is
reversed as necessary to prevent gaping &
to make the bandage smooth.
3.Figure of Eight:
This bandage is used for elbow & knee
joints. This bandage is made by forming
two loops or oblique turns over a joint. The
turns alternately ascend & descend to
cover the part.
12. 4.Spica:
It is a form of the figure of eight bandage.
The turn is larger than the other. It is
used for joints at right angles to the body,
e.g. the shoulder, groin, thumb.
5.Special Bandages:
A). Many Tail Bandage:
This bandage is usually used for
abdominal wounds & chest injuries. It is
prepared from a number of strips or tails
of flannel or cotton material. It is 4 to 6
inches wide & has sufficient length to
cover the affected part.
13. STEPS OF APPLYING ROLLAR BANDAGE:
FIXING
ROLLING
SECURING
CHECKING CIRCULATION AFTER
BANDAGING
PRESSING NAIL
CHECKING PULSE
TINGLING,COLDNESS,INABILITY TO MOVE
FINGERS
14. TYING THE BANDAGE;
FOR TYING THE BANDAGE A ‘REEF
KNOT’ MUST BE ALWAYS USED.
KNOT SHOULD NOT CAUSE
DISCOMFORT.
TUCK THE LOOSE ENDS OF BANDAGE
OUT OF SIGHT
15. SLINGS
Definition:-
Slings are used to provide support and
protection for injured arms, wrists and
hands or for immobilising an upperlimb
when there are arm or chest injuries.
Types of Slings:-
1 . Arm sling
2. Elevation sling
3. Improvised sling
16. 1.Arm Sling :-
This is used when there are injuries to the
upperlimb and for some chest injuries.
It holds the forearm across the chest but it
is only effective if the casualty sits or
stands.
When an arm sling is in the correct
position ,the casualty's hand will be slightly
higher than the elbow.. The base of the
triangular bandage should lie at the root of
the little finger leaving the finger nails
exposed.
17. Method of Application:-
1. Ask the casualty to sit down and support
the forearm on the injured side with the
wrist and hand slightly higher than the
elbow.
2. Using the hollow between the elbow and
the chest slide one end of the triangular
bandage between the chest and forearm so
that its point reaches well beyond the
elbow.
3. Place the upper end over the shoulder on
the sound side and around the back of the
neck to the front of the injured side.
18. 4. Still supporting the forearm, carry the
lower end of the bandage up over the hand
and forearm and using a reef knot, tie off
on the injured side in the hollow above the
collar bone .
5. Bring the point forward and secure it to the
front of the bandage with a safety pin.
6. Check the circulation. If it is affected adjust
the bandage or the position of the sling.
21. 2. Elevation Sling:-
This sling is used to support the hand and
forearm in a well raised position.
-If the hand is bleeding.
-There are complicated chest injuries.
-There are shoulder injuries.
A). Collar and Cuff Sling:-
This is used to support the wrist only.
22. Method of Application:-
1 . The elbow is bent, the forearm is placed
across the chest in such a way that the
fingers touch the opposite shoulder. Now
the sling is applied
2. A clove-hitch is passed round the wrist
and the ends tied in the hollow above the
collar bone on the injured side.
Clove-hitch is made with a narrow
bandage. Two loops are made and laid one
on top of the other.
24. B. Triangular Sling:-
-This is used in treating a fracture of the
collarbone. It helps to keep the hand raised
high up giving relief from pain due to the
fracture.
Method of Application:-
1.Place the forearm across the chest with the
fingers pointing towards the opposite
shoulder and the palm over the breastbone.
2. Place an open bandage over the chest with
one end over the hand and the point
beyond the elbow.
25.
26. 3.Improvised Sling:-
If no triangular bandages are available
slings may be improvised in several ways
to provide support-
(a) Turn the free end of a coat and pin it to
the clothing.
(b) Pass the hand inside the buttoned coat
or shirt.
(c) Pin the sleeve of the injured limb. to
clothing.
(d) Use mufflers, scarf, belt, tie or soft
cloth.
29. SPLINTS
A splint is a rigid appliance, usually made of wood or
metal, which is tied to a fractured limb to support it
and prevent movement from taking place at the site
of fracture.
Using a Splint:-
If a splint is not used properly, it may cause damage.
Therefore, remember the following points when
using a splint:-
1.Make sure that the splint is well padded. This is
particularly important when splints are improvised
from pieces of wood which are uneven.
2. Make sure that the splint is sufficiently long to
immobilize the joint above and the joint below the
fracture.
3. Make sure that the bandage used to secure. The
splint have the knot tied on the splint and not on
the fleas.
30. IMPORTANT SPLINTS IN ORTHOPAEDIC
OTHER THAN PLASTER SPLINTS
Splints occupy a very special place in the
treatment methodologies in orthopaedics.
