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প্রাকিতিক ও জৈব চাষ ২০২৩.ppt

 Natural farming is an agricultural practice that uses only natural inputs like cow dung, cow urine, neem, botanical pesticides etc. and avoids chemical pesticides and fertilizers.  It helps improve soil health and fertility through the use of organic manure, protects the environment from pollution, and produces safe, nutritious food without toxic pesticide residues.  While natural farming may have lower initial yields than modern chemical farming, it has long term benefits for the environment, farmers' health and sustainable agriculture with increasing demand and prices for organic produce.

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পাট ভিভিক ফসল প্রণালীতে প্রাক ৃ ভেক ও জৈব চাষ ক ৃ भाक ृ अनुप - क े न्द्रीय पटसन एवं समवर्गीय रेशा अनुसंधान संस्थान ICAR - Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres ISO 9001 : 2015 Certified Institute (An autonomous organisation under DARE, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, GoI) Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700121 রাৈীব ক ু মার দে প্রধান জবজ্ঞাভনক
মাননীয় প্রধানমন্ত্রী শ্রী নরেন্দ্র মমাদি 2019 সারেে স্বাধীনতা দিবরস োে মেল্লাে প্রাচীে মেরে জাদতে উরেরে ভাষণ মিওয়াে সময় বরেদিরেন, 1. “আমরা দেিাতব রাসায়ভনক সার এবং কীটনাশক বযবহার করভি, ো মাটটর স্বাতযযর ক্ষভে করতি। 2. এেজন ে ৃ ষে দিরসরব, এই মাটিে সন্তান দিরসরব এে স্বারযেে ক্ষদত েোে অদধোে আমাে মনই। 3. আমাে ভােত মারে িুঃখ মিওয়াে অদধোে আমাে মনই এবং তারে অসয েোে অদধোেও আমাে মনই। 4. আমো খব েীঘ্রই আমারিে স্বাধীনতাে 75 বিে পূণ ণেেব। 5. শ্ররেয় বাপ আমারিে পে মিদখরয়রিন। আমারিে দে আমারিে মক্ষরত োসায়দনে সারেে বেবিাে 10% বা 20% বা 25% েমারনা উদচত নয় এবং যদি সম্ভব িয় তরব আমারিে দে মক্তি অদভযান (অদভযান) চাে েো উদচত নয়? 6. এটট হতব ৈাভের ৈনয একটট মহান দসবা। এটট হতব
নযাচারাল ফভম ম ং হল একটট ক ৃ ভষ পদ্ধভে দেখাতন প্রাক ৃ ভেক উপাোন বযবহার কতর ফসল উৎপােন করা হয়। এই পদ্ধভেতে প্রধানেঃ ক ৃ ষকরা যানীয় উপাোন বযবহার কতর সুষম মাটটর মতধয ভবভিন্ন প্রকাতরর পভরষ্কার কাব ম ন উৎস জেভর কতর ো পভরতবশ ও মানব স্বাতযযর উন্নয়তন সহায়ো কতর। নযাচারাল ফভম ম ং ক ৃ ভষতে দকাতনা জৈব বা রাসায়ভনক উপাোন বযবহার করা হয় না এবং দস প্রাক ৃ ভেক উপাোন বযবহার কতর ো প্রক ৃ ভেতে পাওয়া োয়, দেমন দ াবর, জৈব সার, কতপাস্ট, আবহাওয়ায় ফ ু তট আসা ৈীব ও সূতে ম র োপ এবং বৃটির ৈল। এই পদ্ধভেতে বাভণজ্ৈযক ক ৃ ভষর দচতয় আরও দবভশ নযাচারাল ফভম ম ং
Every year India loses about 18 % of its agricultural production. • Losses caused by different harmful agents ================================ Pests % Loss Monetary loss in crores (Rs.) ================================ Weeds 33 1980 Diseases 26 1560 Insect pests 20 1200 Rodents 6 360 Storage loss 7 420 Miscellaneous 8 480 ================================ Total 100 6000 ================================ India incurs loss of Rs. 6000 crores per annum. (Reference: ikisan.com; Pesticide Information, 1995) Storage loss14% Rodents 8% Insect pests 20% Diseases 26% Weeds 32% (Reference: Barooah, 1975)
USE OF PESTICIDES COUNTRY PESTICIDES USED (g/Ha) Japan 10000 Europe 2000 America 1600 India 400  50 % in cotton,  9 districts,  9 states States/UTs 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Andhra Pradesh 1541 1381 1015 Bihar 870 915 828 Goa 2660 2650 2750 Haryana 4391 42.88 4070 4th Jammu and Kashmir 1248 2679.27 1640 Karnataka 1588 1675 1647 Maharashtra 3050 2400 4639 3rd Orissa NA 1155.75 1588 Punjab 6080 5760 5810 2nd Rajasthan 3804 3333 3527 Tamil Nadu 3940 2317 2335 Uttar Pradesh 7332 8968 9563 1st West Bengal 3945 41 NA India 43630.3 43860 41822 State-wise Consumption of Pesticides (Technical Grade) in India- (2007-2008 to 2009-2010) (In MT)
RESIDUE OF PESTICIDES  আমারিে খািে উপািারনে 60% েীিনােে দ্বাো িূদষত িরয়রি।  এইগুভলর মতধয, 14% সীমার উপতর কীটনাশক রতয়তি োরা অনুতমােন কতরতিন।  প্রায় সব খািে উপািানই িূদষত, মযমন, চাে, গম, োেসবক্তজ, চা, েদি, মতে, ডাে, মাি, দডম, গরুে িধ, মারয়ে িধ, ইতোদি।  োিাড়া এর দেতক ৈল PESTICIDE POISONING : 3 types Acute poisoning: Single and short-term very high level of exposure to commit suicide. Chronic poisoning: Long-term high-level exposure; users, formulators and manufacturers. Chronic poisoning: Long-term low-level exposure; pesticide residues in air, water, soil, sediment, food materials, plants and animals. Pesticide pollution: Chinese tea may not be safe to drink. Blogpost by Monica Tan - 2012-04-13 at 11:56. Is China's tea actually safe to drink? 12 of the 18 samples from 9 tea companies in China contained pesticide like methomyl and endosulfan, banned globally under the Stockholm Convention.
BAD EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES • Insects, pathogens, weeds become tolerant • Resurgence of pests, diseases, weeds • Harmful to beneficial organisms, e.g., pollinating insects, parasites, predators • Loss of biodiversity esp. vulnerable spp. • Health hazards: carcinogenic, mutagen, damage to embryo, ozone layer (10%)
PESTICIDE TRAGEDY Accidental Oral Suicidal Inhalation Homicidal Dermal Occupational Eye contact Residential Yavatmal district of Maharashtra: Forty farmers have died after spraying monocrotophos, ‘Profex Super’ insecticide on their Bt cotton plantations. Four others lose vision, 70 hospitalized (Oct. 2017). ENDOSULFAN DISASTER IN KASARGOD AND KANNUR: In 1976- 2000, more than 50,000 villagers of Kasargod in Kerala were exposed to endosulfan, sprayed aerially on cashew plantations by Plantation Corporation of Kerala. More than 3000 people living near were affected. The Supreme Court on May 13, 2011 banned the production, distribution and use of endosulfan in India. Bhopal Gas Tragedy: World's Worst Industrial Disaster on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at Union Carbide Sevin carbaryl pesticide plant in Bhopal. Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas. Death toll was 3787, 558125 injuries and 3900 disabled. Pesticide Poisoning is Leading Method of Suicide: 800,000 die by suicide every year globally and about 30 percent of them kill by consuming pesticides (WHO).
Ecofriendly Approaches • Biological control , e.g., Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Beauvaria, Paciolomyces • Crop rotation : success in hooghly wilt, reduced from 42 % to 1 %, Rice – jute – potato • Transgenic plants: successful Bt cotton, still a dream in jute crop, be an optimist. Debate on Bt Brinjal, Bt jute or hybrid jute or resistant jute. • Illegal distribution of HTBT cotton seeds poses long term risk, opine experts: Herbicide Tolerant BT, weeds may also develop resistance. If the seeds do not have purity of genes then crop may get burnt due to use of herbicides. Quality, genetics, herbicide tolerance and even parentage of is a suspect.
BIOCONTROL THROUGH NEEM Botanical insecticides, e.g., neem: from leaf and seed, avoid, antifedant, moulting hampered, compatible with biocides  The components are (1) nimbin (sulphur-free crystalline product, (2) nimbinin (similar), (3) nimbidin (cream-coloured containing amorphous sulphur and (4) Azadirachtin, belonging to the limonoid group, is a secondary metabolite present in neem seeds. (5) Nimerin.  Nimbidin is main active antibacterial ingredient, and highest yielding bitter component in neem oil. They stable and found in substantial quantities in Neem. They also serve as natural insecticides.  Neem-coated urea is an alternative to urea. It reduces pollution, improves fertilizer's efficacy and soil health.
WAKE UP TO ORGANIC FARMING SN Features Organic farming Modern farming 1 Practices followed Ancient techniques Scientific techniques 2 Use of pesticides, fertilizers, chemicals, etc. No Yes 3 Use of Neem, bio control, cow dung, cow urine, FYM, Compost, other natural inputs, etc. Yes May be 4 Residues of pesticides, chemicals, lead, arsenic, etc. No Yes, often more than MPL 5 Food values including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, for better health and nutrition, etc. More, delicious, healthy No 6 Artificial additives, toxic inputs, etc. Free present 7 Yield versus cost of production Less - higher More – less 8 Price difference versus demand 50% higher, Rs. 20 to 30, increasing day by day Normal 9 Place to enquire (1) Little India Haat, Vedic Village, (2) Behala Sen Haati, (3) Naktala Udayan sangha, (4) Garia Chalpatti in Kolkata and (5) NGOs all over India are promoting it. - Ref: TOI CT 20.06.2017.
Study confirms that GMO eggplant cuts pesticide use in Bangladesh BY JOAN CONROW MARCH 7, 2019
Rajasthan Farmer With Expertise In Organic Farming Class XII ড্রপআউট, রাৈযাতনর ক ৃ ষক এখন পাঠ্যক্রম জেভর করতি ো িারেতক দশখাতব “সাধােণ জদমরে এেটি দবষয়বস্তু-দনদিণষ্ট িসে উৎপািরন রূপান্তে েেরত চাে বিরেে ের াে পদেশ্রম মেরগরি। আমাে অননে দমশ্ররণে সারে, আদম এই জদমরত গভণধােরণে পেপেই এেটি গরুে দ্বাো দনগ ণ ত মধ এবং তেে দমদশ্রত েরে পেীক্ষা েরেদি। গরুে দ্বাো দনগ ণ ত প্রেম তেরে বোেরিদেয়া এবং অনোনে অণজীব েরয়রি যা বোেরিদেয়া বৃক্তেে সারে মাটিরে উন্নত েোে ক্ষমতা োরখ। এটি ভাে িোিে প্রিান েেরি,” পাদতিাে বরেরিন। জাম ণ াদন-দভদিে GBL েোরবে এেটি প্রদতরবিন যা ইউরোপ, মাদেণন যিোষ্ট্র এবং জাপারন েপ্তাদনে জনে তাে ধদনয়া অনরমািন েরেরি তাে ে ৃ দতরেে তাদেোে িাইোইি। মপেঁয়াজ, েমোরেব, মমৌদে বীজ -- তাে উৎপাদিত অনোনে েোব দেরপািণ প্রিে ণ ন েরে দতদন বরেন, "আদম উৎে ৃ ষ্ট মারনে িসে এবং সবক্তজ উৎপািন েদে।" "সবরচরয় বড় দমে আদম িূে েরেদি ময প্রাে ৃ দতে চাষ মারন োসায়দনরেে বেবিাে নয়," পাদতিাে বরেরিন। এেপে দতদন WHO এবং স্বামীনােন েদমেরনে দেরপািণ উি্ধৃত েরেন। "দবপজ্জনে োসায়দনে বেবিাে েরে দনদব ণ চারে চাষ েো বিরেে পে বিে ধরে মাটিরত োব ণ রনে পদেমাণ হ্রাস েরে এবং জদম বোেরিদেয়া, অণজীব এবং েীিপতরেে বৃক্তেে জনে েম উপরযাগী িরয় ওর , যা মাটিে মান বাড়ারনাে জনে প্ররয়াজনীয়।" অন্তত 2007 সাে পয ণ ন্ত পদতিাে এবং তাে পদেবারেে জনে জীবন এেই দিে না। এেজন িাদেদ্র্েপীদড়ত জীবন মেরে এেজন িক্ষ ে ৃ ষরেে উত্থান োসায়দনে দভদিে মেরে প্রাে ৃ দতে উপারয় তাে চাষাবারিে মেৌেরেে পদেবতণরনে মাধেরম ঘরিদন। 2003 মেরে 2007-এে মরধে চাে বিে ধরে, অসম আোে, ওজন এবং স্বারিে িসে এবং োেসবক্তজ উৎপািরনে জনে পদেবােটি ভােী ক্ষদতে সম্মখীন িরয়রি যাে মোরনা মেতা পাওয়া যায়দন। অরনে সময় পণেটি িয় গরুে দিরে দনরক্ষপ েো িয় বা তারিে মক্ষরত পেঁরত মিওয়া িয়। "আদম িটি বই মপরয়দি - ে ৃ দষ পোেে এবং দবো বল্লভ - যা আমারে েী িাদেরয়রি মস সম্পরেণ মমািামটি ধােণা দিরয়রি। এটি আমাে পেদতে এেটি দভন্ন মাত্রা দিরয়রি। আদম বঝরত মপরেদিোম ময ে ৃ দষ সম্পরেণ এেক্তত্রত প্রাচীন জ্ঞান এেে জায়গায় বা এেে বইরত পাওয়া যায় না। এখারন আমাে জীবন এেটি ি ু েমচােঁি পদতিারেে বয়স ৬২ এবং োজযারনে মরুভূদম োরজে জজব চারষ তাে উদ্ভাবরনে জনে পদ্মশ্রী মপরয়রিন। দেন্তু তাে বয়স বা পেস্কাে মোরনািাই তারে দবশ্রাম মিওয়াে জনে যরেষ্ট নয়। 7.30 িায়, পদতিাে প্রস্তুত। েতণা-পায়জামা-পদেদিত ে ৃ ষে তাে োজ সম্পরেণ েরোপেেন শুরু েেরত এে দমদনিও নষ্ট েরেন না। ঝাোওয়ারেে মনপো িারম তাে িরেে বাগারন িােঁদড়রয়, পাটিিাে এই মিূরতণ তাে জীবরন এেটি নতুন উন্নয়রনে জনে িৃেেতভারব উরিক্তজত। তারে জজব চারষে উপে এেটি পা েেম জতদে েোে জাতীয় েদমটিে অংে েো িরয়রি। েদমটিটি ইক্তিয়ান োউক্তিে িে এদিোেচাে দেসাচণ (ICAR), মেন্দ্রীয় ে ৃ দষ মন্ত্ররেে অধীরন এেটি সংযাে অধীরন আরস। পাটিিাে এেজন দ্বািে মশ্রদণে ড্রপআউি এবং স্কে মবাডণ এবং ে ৃ দষ দবশ্বদবিোেয়গুদেে জনে দেক্ষাপ্রদতষ্ঠারন জজব চাষরে এেটি েৃঙ্খো দিসারব চাে েোে জনে গট ত 14-সিরসেে েদমটিরত এেমাত্র অ-দেক্ষাগত বেক্তি। এই মক্ষরত্র তােঁে 18 বিরেে িক্ষতা এবং অদভজ্ঞতাে দভদিরত প্রে ৃ দতে ইভম মগাবংে আধাদেত ে ৃ দষ (প্রাে ৃ দতে এবং মগা-মেক্তন্দ্রে ে ৃ দষ) দবষরয় এেটি খসড়া জতদে েোে জনে তারে অন্তভু ণি েো িরয়রি। দতদন োয ণ ত িটি দমটিংরয় অংেিিণ েরেরিন এবং উজ্জাে নিীে চোঞ্চরে তাে 40 এেে ে ৃ দষ জদম মেরে োইভ উিািেণ সি তাে সনাতন ে ৃ দষ অনেীেরনে দবস্তাদেত দববেণ দিরয়রিন। “আদম উচ্ছ্বদসত ময আমো ময পা েেমটি দডজাইন েেদি তা এেটি স্বাযেেে এবং উন্নত দবশ্ব েচনা েেরব। প্রাে ৃ দতে চাষ িরে পেবতী দবপ্লব যা আগামী িেেগুদেরত দবশ্ব সাক্ষী িরত চরেরি,” পদতিাে আত্মদবশ্বারসে সারে বরেরিন৷ পদতিারেে জদমরে েরয়েটি ভারগ ভাগ েো িরয়রি, প্রদতটিে মাটিে গুণমান অননে। দতদন এেটি মিাি মার োরমন তাে জদমে সবরচরয় িাদম পণে, োে মচদে িরমরিাে এেটি চাে িি গাি মিখারত। “আপদন দে দবশ্বাস েেরত পারেন ময এগুরোে িাম প্রদত মেক্তজ 900 িাো? চাদিিা দিদল্ল এবং মম্বাইরয়ে সস এবং সাোরিে জনে পােঁচ তােো মিারিে মেরে। আদম তারিে জিদনে 40 দেরোিাম চাদিিা পূেণ েেরত অক্ষম,” পদতিাে বরেরিন ময দতদন উিােভারব দেি ু িরমরিা স্বারিে জনে অিাে েরেন। timesspecials.timesgroup.com/
ভােরতে মোন োজে সম্পূণ ণ রূরপ জজব? • ভসভকম 2003 সাতল, ভসভকম আনুষ্ঠাভনকিাতব অ ম াভনক হওয়ার ভসদ্ধান্ত দনয়। • আসন্ন বিেগুদেরত, দসদেম োসায়দনে এবং েীিনােে বেবিাে মেরে তারিে উপে সম্পূণ ণদনরষধাজ্ঞা আরোপ েোে জনে এেটি রূপান্তেমূেে পদেবতণন েরেরি। • 2016 সারেে জানয়াদেরত, প্রধানমন্ত্রী নরেন্দ্র মমাদি দসদেমরে ভােরতে প্রেম, সম্পূণ ণজজব
জৈব চাতষর 4টট সুভবধা কী কী? • প্রচদেত ে ৃ দষে সারে তুেনা েরে, জজব ে ৃ দষরত (1) েম েীিনােে বেবিাে েো িয়, (2) মাটটর ক্ষয় েমায়, (3) িূ িময ৈতল এবং িূ-পৃতষ্ঠর ৈতল নাইতেতটর ভনঃসরণ হ্রাস পায় এবং (4) পশুে বজণে খামারে পনোয় বেবিাে েো িয়। এই সদবধাগুদে মভািারিে জনে উচ্চ খািে খেচ এবং সাধােণত েম িেন দ্বাো ভােসামেিীন িয়।
প্রাে ৃ দতে চাষাবাি "িেওো পেদত", • "চারষে প্রাে ৃ দতে উপায়" বা "দেি ু ই না েো চাষ" দিসারবও উরল্লখ েো িয়, মাসারনাব িেওো (1913-) দ্বাো প্রদতটষ্ঠত এেটি পদেরবেগত ে ৃ দষ পেদত 2008)। • িেওো, এেজন জাপাদন ে ৃ ষে এবং িাে ণ দনে, তাে 1975 সারেে বই িে ওয়ান- স্ট্র দবপ্লরব এই েব্দটি চাে েরেদিরেন। • প্রাে ৃ দতে ে ৃ দষ এেটি বন্ধ পেদত, মযটি মানরষে দ্বাো সেবোিে ৃ ত ইনপিগুদেে িাদব েরে না এবং প্রে ৃ দতে অনেেণ েরে। • িেওোে প্রাে ৃ দতে চাষাবারিে অনেীেন আধদনে প্রযক্তিে জাপারনে সবরচরয় প্রযক্তিগতভারব উন্নত খামােগুদেে সারে ধাোবাদিেভারব তুেনীয় িেন প্রিে ণ ন েরেরি, যা িূষণ, মাটিে ক্ষদত, েক্তি খেচ এবং পদেরবেগত অবক্ষয় িাড়াই েরেরি। • এই প্রযক্তিে মনদতবাচে পাশ্ব ণ -প্রদতক্তেয়া িাড়াই প্রে ৃ দত যদি এেই েেম িেন অজণন েেরত সক্ষম িয় তরব মেন আমো খািে উৎপািরনে প্রক্তেয়ায় আধদনে প্রযক্তি প্ররয়াগ েেব। • যদিও প্রাে ৃ দতে চাষরে জজব চারষে এেটি উপরসি দিসারব দবরবচনা েো িয়, তরব এটি প্রে ৃ দতরে দবেি েরে এমন আরেেটি আধদনে মেৌেে বরে মরন েো িয়। • তাে পেদত জে িূষণ, জীবববদচরত্রেে ক্ষদত এবং মাটিে ক্ষয় মোধ েরে, এবং
Broad-spectrum botanical pesticides for Natural Farming Neemastra: Crush 5 kg neem leaves in water, add 5 lit cow urine and 2 kg cow dung, ferment for 24 hours with intermittent stirring, filter squeeze the extract and dilute to 100 lit, use as foliar spray over one acre, useful against sucking pests and mealy bugs. Agniastra Add 10 Litres of Cow's Urine to the Pot. cut the Tobacco leaf (1 kg) and add them to the Cow's Urine. cut the Green Chillies (500 g) and add them as well. cut the Neem Leaves (5 kg) and adds the garlic pulp (125 g). Boil this mixture continuously for 5 times. Allow this solution to ferment for 24 hours. Before use @ 30 ml / litre, Filters the solution using a cloth. Brahmastra: Crush 3 kg neem leaves in 10 lit cow urine. Crush 2 kg custard apple leaf, 2 kg papaya leaf, 2 kg pomegranate leaves, 2 kg guava leaves in water. Mix the two and boil 5 times at some interval till it become half. Keep for 24 hrs, then filter squeeze the extract. This can be stored in bottles for 6 months. Useful against sucking pests, pod/fruit borers. Dilute 2-2.5 lit of this extract to 100 lit for 1 acre.