Any material which is reasonably hard like
a rolled newspaper, card board, wooden
planks, books, etc. can function as a splint.
However these are crude and are mostly
useful during first aid treatment of bone
and joint injuries.
Refined splints used in orthopaedics are:-
plaster of Paris splints,
Thomas splints,
Bohler-Braun splints,
Aeroplane splints.
31. PLASTER SPLINTS-
1.Thomas Splint:-
This is one of the very commonly used
splints in orthopaedics.
It was discovered by H.O. Thomas in
1876 to assist for ambulatory
treatment of TB knee.
It is now widely used for the
treatment of shaft fractures of femur,
knee injuries etc.
33. Parts of a Thomas splint :
A Thomas splint consists of four parts:-
1. A padded metal oval ring with soft
leather set at an angle of 1200
to the inner
bar.
2. Two side bars-one inner and another
outer bars of equal length. They bisect
the oval ring
3. Distal end-where the two side bars are
joined in the form of a ‘W'.
4. Outer side bar is angled 2 inches below
the padded ring to clear the prominent
greater trochanter.
34. Uses of Thomas splint:-
1. To immobilise fracture femur anywhere.
2. As a first aid measure to immobilise the
lower limb injuries.
3. For transportation of an injured patient
4. In the treatment of joint diseases like TB
knee, septic arthritis etc.
35. Bohler-Braun (BB) Splint:-
This is Bohler's modification of Braun
splint. It consists of a heavy metallic frame
with four' pulleys:-
1. Proximal pulley prevents foot drop.
2. Second pulley to apply traction. in the line
of femur.
3. Third pulley to apply traction in the line of
supracondylar area of femur.
4. Fourth pulley to apply traction in line of the
legs.
36.
37. Indications
Skeletal traction is applied through this
frame for comminuted trochanteric
fractures of the femur.
It is also used for the treatment of fracture
shaft femur and supracondylar fractures of
the femur.
Rarely it can be used for the fracture shaft
of tibia and fibula.
One important precaution which should be
taken while using the BB splint is to provide
support at the fracture site and not at the
knee joint to prevent angulation especially
in supracondylar fractures of femur.
38. Problems of BB Splint:-
1. Makes nursing care difficult
2. It is a heavy and cumbersome
frame.
3. It is associated with recumbent
problems like bedsores
,hypostatic pneumonia, renal
calculi, etc.
39. PNEUMATIC SPLINTS
These are the present generation splints
and are more aesthetic, light and effective.
They consist of the splints made up of
pneumatic material and can be easily
applied to the limbs by inflating it with air.
They provide a tight fit and are more
comfortable to the patient.
Most of the ambulances today carry these
splints which are easy to transport unlike
the crude and hard Thomas splints, etc.
40.
41. Care of the Splints by the Nurse-
1. Padding- The splint should ,be well padded
at the bony prominences and at the injury
sites.
2. Bandage- This should be tied with optimum
pressure.
3. Exercises -Active exercises of the joints
and muscles should be permitted within
the splints.
4. Checking -Daily checking and adjustments
of the splints are recommended.
5. Neurovascular status- Distal neurovascular
status should be assessed daily.
42. NURSING CARE FOR PATIENTS TREATED
WITH SPLINTS
Nursing care assumes extreme importance
in patients treated with splints as most of
these patients are severely injured and are
bed ridden. This can be discussed under
two headings:-
A}-NURSING CARE BEFORE APPLICATION
OF THE SPLINT
Take consent.
Inform the patient about the procedure.
Remove any tight fitting clothes and change
them into easy to wear dresses.
43. Clean the affected part.
Select right sized splint.
Adequately pad the pressure points and the
perineum.
Apply the splint gently.
Check for the tightness of the weight cord.
After application check for the peripheral
pulses and nerve function.
Apply proper weight as per the directions of
the surgeon.
Foot end elevation may be required to give
the counter traction.
44. Note: Maximum permissible weight limits:--
a. Skin traction-4-5 kg
b. Skeletal traction-8.10 kg
B}-NURSING CARE AFTER APPLICATION
OF THE SPLINT.
Check the pressure points and perineum
everyday for abnormal pressure.
Tighten the weight cord arid increase or
decrease the weight as per the advise of
the doctor.
45. Bed pan and urinecan has to be given with
care to avoid disturbance to the injured
site.
Care of the back is very important to
prevent bedsores .
Sponge bath the patient everyday.
To prevent soiling of the bed sheets and the
bed but proper rubber sheets.
Attend to the hair and nails of the patient.
Arrange to supply proper diet to the
patients being treated on splints. .
Instruct the patient to carry out active
exercises of the unaffected joints.
46. Isometric exercises for the immobilised
joints.
Change the splint if the canvas gets soiled.
If traction, either skin or skeletal, is applied
through the splint then the nursing care
should proceed on the lines described for
treatment on traction