The Times Of India – Kolkata 15 Oct 2019
INSECT PESTS OF JUTE INDIGO CATERPILLAR APION YELLOW MITE INSECT PESTS OF JUTE JUTE SEMILOOPER BIHAR HAIRY CATERPILLAR GREY WEEVIL
Jute hairy caterpillar Jute semilooper Yellow mite Indigo caterpillar Jute stem weevil and Mealybug Grey weevil 0-20 DAS* 20-40 DAS 40-60 DAS 60-80 DAS 80-100 DAS 100-120 DAS Infestation period of jute pests with respect to crop growth stages *Days after sowing CROP AGE
INDIGO CATERPILLAR Spodoptera litura Hubner , S. exigua (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)  Its polyphagous pest  It attacks seedling stage up to 20 DAS.  Top leaves are folded together by caterpillars and damage tender leaves.  After thinning of seedlings severity of attack reduces considerably. Larvae of indigo caterpillar Adult indigo caterpillar • Spray chlorpyriphos 2 ml/lit; or •neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% along with suitable sticker.; •quinalphos 25 EC @ 1.5 ml/lit or •synthetic pyrethroids, •cypermethrin 25 EC 0.5 ml/lit, or •lambda cyhalothrin @ 1 ml/lit. S. exigua
• Attack of grey weevil is restricted to top tender leaves of olitorius jute. • Generally 5-6 weeks old plants are attacked. Grey Weevil Myllocerus discolor Bohemam (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) Adult grey weevils Grey weevil damaged jute plant Courtsey: T. Ramasubramanian Grey weevil damaged jute field •azadirachtin 1% @ 3ml/lit twice at 10 days interval or two rounds of cypermethrin 25 EC @ 0.5 ml/lit at fortnightly intervals
APION = STEM WEEVIL Apion corchori (Curculionidae : Coleoptera)  Pest on both species of Corchorus, but C. capsularis suffers more.  Adult females lay eggs inside stem tissues.  Mucilaginous substances are formed around tissues damaged by grub that binds fibres together; which breaks at point during fibre extraction and results in ‘knotty fibre’.  Grubs are apodous; emerge out tearing damaged shoot causing wilting in stem. Grubs feed on the internal tissue, affects growth.  Loss of apical meristem checks vertical growth and induces branching. Adult stem weevil Weevil damage in seedlings and older plants  Late sowing in April. Balanced NPK, as N increases apion. Soil application of carbofuran (1 kg ai/ ha) or foliar spray of cypermethrin 25 EC @ 0.5 ml/lit in early hours
 Widely distributed pest in all jute tracts. Tossa jute is more susceptible.  They remain active throughout the year on different crops.  Both nymphs and adults suck sap from younger leaves even before unfolding.  Leaves are crumpled and leaf lamina curl backward along the midrib and turn deep green with coppery brown shades with typical inverted boat like shape and drop prematurely.  Leaf lamina become coppery green with huge population of tiny mites, visible with magnifying glass.  High temperature and humidity with sunshine during April to July favor for multiplication.  High rainfall suppresses the mite population.  Water stress enhances damage. YELLOW MITE Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Tarsonemidae: Acarina)  JRO-204 and JRO-524 are less susceptible.  Sowing beyond April suffers less damage.  ETL: 110 mites/ leaf (second unfolded) • Foliar spray of mineral oil @ 3 ml/lit + neem oil @ 3ml/ lit twice. • Two sprays of spiromesifen 240 SC @ 0.8 ml/ lit at 36 and 46 DAS or abamectin 1.8 EC @ 0.8 ml/lit or fenazaquin 10 EC @ 1.5 ml/ lit or propargite 57 EC @ 2.5 ml / lit. Yellow mites on jute leaf Yellow mite eggs
 They appears during onset of monsoon. High relative humidity followed by drizzling and bright sunshine are conducive.  Jute crop is most susceptible at 50-80 DAS. Individual EIL is 10% damage at 55 DAS.  95% damage is restricted to 9 fully opened leaves.  Feed voraciously on top tender leaves.  Growing points are eaten and destroyed, totally defoliated and induce profuse branching, internodes shortened.  Larval period for 9-16 days and third instar larvae are most destructive and pupate under dry leaves or soil crevices. JUTE SEMILOOPER Anomis sabulifera G (Noctuidae : Lepidoptera) Semilooper adult When damage reaches 15% , spray profenophos @ 2 ml/lit. or fenvalerate 20EC @ 1.0 ml/lit or cypermethrin 25EC @ 0.5 ml/lit. or lamdacyhalothrin 5EC @ 1 ml/lit. Sprays towards apical portion of plant rather than whole plant as infestation is confined to top leaves. Foliar spray of Bt formulation @ 1kg/ ha.
 Polyphagous, infests jute and mesta  Eggs are laid in groups, covered with hair on leaves.  Larvae are gregarious and scrap chlorophyll content of leaves, making network of veins.  Caterpillar feeds voraciously on leaves, soft stem and green pods. BIHAR HAIRY CATERPILLAR Spilosoma obliqua (Acrtiidae: Lepidoptera) Management  Regular monitoring to spot early oviposition.  Removal of egg masses and gregarious larvae. They may be destroyed by mechanical means simply by picking and dipping in kerosene oil and water.  Foliar application of (1) cypermethrin 25 EC @ 1.2 ml/lit, (2) lambdacyhalothrin 5 EC @ 1 ml/lit.
Mealy bugs in the basal part of jute stem Farmers showing mealy bug infested jute plants MEALY BUG Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Phenacoccus solenopsis (Pseudococcidae : Hemiptera)  Once considered minor pest of jute. Recently, emerged as new threat.  Damage is mostly caused by immature stages (nymphs) which suck sap from leaf, petiole, stem and pod.  Vertical growth of plant is arrested with shortened internodes. Plant gives bushy appearance.  Apical meristem is most susceptible.  Repeated attacks cause development of crust on stem due to which there is formation of ‘barky fibre”.  More damage on seed crop with less pod and seed yield.  Remove alternate host plants like Parthenium and uproot severely affected plants at early stage of infestation.  Monitor fields regularly and give spot application of recommended insecticides.  In severe infestation, spray (1) profenofos 50 EC @ 1.5 ml/lit or (2) quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/lit or (3) chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/ha or (4) carbaryl 50 WP @ 2g/lit 1-3 times as per need, in rotation. Management
Jute Stem-girdler: Nupserha bicolor Postbrunnea (Lamiidae: Coleoptera) Distribution and status: Jute tracts of India and Bangladesh. Has become a major pest in the past two decades. Host range: Jute, mesta, Sesbania aegyptiaca (dhaincha) Bionomics: The female beetle makes two rings by cutting a strip and a slit is made upto pith, where the beetle deposits one egg. They hatch in 3- 4 days and the emerging larvae feed and travel downwards.The larvae become full-grown in 30-50 days , the larvae pupate . The pupation and the emergence of beetles seem to synchronize with the availability of jute plants. There is only one generation in a year. Damage symptoms The main damage occurs because of oviposition, resulting in the breakage of fibre length at several places. Thus, both the quality of fibre and the yield suffer. The damage (6-30%) is more in younger plants than in the older ones. Not much damage is caused by the feeding of larvae or adults. Management Grow resistant species of jute (capsularis) Mix 25 kg of phorate lO G per ha in the top soil followed by light irrigation. Conserve larval parasitoids Neocatolaccus nupserhae and Norbanus acuminatus (Chalcididae)
DISEASES OF JUTE Stem rot: Macrophomina phaseolina Hooghly wilt: Ralstonia solanacearum (Ps. solanacearum) Anthracnose: Colletotrichum corchorum and C. gloeosporioides Black Band: Botryodiplodia theobromae Mosaic : Virus Soft rot: Sclerotium rolfsii 6 M A J O R
STEM ROT C.O. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.  Most serious disease of jute affecting both fibre and seed yield.  It damages both Olitorius and Capsularis varieties.  Frequent epiphytotics occurs in almost all jute growing areas.  Extent of damage depends on rainfall pattern, soil temperature, soil moisture and variety.  More in acid soil with pH below 5.8 and K deficiency.  Continuous rain and high RH and temperature around 34o C+ are congenial. Symptoms 1.Damping off: New seedlings rot above and below soil 2.Seedling blight: Cotyledons turn brown to black and seedlings die 3.Stem rot: Dark brown lesion on stem may extend vertically or horizontally up to 10 - 15 cm or higher, plants wilt or break. 4.Collar rot: Brown discolouration /necrotic wounds on stem at soil level with adventitious roots. 5.Root rot: Stem turns dark brown to black, wilting, defoliate and stand as naked stem and finally die/dry. Brown spots on leaves appear in June – July. Stem infection comes from blighted leaves through petioles and nodes. Damping off Seedling blight Stem rot Root rot Stem rot Wilting POD INFECTION SEED CROP
Grassroot level stem rot disease scenario of jute at (1) Kushmandi Block and (2) Kaliaganj Block of North Dinajpur District and (3) Rotua block of Malda district, WB
STEM ROT DISEASE SCENARIO OF JUTE
HOOGHLY WILT Bacteria = Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum  Wilting of leaves starts from base upwards  Affected stems are soft  Slimy fluid comes out on slight pressing  Ooze test positive  First observed in 1950s in Tarakeswar of Hooghly district  Later in Howrah, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Burdwan, etc.  Where jute crop is followed by potato  Very serious disease of Olitorius jute during 1970 – 80  Even up to 40 % plants were infected.  M. phaseolina and M. incognita facilitate entry of bacteria. BLACK BAND CO - Botryodiplodia theobromae  It was a minor disease earlier, but gradually fast spreading on new varieties of both species.  Now incidence is quiet high. Causes serious damage in older crops from July onwards.  Often no fibre and seed may be obtained. Blackish brown lesion, darker than stem rot, Spots enlarge and girdle stem, withering of apical and side branches Plants defoliate, turn brown to black and stand as dry stick Stem breaks at the point of infection and plants die On rubbing with finger on spots profuse black sooty powdery mass of spores adhere to fingers not found in stem rot Crops raised from infected seeds show sedling blight symptoms
•Pathogen is also transmitted through infected seeds. •Sporulation is often observed on infected seeds. •Infected seeds are mostly produced from infected crop. SEED TRANSMISSION Pycnidia of M. phaseolina on jute seed Spores of Colletotrichum on jute seed
ROOT KNOT NEMATODE Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica C. capsularis C. olitorius Extent of damage : 15 – 20 %  The galls are white globular swellings in roots due to penetration of larvae.  Translocation of water and nutrients blocked. Plants shows yellowing and stunted growth.  Sometimes predispose plant to root rot and wilt infection.
1. Insecticides and nematicides: Thiometon, Nematox, Nemagon, are important. Granular insecticides, e.g., Carbofuran, Phorate, etc. reduced nematode population and increased fibre yield compared to control. 2. Organic amendments, namely, cakes of karanj, mahua, groundnut, sawdust, cow dung, castor, chicken manure, etc., 3. Cultural practices, like, removal of stubbles, weeding, thinning, crop rotation with paddy and wheat for two years reduced root knot nematode population in jute field. 4. Screening for resistance against root knot nematode resulted in few tolerant lines in both species of jute (Laha et al., 1995 a, b). 5. Studies on the seasonal variation of population revealed that the population of Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus and Hoplolaimus gradually increased with growth of jute plants, but decreased during winter in absence of suitable host plant, as they are endoparasitic in nature (Laha et al., 1988). 6. Soil Application: Paecilomyces lilacinus (Bio-Nematon) 8 Litres or 10 kg / hectare with incubation for 10 - 15 days with organic fertilizer / well decomposed organic manure / field soil / any other locally available FYM/ Cowdung /organic carrier and applied around the rhizosphere uniformly for existing crops in the field. MANAGEMENT ROOT KNOT NEMATODE
Keep pests numbers below harmful (ET) level instead of eradication Protect and conserve the environment including biodiversity Make plant protection feasible, safe and economical even for smaller farmers INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 3 Es • HIGHLY EFFECTIVE • ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE • ECOLOGICALLY SOUND  3 Rs  Resurgence  Resistance  Residues OBJECTIVES OF IPM • NO TO COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF PESTS AND PATHOGENS • TO KEEP POPULATION BELOW ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL • SAFE TO ENVIRONMENT CONCEPT OF IPM • ITS NOT A SINGULAR METHOD APPROACH • FROM SOWING TO HARVESTING JUDICIOUS COMBINATION OF ALL AVAILABLE METHODS • COEXISTENCE OF CROP, PESTS AND PATHOGENS AT BELOW ETL • NO CHEMICAL HARMFUL TO ENVIRONMENT IDM IPM ICM Farming system According to FAO panel of experts (1968), IPM has been defined as “pest management system that in the context of associated environment and pest population dynamics of pest species, it utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible and maintains the pest population below those causing economic injury.” It is not a simply juxtaposition or superimposition of two control techniques but integration of all management techniques (such as, chemical and biological controls) with the natural regulating and limiting elements of the environment.
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SPREAD OF STEM ROT DISEASE OF JUTE SOIL – Deep ploughing, Lime, FYM, Solarization AIR BORNE SPORES SEED TREATMENT carbendazim, mancozeb, Trichoderma
STRATEGY IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF JUTE AGRONOMIC MANIPULATION Crop Rotation, Crop residues, Date of sowing, Spacing, Drainage, Weeding FUNGICIDE SPRAY carbendazim, mancozeb copper oxy chloride SEED TREATMENT carbendazim, mancozeb, Trichoderma DISEASE MANAGEMENT SOIL TREATMENT Lime, FYM, Sun, Bleaching powder
ETL = Economic threshold level Economic threshold (Action threshold): The pest density or level of damage at which a control measure is needed to prevent economic loss. Economic thresholds are not static; they change with fluctuating market values or control costs. In Jute : Insects pests 10 % or more Disease 2 % or more Pest population without management
• SEED: Use preferably certified seed or pathogen free healthy seed • Seed health testing: Seed lot with more than 15 % infection of anthracnose is unfit for sowing, even after seed treatment. • Sowing time: Mid March to mid April, but late sown jute suffers from less stem rot SELECTION OF VARIETY: JRO 204, JRO 8432, JRO 128, JRO 524, JRO 66. Less stem rot on JRO 32 in Barrackpore, Coochbehar and Katihar than JRO 524. JRO 524 is less affected in Singur areas. SEED IN IPM Breeder seed: Directly controlled by the originating or sponsoring plant breeder, genetically pure Foundation Seed: Progeny of Breeder seed or foundation seed Certified Seed: Progeny of foundation seed, maintain specific genetic identity and purity and seed health test SOIL IN IPM  Selection of land: Medium to high land, sandy loam soil  Land preparation: Deep summer ploughing, good tilth  Soil solarization with ploythene sheet raises inside temp. by 10 oC and kills pathogens.  Acidity of soil: For soil with pH below 5.8 and K deficiency, apply 2 – 4 tonnes /ha of lime or gypsum one month before sowing.
• Clean cultivation: Destroy residues/ stubbles of previous crop • Spacing: Row 25 – 30 cm and plant 5 – 6 cm by thinning (5- 6 lakh plants /ha or 50 – 60 plants /sqm). • Drainage: Poorly drained soil attract more disease • Weeding: Weeds are hosts of pathogens. Stem rot, soft rot and Hooghly wilt have wide host range • Fertilizer: Balanced, NPK: (30 :30:30/ha Basal)+ 15 N at Ist weeding +15 N at 2nd weeding. • Organic manure: FYM or compost 7 – 8 tonnes /ha before sowing AGRONOMIC MANIPULATION CROP ROTATION in IPM Jute – rice – rice / wheat/ mustard / winter vegetables, except solanaceous, like, potato, brinjal, tomato. They are hosts of Hooghly wilt,
Rogueing is important. Single plant diseased Millions and Millions of spores Inoculum for new infections Same variety/ field Different variety/ field Potential for creating epiphytotic Destroy by burning or burry under soil Met. factors, e.g., temperature relative humidity, soil moisture, etc. Uprooting and throwing are not useful.
No strategy-no benefit
Killing of pathogens with other living organism Kills by competition, mycoparasitism and antibiosis (toxin or enzymes) PROCESS: Biocontrol agents are isolated from nature, tested on pathogens in lab, mass cultured on cheap media, tested viability and then applied in field. Examples in jute: Fungi –Trichoderma spp., Aspergillus niger, PGPR – Promotes plant growth, suppresses disease, e.g., Fluorescent Pseudomonas BIOLOGICAL CONTROL PGPR – Pseudomonus fluorescens PGPR + Pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TOMATO DAMPING-OFF WITH TRICHODERMA (GLIOCLDIUM) VIRENS
Green manuring with sunnhemp Deep plowing with tractor Polythene mulching Field application of green mold – Trichoderma with manure Soil treatment Crop Rotation
Biological control of plant diseases Diseases: Jute stem rot CO Macrophomina phaseolina Sunnhemp wilt CO Fusarium udum f. sp. crotalariae Mesta foot and stem rot CO Phytopththora parasaitica var. sabdariffae SN Fungal antagonist Disease control Mechanism of action Benefit 1 Trichoderma virive Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Strong antagonist Antibiotic producing Siderophore producing Apart from, increasing fibre yield, growth promotion, root nodulation, they are harmless to environment and beneficial organisms, no health hazard, no residual toxicity, No biomagnification, etc. 2 Aspergillus niger AN 27 Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Strong antagonist Growth promoting Siderophore producing 3 Trichoderma virens (=Gliocladium virens) Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Medium antagonist Strong antagonist 4 Trichoderma harzianum Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Medium antagonist Strong antagonist 5 Aspergillus niger AN 5 Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Medium antagonist Medium antagonist Bacterial antagonist 6 Fluorescent pseudomonad = Pseudomonas fruorescens Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Strong antagonist Growth promoting Siderophore producing 7 Pseudomonas glumae Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Strong antagonist Growth promoting Siderophore producing
Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) • Bt is one of the most common microorganisms used in biological control of insects of orders Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Diptera (flies, mosquitoes), Coleoptera (beetles), Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants and sawflies), nematodes. • Bt is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling, rod-shaped bacterium that produces protein toxins lethal to many pest species, including caterpillars, beetles, and mosquito larvae. • These toxins are harmless to humans, birds, and other beneficial wildlife. • During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal proteins (proteinaceous inclusions or Cry proteins, which are encoded by cry genes in plasmid) called Delta δ-endotoxins, that have insecticidal action. Commercial Bt products contain endotoxin crystals or a mixture of crystals and Bt spores. • In insects, the toxin acts as a selective stomach poison. • When an insect pest ingests Bt toxins from treated leaves, feeding stops within minutes and starves to death in 1-3 days. Smaller larvae die more quickly. • When insects ingest toxin crystals, their alkaline digestive tracts denature the insoluble crystals, making them soluble and cut with proteases in insect midgut, which liberate toxin from crystal. Cry toxin is then inserted into insect gut cell membrane, paralyzing the digestive tract and forming a pore. Bt bacteria may also colonize the insect to death. • More recently to genetically modified crops using Bt genes, such as Bt corn, Bt cotton. Bt israelensis is used for mosquitoes and of fungus gnats. • Dose @ 1.5 – 2 g per L. DiPel® Highly specific and natural origin, no harm to bees, predators, parasites, humans, wildlife or the environment.
SEED TREATMENT METHOD BAVISTIN 2 g BAVISTIN 2 g 1 kg seed 1 kg seed
SEED TREATMENT METHOD BEFORE MIXING AFTER MIXING COMPARISON BETWEEN TREATED AND UNTREATED SEEDS OF JUTE
Seed treatment is cheap and best Removes deep seated seed-borne inoculum Reduces soil inoculum Protective barrier around seed, root and rhizosphere Systemic into seedlings, e.g., carbendazim Healthy and vigourous seedlings Growth promotion effect, e.g., carbendazim
Bleaching powder [Ca(OCl)2], a new option 1. M. phaseolina was completely checked in food poisoning technique in vitro at 5000 μg/ml of bleaching powder. 2. In the field, soil application of bleaching powder @ 30 kg/ha 7 days ahead of sowing was found best against jute stem rot compared to check (with no soil application) and higher (50 – 150 kg/ha) and lower (5 – 20 kg/ha) doses in all the four dates (30 – 120 DAS) of observations. 3. It restricted stem rot of jute to 2.1 and 6 % as compared to 15.1 and 24 % in untreated check at 90 – 120 DAS, respectively. 4. As the dose of bleaching powder increased from @ 5 – 150 kg/ha, the jute stem rot decreased slowly reaching minimum at 30 kg/ha indicating that this dose being most effective against jute stem rot. De and Ghorai, 2014, 2019 Atmospheric CO2 and water react with bleaching powder (Ca(OCl)2) to release hypochlorous acid which gives a characteristic smell to bleaching powder. Hypochlorous acid decomposes readily to atomic oxygen. This atomic oxygen acts as bleaching agent through oxidation. Ca(OCl)2 + H2O + CO2 → CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HClO hypochlorous acid HClO → HCl + [O] atomic oxygen 2HCl + [O] → H2O + Cl2 chlorine
Soil application of Bleaching powder 30 kg/ha 7 days ahead of sowing
INSECTS PEST MANAGENT WHEN DAMAGE IS MORE THAN 10 % • Spray Nimerin @ 3 – 4 ml / litre of water with B. bassiana In case of high infestation • Spray chloropyriphos (Dursban) @ 2 ml / litre of water • Spray imidachloprid @ 1 ml / 5 litre of water • For spraying one acre jute crop 200 litres of water is required.
LEVEL OF USE OF SAFE PESTICIDES FIRST LEVEL When damage is more than 10 %,  Spray Neem oil @ 3 – 4 ml / litre of water  Apply Nimbidin 15 % G (Nimgon G) @ 9 kg/ha  Spray Nimerin @ 3 – 4 ml / litre of water with B. bassiana  Foliar application of Bt formulation @ 1 ml/ litre of water SECOND LEVEL  Spray chloropyriphos (Dursban) @ 2 ml / litre of water  Spray Profenophos 50 EC (Curacron) 2.0 ml / litre of water THIRD LEVEL In case of high infestation: Spray  Chlorpyriphos 50 % EC + Cypermethrin 5 % EC (Nurel D, Super D, Canon, Hamla) @ 1.5 ml / litre of water OR  Profenofos 40 % EC + Cypermethrin 4 % EC (Rocket, Profex Super, Polytren C) @ 1.5 ml / litre of water FOURTH LEVEL In case of HIGHER infestation: Spray  Imidachloprid (Confidor) @ 1 - 2 ml / 5 litre of water OR  Flubendiamide 39.35 % SC (Fame, Belt, Fenos) @ 0.3 ml / litre of water OR  Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (Missile, Proclaim) @ 0.5 ml / litre of water OR  Lambda-cyhalaothrin 5 EC (Karate, Devashakti, Agent plus) @ 0.75 ml / litre of water OR  Chlorantraniliprol 18.5 % SC (Choragen, Ferrtera) @ 0.3 ml / litre of water
ACARICIDES FOR MANAGEMENT OF YELLOW MITE OF JUTE • Fenazaquin Magister @2 ml /litre • Propargite Oomite @ 2ml/litre • Fenpyroximate Mitigate @ 2 ml/litre • Spiromecifen 22.9 % Oberon @ 1.0 ml/litre
New systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids) against sucking pests: Brown plant hopper, Aphids, Jassids, Thrips, Whiteflies  Thiamethoxam Ektara @ 2.5 g/10 litre  Imidacloprid Confidor @ 2 ml/10 litre  Acetamiprid Pound @ 1 g/5 litre  Dinotefuran Osheen @ 150-200 g / Ha) 1 hectare = 100x100 sq. m, 1 acre = 4000 sq. m, 1 Bigha = 1333.33 sq. m, 1 Katha = 66.67 sq. m. For spraying, one acre requires 300 litres of water = 100 litre / Bigha = 75 ml/ sq. m. Action: Disruption of insect's nervous system by inhibiting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Chlorantraniliprole is an anthranilic diamide insecticide, Rynaxypyr specifically targets insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs), (coragen) 20SC that are critical for muscle contraction and @ 0.4 ml per liter of water has very low mammalian toxicity, primarily Lepidopteran larvicide
NEW APPROACHES GRANULAR INSECTICIDES • Cartap hydrochloride 4% G (Padan 4 G) @ 7.5 kg / Acre • Fipronil 0.3% G (Regent G) @ 5 kg / Acre • Phorate 10 % (Foratox 10G) @ 10 kg / ha • Carbofuran 3% G @ 33 kg / ha • Carbosulfan 6% G (Marshal G) @ 7.5 kg /ha SEED TREATMENT INSECTICIDES  Imidachloprid (Gaucho) @ 4 g/kg seed  Thiomethoxam (Cruiser) @ 5 g/kg seed  Chloropyriphos (Classic 20) @ 4 ml/kg seed
LOW COST TRAPS PHEROMONE TRAP Uses pheromones or sex hormones to lure insects. Pheromone traps are very sensitive, may attract insects present at very low densities. They are often used to detect presence of pests, or for sampling, monitoring, or to determine the first appearance of a pest in an area. Pheromone traps are highly species-specific and inexpensive and easy. STICKY TRAP  Used for any crop in any season.  It lasts for more than 45 days in open.  In India more than 1000 farmers are using the same repeatedly.  It reduces chemical load on ecology.  Most effective and cheapest solution  White Fly, Green Fly, Aphid, Jassids, PHEROGLOW TRAP Insects attracted to the pheromone or /and light are drawn to the Traps and fall into the pool of emulsion/water in the tub, drown and die. The dead insects can then be removed from the Traps at appropriate intervals and tub LIGHT TRAP Important IPM tool. It consists of a light (bright white, bluish, mercury bulb is the best) and collection pot with H2O. Widely used to control menace of pests. Light source attracts the phototrophic insects such as moths, flies, beetles, wasps & other night flying insects, etc. Effectiveness enhanced if positioned beside a white wall or white sheet hung next to it.
PESTICIDE FORMULATION Biological activity of a pesticide, be it chemical or biological in nature, is determined by its active ingredient (AI). Pesticide products very rarely consist of pure technical material. AI is usually formulated with other materials and this is sold as product, but it may be further diluted in use. Formulations improves the properties of a chemical for handling, storage, application and may substantially influence effectiveness and safety Water miscible: Most frequently used products are formulations for mixing with water then applying as sprays. Older formulations include: EC Emulsifiable concentrate WP Wettable powder SL Soluble (liquid) concentrate SP Soluble powder Newer, non-powdery formulations with reduced or no use of hazardous solvents and improved stability include: SC Suspension concentrate CS Capsule suspensions WG Water dispersible granules Other common formulations include granules (GR), dusts (DP) and microgranules (MG) for improved safety. Specialist formulations are available for ultra-low volume spraying, fogging, fumigation, etc. Very occasionally, some pesticides (e.g. malathion) may be sold as technical material (TC - which is mostly AI).  seed treatment and bait formulations are available for rodent pest control, etc.
Calculation of amount of pesticides (A) Millilitre /per litre of water  Simplest and easy  Water requirement per sqm/bigha/acre /ha  Volume of sprayer  Nozzle adjustment  Speed of person spraying (B) At the rate of 0.x % Method of calculation (1) For 100 ml water pesticide needed 0.x ml 1 ml……. …….. 0.x /100 ml 1000 ml or 1 litre ……….0.xX1000/100 ml = x ml per litre a.i. (2) Conversion of AI to trade product Suppose, AI = y % We get y ml / mg AI in 100 ml /mg of trade product …… 1 ………… 100/y ………………… …… x ……….. 100.x/y ………............. (3) Finally, we get, 100.x/y millilitre/per litre water (4) Water requirement per sq m/bigha/acre/ha (5) Volume of sprayer (6) Nozzle adjustment (7) Speed of person spraying Dose: (1) Active ingredient = AI, (2) Formulation / Trade product © gm AI per ha or acre (1) Conversion to gm AI per bigha/3 (2) Water requirement per sq m/bigha/acre/ha (3) Volume of sprayer (4) Nozzle adjustment (5) Speed of person spraying
Unrestricted use of pesticides in field
Fate of Pesticides after Application Leaching to groundwater occurs when soluble pesticides Movement in runoff water occurs when soluble or insoluble pesticides Absorption Uptake into plant tissues Fate of Pesticides Erosion Pesticide moves off site by rains or irrigation or soil Degradation Soon it begins to break down or degrade into simpler compounds which are usually less toxic.
Degradation Processes of pesticides Volatilization liquid chemical on a plant or soil surface can be converted into a vapor, escaping into atmosphere. Microbiological Degradation bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa break down or degrade pesticides Photolysis (photocomposition) by light Degradation of pesticides Hydrolysis by dividing large molecules into smaller ones, As soon as pesticide is applied, it begins to break down or degrade into simpler compounds which are usually less toxic.
Mass balance of foliar-spray of a pesticide National Research Council. 1993. Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2132.
Drones or unmanned aerial vehicles Use of Drones: Spraying pesticides and nutrients, surveying farmlands, monitoring soil and crop health. Advantages: Reduces the contact of humans with fertilisers, pesticides. High efficiency for quick job and uniform spraying of pesticides, minimum human labour, Drones to be yet another like power tillers, tractors, sprayers, pumps, et al. But who will pay for KISAN drone ? With a 10 kg payload will cost Rs 350-450 per acre. In 6 hours, covers about 30 acres of farmland.
Useful acaricides and their dosage Useful nematicides and their dosage Common name Trade name ml per litre of water Common name Trade name Dose per acre Abamectin 1.9 % EC Vartimek 0.5 ml Carbofuran 3 % G Furadan 3G, Furi 3G, Denfuron 3G 9 - 12 kg Fenazaquin 10 % EC Magister 2 ml Carbosulfan 6 % G Marshal G 7.5 kg Fenpyroximate 5 % SC Sedna 1.5 ml Nimbidin 15 % G Nimgon G 9 kg Fenpyroximate 5 % EC Mitigate 1.5 ml Hexithiazox 5.45 % EC Maiden 1.5 ml Milbemectin 1 % EC Milbinok 1.0 ml Propargite 57 % EC Oomite 2 ml Spiromecifen 22.9 % Oberon 1.0 ml
DISEASE MANAGENT IN JUTE WHEN INCIDENCE IS MORE THAN 2 % Spray carbendazim (Bavistin 50 WP; JK Stein 50 WP; Derosal) @ 2.0 g / litre of water mancozeb (Indofil M 45, Dithane M 45) @ 5.0 g / litre of water copper oxy chloride (Blitox 50; Blue copper 50; Fytolan) @ 4.0 – 5.0 g / litre of water In case of very high incidence spary carbendazim - copper oxy chloride – carbendazim at 10 days interval
Table. Chemical name of fungicide, trade products and method of application jute crop Chemical name of fungicide Trade products Effective against diseases of jute crop Method of application Dosage of seed treatm ent Dosage of spray Carbendazim (MBC) Bavistin 50 WP JK stein 50 WP Derosal 50 WP Stem rot, Hooghly wilt, Anthracnose, Soft rot, Black band Seed treatment and / or spray 2.0 g / Kg seed 2.0 g / litre of water Copper oxychloride (COC) Blitox 50 WP Fytolan 50 WP Blue Copper 50 WP Do Spray - 4.0 – 5.0 g / litre of water Mancozeb Dithane M 45 Indofil M 45 Do Seed treatment and / or Spray 5.0 g / Kg seed 5.0 g / litre of water
FUNGICIDES FOR JUTE DISEASE MANAGEMENT DOSE: 0.1 % ACTIVE INGREDIENT OR 2 G PER KG SEED OR 2 G /LITRE WATER DOSE: 0.3 % ACTIVE INGREDIENT OR 6 G /LITRE WATER DOSE: 0.3 % ACTIVE INGREDIENT OR 5 G PER KG SEED OR 5 G /LITRE WATER
Birds as friends: predators of Lepidopteran pests Birds as friends: Good provision for sitting of birds around the fields; predators of lepidopteran pests, lower the population
LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST Prevention is better than cure. A stitch in time saves nine.
Jute Crop Calendar* Time Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Soil/ Field Deep ploughing/ exposure to sun + FYM/ Compost /Lime/Green manuring Basal NPK=26:40:40/ha + Bleaching powder @ 30 kg/ha First weeding at 15 DAS + Top dressing N 27 kg/ha Second weeding at 45 DAS + Top dressing N 27 kg/ha Crop Sowing Thinning to 50- 60 plants /sq m Harvest ing Retting Stem rot Seed treatment with Carbendazim @2 g/kg Spray Carbendazim @2 g/L Spray Tebuconazole @2 ml/L Insect pests Spray profenophos /chloropyriphos @2ml/L Spray chloropyriph os+cypermet hrin @ 1.5ml/L Yellow mite Spray Spiromecifen @ 1ml/L Weeds Pre-emergence application of butachlor @3ml/L within 48 hr of sowing in moist soil Post-emergence application of quizalofop ethyl @ 2ml/L at 15- 20 DAS *Timing of each operation is based on past experience and may be finalized to suit local factors and conditions.
PLANT PROTECETION EQUIPMENTS
SAFE METHOD OF USING PESTICIDES  Keep pesticides out of reach of children  Surplus insecticide solution can be disposed of safely by pouring into a pit hole in the ground.  Bottles or packages to be buried must be made unusable.  The reuse of pesticide containers is risky and not recommended.  Use suitable equipment for measuring out, mixing and transferring insecticides.  Clean blocked nozzles with a soft probe. Use the pressure-release valve of the pump or a soft probe to clear blockages in the nozzle.  Wear gloves when handling concentrates.  Care should be taken not to touch any part of the body with gloves while handling pesticides. General hygiene  Do not eat, drink or smoke while using insecticides.  Keep food in tightly closed boxes.  Do not stir liquids or scoop pesticide with bare hands.  Wash the hands and face with soap and water each time the pump has been refilled.  Eat and drink only after washing the hands and face .  Take a shower or bath at the end of the day. Protective equipments  The discharge from the sprayer should be directed away from the body.  Leaking equipment should be repaired.  Skin should be washed after any accidental contamination.  Cooking utensils, food and drinking-water containers should be put safely. PESTICIDE POISONING  Extreme weakness and fatigue.  Skin: irritation, burning sensation, sweating  Eyes: itching, burning sensation, watering.  Digestive system: burning sensation in mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea.  Nervous system: headaches, dizziness, slurred speech, fits, unconsciousness.  Respiratory system: cough, chest pain and tightness, difficulty with breathing, wheezing.
THANK YOU Suggestions are welcome at rkde @rediffmail.com or 9883429344

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প্রাকিতিক ও জৈব চাষ ২০২৩.ppt

  • 2.
    পাট ভিভিক ফসল প্রণালীতেপ্রাক ৃ ভেক ও জৈব চাষ ক ৃ भाक ृ अनुप - क े न्द्रीय पटसन एवं समवर्गीय रेशा अनुसंधान संस्थान ICAR - Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres ISO 9001 : 2015 Certified Institute (An autonomous organisation under DARE, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, GoI) Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700121 রাৈীব ক ু মার দে প্রধান জবজ্ঞাভনক
  • 3.
    মাননীয় প্রধানমন্ত্রী শ্রীনরেন্দ্র মমাদি 2019 সারেে স্বাধীনতা দিবরস োে মেল্লাে প্রাচীে মেরে জাদতে উরেরে ভাষণ মিওয়াে সময় বরেদিরেন, 1. “আমরা দেিাতব রাসায়ভনক সার এবং কীটনাশক বযবহার করভি, ো মাটটর স্বাতযযর ক্ষভে করতি। 2. এেজন ে ৃ ষে দিরসরব, এই মাটিে সন্তান দিরসরব এে স্বারযেে ক্ষদত েোে অদধোে আমাে মনই। 3. আমাে ভােত মারে িুঃখ মিওয়াে অদধোে আমাে মনই এবং তারে অসয েোে অদধোেও আমাে মনই। 4. আমো খব েীঘ্রই আমারিে স্বাধীনতাে 75 বিে পূণ ণেেব। 5. শ্ররেয় বাপ আমারিে পে মিদখরয়রিন। আমারিে দে আমারিে মক্ষরত োসায়দনে সারেে বেবিাে 10% বা 20% বা 25% েমারনা উদচত নয় এবং যদি সম্ভব িয় তরব আমারিে দে মক্তি অদভযান (অদভযান) চাে েো উদচত নয়? 6. এটট হতব ৈাভের ৈনয একটট মহান দসবা। এটট হতব
  • 4.
    নযাচারাল ফভম ম ংহল একটট ক ৃ ভষ পদ্ধভে দেখাতন প্রাক ৃ ভেক উপাোন বযবহার কতর ফসল উৎপােন করা হয়। এই পদ্ধভেতে প্রধানেঃ ক ৃ ষকরা যানীয় উপাোন বযবহার কতর সুষম মাটটর মতধয ভবভিন্ন প্রকাতরর পভরষ্কার কাব ম ন উৎস জেভর কতর ো পভরতবশ ও মানব স্বাতযযর উন্নয়তন সহায়ো কতর। নযাচারাল ফভম ম ং ক ৃ ভষতে দকাতনা জৈব বা রাসায়ভনক উপাোন বযবহার করা হয় না এবং দস প্রাক ৃ ভেক উপাোন বযবহার কতর ো প্রক ৃ ভেতে পাওয়া োয়, দেমন দ াবর, জৈব সার, কতপাস্ট, আবহাওয়ায় ফ ু তট আসা ৈীব ও সূতে ম র োপ এবং বৃটির ৈল। এই পদ্ধভেতে বাভণজ্ৈযক ক ৃ ভষর দচতয় আরও দবভশ নযাচারাল ফভম ম ং
  • 6.
    Every year Indialoses about 18 % of its agricultural production. • Losses caused by different harmful agents ================================ Pests % Loss Monetary loss in crores (Rs.) ================================ Weeds 33 1980 Diseases 26 1560 Insect pests 20 1200 Rodents 6 360 Storage loss 7 420 Miscellaneous 8 480 ================================ Total 100 6000 ================================ India incurs loss of Rs. 6000 crores per annum. (Reference: ikisan.com; Pesticide Information, 1995) Storage loss14% Rodents 8% Insect pests 20% Diseases 26% Weeds 32% (Reference: Barooah, 1975)
  • 7.
    USE OF PESTICIDES COUNTRYPESTICIDES USED (g/Ha) Japan 10000 Europe 2000 America 1600 India 400  50 % in cotton,  9 districts,  9 states States/UTs 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Andhra Pradesh 1541 1381 1015 Bihar 870 915 828 Goa 2660 2650 2750 Haryana 4391 42.88 4070 4th Jammu and Kashmir 1248 2679.27 1640 Karnataka 1588 1675 1647 Maharashtra 3050 2400 4639 3rd Orissa NA 1155.75 1588 Punjab 6080 5760 5810 2nd Rajasthan 3804 3333 3527 Tamil Nadu 3940 2317 2335 Uttar Pradesh 7332 8968 9563 1st West Bengal 3945 41 NA India 43630.3 43860 41822 State-wise Consumption of Pesticides (Technical Grade) in India- (2007-2008 to 2009-2010) (In MT)
  • 8.
    RESIDUE OF PESTICIDES আমারিে খািে উপািারনে 60% েীিনােে দ্বাো িূদষত িরয়রি।  এইগুভলর মতধয, 14% সীমার উপতর কীটনাশক রতয়তি োরা অনুতমােন কতরতিন।  প্রায় সব খািে উপািানই িূদষত, মযমন, চাে, গম, োেসবক্তজ, চা, েদি, মতে, ডাে, মাি, দডম, গরুে িধ, মারয়ে িধ, ইতোদি।  োিাড়া এর দেতক ৈল PESTICIDE POISONING : 3 types Acute poisoning: Single and short-term very high level of exposure to commit suicide. Chronic poisoning: Long-term high-level exposure; users, formulators and manufacturers. Chronic poisoning: Long-term low-level exposure; pesticide residues in air, water, soil, sediment, food materials, plants and animals. Pesticide pollution: Chinese tea may not be safe to drink. Blogpost by Monica Tan - 2012-04-13 at 11:56. Is China's tea actually safe to drink? 12 of the 18 samples from 9 tea companies in China contained pesticide like methomyl and endosulfan, banned globally under the Stockholm Convention.
  • 9.
    BAD EFFECTS OFPESTICIDES • Insects, pathogens, weeds become tolerant • Resurgence of pests, diseases, weeds • Harmful to beneficial organisms, e.g., pollinating insects, parasites, predators • Loss of biodiversity esp. vulnerable spp. • Health hazards: carcinogenic, mutagen, damage to embryo, ozone layer (10%)
  • 10.
    PESTICIDE TRAGEDY Accidental Oral SuicidalInhalation Homicidal Dermal Occupational Eye contact Residential Yavatmal district of Maharashtra: Forty farmers have died after spraying monocrotophos, ‘Profex Super’ insecticide on their Bt cotton plantations. Four others lose vision, 70 hospitalized (Oct. 2017). ENDOSULFAN DISASTER IN KASARGOD AND KANNUR: In 1976- 2000, more than 50,000 villagers of Kasargod in Kerala were exposed to endosulfan, sprayed aerially on cashew plantations by Plantation Corporation of Kerala. More than 3000 people living near were affected. The Supreme Court on May 13, 2011 banned the production, distribution and use of endosulfan in India. Bhopal Gas Tragedy: World's Worst Industrial Disaster on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at Union Carbide Sevin carbaryl pesticide plant in Bhopal. Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas. Death toll was 3787, 558125 injuries and 3900 disabled. Pesticide Poisoning is Leading Method of Suicide: 800,000 die by suicide every year globally and about 30 percent of them kill by consuming pesticides (WHO).
  • 11.
    Ecofriendly Approaches • Biologicalcontrol , e.g., Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Beauvaria, Paciolomyces • Crop rotation : success in hooghly wilt, reduced from 42 % to 1 %, Rice – jute – potato • Transgenic plants: successful Bt cotton, still a dream in jute crop, be an optimist. Debate on Bt Brinjal, Bt jute or hybrid jute or resistant jute. • Illegal distribution of HTBT cotton seeds poses long term risk, opine experts: Herbicide Tolerant BT, weeds may also develop resistance. If the seeds do not have purity of genes then crop may get burnt due to use of herbicides. Quality, genetics, herbicide tolerance and even parentage of is a suspect.
  • 12.
    BIOCONTROL THROUGH NEEM Botanicalinsecticides, e.g., neem: from leaf and seed, avoid, antifedant, moulting hampered, compatible with biocides  The components are (1) nimbin (sulphur-free crystalline product, (2) nimbinin (similar), (3) nimbidin (cream-coloured containing amorphous sulphur and (4) Azadirachtin, belonging to the limonoid group, is a secondary metabolite present in neem seeds. (5) Nimerin.  Nimbidin is main active antibacterial ingredient, and highest yielding bitter component in neem oil. They stable and found in substantial quantities in Neem. They also serve as natural insecticides.  Neem-coated urea is an alternative to urea. It reduces pollution, improves fertilizer's efficacy and soil health.
  • 13.
    WAKE UP TOORGANIC FARMING SN Features Organic farming Modern farming 1 Practices followed Ancient techniques Scientific techniques 2 Use of pesticides, fertilizers, chemicals, etc. No Yes 3 Use of Neem, bio control, cow dung, cow urine, FYM, Compost, other natural inputs, etc. Yes May be 4 Residues of pesticides, chemicals, lead, arsenic, etc. No Yes, often more than MPL 5 Food values including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, for better health and nutrition, etc. More, delicious, healthy No 6 Artificial additives, toxic inputs, etc. Free present 7 Yield versus cost of production Less - higher More – less 8 Price difference versus demand 50% higher, Rs. 20 to 30, increasing day by day Normal 9 Place to enquire (1) Little India Haat, Vedic Village, (2) Behala Sen Haati, (3) Naktala Udayan sangha, (4) Garia Chalpatti in Kolkata and (5) NGOs all over India are promoting it. - Ref: TOI CT 20.06.2017.
  • 15.
    Study confirms thatGMO eggplant cuts pesticide use in Bangladesh BY JOAN CONROW MARCH 7, 2019
  • 16.
    Rajasthan Farmer WithExpertise In Organic Farming Class XII ড্রপআউট, রাৈযাতনর ক ৃ ষক এখন পাঠ্যক্রম জেভর করতি ো িারেতক দশখাতব “সাধােণ জদমরে এেটি দবষয়বস্তু-দনদিণষ্ট িসে উৎপািরন রূপান্তে েেরত চাে বিরেে ের াে পদেশ্রম মেরগরি। আমাে অননে দমশ্ররণে সারে, আদম এই জদমরত গভণধােরণে পেপেই এেটি গরুে দ্বাো দনগ ণ ত মধ এবং তেে দমদশ্রত েরে পেীক্ষা েরেদি। গরুে দ্বাো দনগ ণ ত প্রেম তেরে বোেরিদেয়া এবং অনোনে অণজীব েরয়রি যা বোেরিদেয়া বৃক্তেে সারে মাটিরে উন্নত েোে ক্ষমতা োরখ। এটি ভাে িোিে প্রিান েেরি,” পাদতিাে বরেরিন। জাম ণ াদন-দভদিে GBL েোরবে এেটি প্রদতরবিন যা ইউরোপ, মাদেণন যিোষ্ট্র এবং জাপারন েপ্তাদনে জনে তাে ধদনয়া অনরমািন েরেরি তাে ে ৃ দতরেে তাদেোে িাইোইি। মপেঁয়াজ, েমোরেব, মমৌদে বীজ -- তাে উৎপাদিত অনোনে েোব দেরপািণ প্রিে ণ ন েরে দতদন বরেন, "আদম উৎে ৃ ষ্ট মারনে িসে এবং সবক্তজ উৎপািন েদে।" "সবরচরয় বড় দমে আদম িূে েরেদি ময প্রাে ৃ দতে চাষ মারন োসায়দনরেে বেবিাে নয়," পাদতিাে বরেরিন। এেপে দতদন WHO এবং স্বামীনােন েদমেরনে দেরপািণ উি্ধৃত েরেন। "দবপজ্জনে োসায়দনে বেবিাে েরে দনদব ণ চারে চাষ েো বিরেে পে বিে ধরে মাটিরত োব ণ রনে পদেমাণ হ্রাস েরে এবং জদম বোেরিদেয়া, অণজীব এবং েীিপতরেে বৃক্তেে জনে েম উপরযাগী িরয় ওর , যা মাটিে মান বাড়ারনাে জনে প্ররয়াজনীয়।" অন্তত 2007 সাে পয ণ ন্ত পদতিাে এবং তাে পদেবারেে জনে জীবন এেই দিে না। এেজন িাদেদ্র্েপীদড়ত জীবন মেরে এেজন িক্ষ ে ৃ ষরেে উত্থান োসায়দনে দভদিে মেরে প্রাে ৃ দতে উপারয় তাে চাষাবারিে মেৌেরেে পদেবতণরনে মাধেরম ঘরিদন। 2003 মেরে 2007-এে মরধে চাে বিে ধরে, অসম আোে, ওজন এবং স্বারিে িসে এবং োেসবক্তজ উৎপািরনে জনে পদেবােটি ভােী ক্ষদতে সম্মখীন িরয়রি যাে মোরনা মেতা পাওয়া যায়দন। অরনে সময় পণেটি িয় গরুে দিরে দনরক্ষপ েো িয় বা তারিে মক্ষরত পেঁরত মিওয়া িয়। "আদম িটি বই মপরয়দি - ে ৃ দষ পোেে এবং দবো বল্লভ - যা আমারে েী িাদেরয়রি মস সম্পরেণ মমািামটি ধােণা দিরয়রি। এটি আমাে পেদতে এেটি দভন্ন মাত্রা দিরয়রি। আদম বঝরত মপরেদিোম ময ে ৃ দষ সম্পরেণ এেক্তত্রত প্রাচীন জ্ঞান এেে জায়গায় বা এেে বইরত পাওয়া যায় না। এখারন আমাে জীবন এেটি ি ু েমচােঁি পদতিারেে বয়স ৬২ এবং োজযারনে মরুভূদম োরজে জজব চারষ তাে উদ্ভাবরনে জনে পদ্মশ্রী মপরয়রিন। দেন্তু তাে বয়স বা পেস্কাে মোরনািাই তারে দবশ্রাম মিওয়াে জনে যরেষ্ট নয়। 7.30 িায়, পদতিাে প্রস্তুত। েতণা-পায়জামা-পদেদিত ে ৃ ষে তাে োজ সম্পরেণ েরোপেেন শুরু েেরত এে দমদনিও নষ্ট েরেন না। ঝাোওয়ারেে মনপো িারম তাে িরেে বাগারন িােঁদড়রয়, পাটিিাে এই মিূরতণ তাে জীবরন এেটি নতুন উন্নয়রনে জনে িৃেেতভারব উরিক্তজত। তারে জজব চারষে উপে এেটি পা েেম জতদে েোে জাতীয় েদমটিে অংে েো িরয়রি। েদমটিটি ইক্তিয়ান োউক্তিে িে এদিোেচাে দেসাচণ (ICAR), মেন্দ্রীয় ে ৃ দষ মন্ত্ররেে অধীরন এেটি সংযাে অধীরন আরস। পাটিিাে এেজন দ্বািে মশ্রদণে ড্রপআউি এবং স্কে মবাডণ এবং ে ৃ দষ দবশ্বদবিোেয়গুদেে জনে দেক্ষাপ্রদতষ্ঠারন জজব চাষরে এেটি েৃঙ্খো দিসারব চাে েোে জনে গট ত 14-সিরসেে েদমটিরত এেমাত্র অ-দেক্ষাগত বেক্তি। এই মক্ষরত্র তােঁে 18 বিরেে িক্ষতা এবং অদভজ্ঞতাে দভদিরত প্রে ৃ দতে ইভম মগাবংে আধাদেত ে ৃ দষ (প্রাে ৃ দতে এবং মগা-মেক্তন্দ্রে ে ৃ দষ) দবষরয় এেটি খসড়া জতদে েোে জনে তারে অন্তভু ণি েো িরয়রি। দতদন োয ণ ত িটি দমটিংরয় অংেিিণ েরেরিন এবং উজ্জাে নিীে চোঞ্চরে তাে 40 এেে ে ৃ দষ জদম মেরে োইভ উিািেণ সি তাে সনাতন ে ৃ দষ অনেীেরনে দবস্তাদেত দববেণ দিরয়রিন। “আদম উচ্ছ্বদসত ময আমো ময পা েেমটি দডজাইন েেদি তা এেটি স্বাযেেে এবং উন্নত দবশ্ব েচনা েেরব। প্রাে ৃ দতে চাষ িরে পেবতী দবপ্লব যা আগামী িেেগুদেরত দবশ্ব সাক্ষী িরত চরেরি,” পদতিাে আত্মদবশ্বারসে সারে বরেরিন৷ পদতিারেে জদমরে েরয়েটি ভারগ ভাগ েো িরয়রি, প্রদতটিে মাটিে গুণমান অননে। দতদন এেটি মিাি মার োরমন তাে জদমে সবরচরয় িাদম পণে, োে মচদে িরমরিাে এেটি চাে িি গাি মিখারত। “আপদন দে দবশ্বাস েেরত পারেন ময এগুরোে িাম প্রদত মেক্তজ 900 িাো? চাদিিা দিদল্ল এবং মম্বাইরয়ে সস এবং সাোরিে জনে পােঁচ তােো মিারিে মেরে। আদম তারিে জিদনে 40 দেরোিাম চাদিিা পূেণ েেরত অক্ষম,” পদতিাে বরেরিন ময দতদন উিােভারব দেি ু িরমরিা স্বারিে জনে অিাে েরেন। timesspecials.timesgroup.com/
  • 17.
    ভােরতে মোন োজেসম্পূণ ণ রূরপ জজব? • ভসভকম 2003 সাতল, ভসভকম আনুষ্ঠাভনকিাতব অ ম াভনক হওয়ার ভসদ্ধান্ত দনয়। • আসন্ন বিেগুদেরত, দসদেম োসায়দনে এবং েীিনােে বেবিাে মেরে তারিে উপে সম্পূণ ণদনরষধাজ্ঞা আরোপ েোে জনে এেটি রূপান্তেমূেে পদেবতণন েরেরি। • 2016 সারেে জানয়াদেরত, প্রধানমন্ত্রী নরেন্দ্র মমাদি দসদেমরে ভােরতে প্রেম, সম্পূণ ণজজব
  • 18.
    জৈব চাতষর 4টটসুভবধা কী কী? • প্রচদেত ে ৃ দষে সারে তুেনা েরে, জজব ে ৃ দষরত (1) েম েীিনােে বেবিাে েো িয়, (2) মাটটর ক্ষয় েমায়, (3) িূ িময ৈতল এবং িূ-পৃতষ্ঠর ৈতল নাইতেতটর ভনঃসরণ হ্রাস পায় এবং (4) পশুে বজণে খামারে পনোয় বেবিাে েো িয়। এই সদবধাগুদে মভািারিে জনে উচ্চ খািে খেচ এবং সাধােণত েম িেন দ্বাো ভােসামেিীন িয়।
  • 19.
    প্রাে ৃ দতে চাষাবাি"িেওো পেদত", • "চারষে প্রাে ৃ দতে উপায়" বা "দেি ু ই না েো চাষ" দিসারবও উরল্লখ েো িয়, মাসারনাব িেওো (1913-) দ্বাো প্রদতটষ্ঠত এেটি পদেরবেগত ে ৃ দষ পেদত 2008)। • িেওো, এেজন জাপাদন ে ৃ ষে এবং িাে ণ দনে, তাে 1975 সারেে বই িে ওয়ান- স্ট্র দবপ্লরব এই েব্দটি চাে েরেদিরেন। • প্রাে ৃ দতে ে ৃ দষ এেটি বন্ধ পেদত, মযটি মানরষে দ্বাো সেবোিে ৃ ত ইনপিগুদেে িাদব েরে না এবং প্রে ৃ দতে অনেেণ েরে। • িেওোে প্রাে ৃ দতে চাষাবারিে অনেীেন আধদনে প্রযক্তিে জাপারনে সবরচরয় প্রযক্তিগতভারব উন্নত খামােগুদেে সারে ধাোবাদিেভারব তুেনীয় িেন প্রিে ণ ন েরেরি, যা িূষণ, মাটিে ক্ষদত, েক্তি খেচ এবং পদেরবেগত অবক্ষয় িাড়াই েরেরি। • এই প্রযক্তিে মনদতবাচে পাশ্ব ণ -প্রদতক্তেয়া িাড়াই প্রে ৃ দত যদি এেই েেম িেন অজণন েেরত সক্ষম িয় তরব মেন আমো খািে উৎপািরনে প্রক্তেয়ায় আধদনে প্রযক্তি প্ররয়াগ েেব। • যদিও প্রাে ৃ দতে চাষরে জজব চারষে এেটি উপরসি দিসারব দবরবচনা েো িয়, তরব এটি প্রে ৃ দতরে দবেি েরে এমন আরেেটি আধদনে মেৌেে বরে মরন েো িয়। • তাে পেদত জে িূষণ, জীবববদচরত্রেে ক্ষদত এবং মাটিে ক্ষয় মোধ েরে, এবং
  • 20.
    Broad-spectrum botanical pesticidesfor Natural Farming Neemastra: Crush 5 kg neem leaves in water, add 5 lit cow urine and 2 kg cow dung, ferment for 24 hours with intermittent stirring, filter squeeze the extract and dilute to 100 lit, use as foliar spray over one acre, useful against sucking pests and mealy bugs. Agniastra Add 10 Litres of Cow's Urine to the Pot. cut the Tobacco leaf (1 kg) and add them to the Cow's Urine. cut the Green Chillies (500 g) and add them as well. cut the Neem Leaves (5 kg) and adds the garlic pulp (125 g). Boil this mixture continuously for 5 times. Allow this solution to ferment for 24 hours. Before use @ 30 ml / litre, Filters the solution using a cloth. Brahmastra: Crush 3 kg neem leaves in 10 lit cow urine. Crush 2 kg custard apple leaf, 2 kg papaya leaf, 2 kg pomegranate leaves, 2 kg guava leaves in water. Mix the two and boil 5 times at some interval till it become half. Keep for 24 hrs, then filter squeeze the extract. This can be stored in bottles for 6 months. Useful against sucking pests, pod/fruit borers. Dilute 2-2.5 lit of this extract to 100 lit for 1 acre.
  • 21.
    The Times OfIndia – Kolkata 15 Oct 2019
  • 23.
    INSECT PESTS OFJUTE INDIGO CATERPILLAR APION YELLOW MITE INSECT PESTS OF JUTE JUTE SEMILOOPER BIHAR HAIRY CATERPILLAR GREY WEEVIL
  • 24.
    Jute hairy caterpillar Jutesemilooper Yellow mite Indigo caterpillar Jute stem weevil and Mealybug Grey weevil 0-20 DAS* 20-40 DAS 40-60 DAS 60-80 DAS 80-100 DAS 100-120 DAS Infestation period of jute pests with respect to crop growth stages *Days after sowing CROP AGE
  • 25.
    INDIGO CATERPILLAR Spodoptera lituraHubner , S. exigua (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)  Its polyphagous pest  It attacks seedling stage up to 20 DAS.  Top leaves are folded together by caterpillars and damage tender leaves.  After thinning of seedlings severity of attack reduces considerably. Larvae of indigo caterpillar Adult indigo caterpillar • Spray chlorpyriphos 2 ml/lit; or •neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% along with suitable sticker.; •quinalphos 25 EC @ 1.5 ml/lit or •synthetic pyrethroids, •cypermethrin 25 EC 0.5 ml/lit, or •lambda cyhalothrin @ 1 ml/lit. S. exigua
  • 26.
    • Attack ofgrey weevil is restricted to top tender leaves of olitorius jute. • Generally 5-6 weeks old plants are attacked. Grey Weevil Myllocerus discolor Bohemam (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) Adult grey weevils Grey weevil damaged jute plant Courtsey: T. Ramasubramanian Grey weevil damaged jute field •azadirachtin 1% @ 3ml/lit twice at 10 days interval or two rounds of cypermethrin 25 EC @ 0.5 ml/lit at fortnightly intervals
  • 27.
    APION = STEMWEEVIL Apion corchori (Curculionidae : Coleoptera)  Pest on both species of Corchorus, but C. capsularis suffers more.  Adult females lay eggs inside stem tissues.  Mucilaginous substances are formed around tissues damaged by grub that binds fibres together; which breaks at point during fibre extraction and results in ‘knotty fibre’.  Grubs are apodous; emerge out tearing damaged shoot causing wilting in stem. Grubs feed on the internal tissue, affects growth.  Loss of apical meristem checks vertical growth and induces branching. Adult stem weevil Weevil damage in seedlings and older plants  Late sowing in April. Balanced NPK, as N increases apion. Soil application of carbofuran (1 kg ai/ ha) or foliar spray of cypermethrin 25 EC @ 0.5 ml/lit in early hours
  • 28.
     Widely distributedpest in all jute tracts. Tossa jute is more susceptible.  They remain active throughout the year on different crops.  Both nymphs and adults suck sap from younger leaves even before unfolding.  Leaves are crumpled and leaf lamina curl backward along the midrib and turn deep green with coppery brown shades with typical inverted boat like shape and drop prematurely.  Leaf lamina become coppery green with huge population of tiny mites, visible with magnifying glass.  High temperature and humidity with sunshine during April to July favor for multiplication.  High rainfall suppresses the mite population.  Water stress enhances damage. YELLOW MITE Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Tarsonemidae: Acarina)  JRO-204 and JRO-524 are less susceptible.  Sowing beyond April suffers less damage.  ETL: 110 mites/ leaf (second unfolded) • Foliar spray of mineral oil @ 3 ml/lit + neem oil @ 3ml/ lit twice. • Two sprays of spiromesifen 240 SC @ 0.8 ml/ lit at 36 and 46 DAS or abamectin 1.8 EC @ 0.8 ml/lit or fenazaquin 10 EC @ 1.5 ml/ lit or propargite 57 EC @ 2.5 ml / lit. Yellow mites on jute leaf Yellow mite eggs
  • 29.
     They appearsduring onset of monsoon. High relative humidity followed by drizzling and bright sunshine are conducive.  Jute crop is most susceptible at 50-80 DAS. Individual EIL is 10% damage at 55 DAS.  95% damage is restricted to 9 fully opened leaves.  Feed voraciously on top tender leaves.  Growing points are eaten and destroyed, totally defoliated and induce profuse branching, internodes shortened.  Larval period for 9-16 days and third instar larvae are most destructive and pupate under dry leaves or soil crevices. JUTE SEMILOOPER Anomis sabulifera G (Noctuidae : Lepidoptera) Semilooper adult When damage reaches 15% , spray profenophos @ 2 ml/lit. or fenvalerate 20EC @ 1.0 ml/lit or cypermethrin 25EC @ 0.5 ml/lit. or lamdacyhalothrin 5EC @ 1 ml/lit. Sprays towards apical portion of plant rather than whole plant as infestation is confined to top leaves. Foliar spray of Bt formulation @ 1kg/ ha.
  • 30.
     Polyphagous, infestsjute and mesta  Eggs are laid in groups, covered with hair on leaves.  Larvae are gregarious and scrap chlorophyll content of leaves, making network of veins.  Caterpillar feeds voraciously on leaves, soft stem and green pods. BIHAR HAIRY CATERPILLAR Spilosoma obliqua (Acrtiidae: Lepidoptera) Management  Regular monitoring to spot early oviposition.  Removal of egg masses and gregarious larvae. They may be destroyed by mechanical means simply by picking and dipping in kerosene oil and water.  Foliar application of (1) cypermethrin 25 EC @ 1.2 ml/lit, (2) lambdacyhalothrin 5 EC @ 1 ml/lit.
  • 31.
    Mealy bugs inthe basal part of jute stem Farmers showing mealy bug infested jute plants MEALY BUG Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Phenacoccus solenopsis (Pseudococcidae : Hemiptera)  Once considered minor pest of jute. Recently, emerged as new threat.  Damage is mostly caused by immature stages (nymphs) which suck sap from leaf, petiole, stem and pod.  Vertical growth of plant is arrested with shortened internodes. Plant gives bushy appearance.  Apical meristem is most susceptible.  Repeated attacks cause development of crust on stem due to which there is formation of ‘barky fibre”.  More damage on seed crop with less pod and seed yield.  Remove alternate host plants like Parthenium and uproot severely affected plants at early stage of infestation.  Monitor fields regularly and give spot application of recommended insecticides.  In severe infestation, spray (1) profenofos 50 EC @ 1.5 ml/lit or (2) quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/lit or (3) chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/ha or (4) carbaryl 50 WP @ 2g/lit 1-3 times as per need, in rotation. Management
  • 32.
    Jute Stem-girdler: Nupserhabicolor Postbrunnea (Lamiidae: Coleoptera) Distribution and status: Jute tracts of India and Bangladesh. Has become a major pest in the past two decades. Host range: Jute, mesta, Sesbania aegyptiaca (dhaincha) Bionomics: The female beetle makes two rings by cutting a strip and a slit is made upto pith, where the beetle deposits one egg. They hatch in 3- 4 days and the emerging larvae feed and travel downwards.The larvae become full-grown in 30-50 days , the larvae pupate . The pupation and the emergence of beetles seem to synchronize with the availability of jute plants. There is only one generation in a year. Damage symptoms The main damage occurs because of oviposition, resulting in the breakage of fibre length at several places. Thus, both the quality of fibre and the yield suffer. The damage (6-30%) is more in younger plants than in the older ones. Not much damage is caused by the feeding of larvae or adults. Management Grow resistant species of jute (capsularis) Mix 25 kg of phorate lO G per ha in the top soil followed by light irrigation. Conserve larval parasitoids Neocatolaccus nupserhae and Norbanus acuminatus (Chalcididae)
  • 33.
    DISEASES OF JUTE Stemrot: Macrophomina phaseolina Hooghly wilt: Ralstonia solanacearum (Ps. solanacearum) Anthracnose: Colletotrichum corchorum and C. gloeosporioides Black Band: Botryodiplodia theobromae Mosaic : Virus Soft rot: Sclerotium rolfsii 6 M A J O R
  • 34.
    STEM ROT C.O. Macrophominaphaseolina (Tassi) Goid.  Most serious disease of jute affecting both fibre and seed yield.  It damages both Olitorius and Capsularis varieties.  Frequent epiphytotics occurs in almost all jute growing areas.  Extent of damage depends on rainfall pattern, soil temperature, soil moisture and variety.  More in acid soil with pH below 5.8 and K deficiency.  Continuous rain and high RH and temperature around 34o C+ are congenial. Symptoms 1.Damping off: New seedlings rot above and below soil 2.Seedling blight: Cotyledons turn brown to black and seedlings die 3.Stem rot: Dark brown lesion on stem may extend vertically or horizontally up to 10 - 15 cm or higher, plants wilt or break. 4.Collar rot: Brown discolouration /necrotic wounds on stem at soil level with adventitious roots. 5.Root rot: Stem turns dark brown to black, wilting, defoliate and stand as naked stem and finally die/dry. Brown spots on leaves appear in June – July. Stem infection comes from blighted leaves through petioles and nodes. Damping off Seedling blight Stem rot Root rot Stem rot Wilting POD INFECTION SEED CROP
  • 35.
    Grassroot level stemrot disease scenario of jute at (1) Kushmandi Block and (2) Kaliaganj Block of North Dinajpur District and (3) Rotua block of Malda district, WB
  • 36.
    STEM ROT DISEASESCENARIO OF JUTE
  • 37.
    HOOGHLY WILT Bacteria =Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum  Wilting of leaves starts from base upwards  Affected stems are soft  Slimy fluid comes out on slight pressing  Ooze test positive  First observed in 1950s in Tarakeswar of Hooghly district  Later in Howrah, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Burdwan, etc.  Where jute crop is followed by potato  Very serious disease of Olitorius jute during 1970 – 80  Even up to 40 % plants were infected.  M. phaseolina and M. incognita facilitate entry of bacteria. BLACK BAND CO - Botryodiplodia theobromae  It was a minor disease earlier, but gradually fast spreading on new varieties of both species.  Now incidence is quiet high. Causes serious damage in older crops from July onwards.  Often no fibre and seed may be obtained. Blackish brown lesion, darker than stem rot, Spots enlarge and girdle stem, withering of apical and side branches Plants defoliate, turn brown to black and stand as dry stick Stem breaks at the point of infection and plants die On rubbing with finger on spots profuse black sooty powdery mass of spores adhere to fingers not found in stem rot Crops raised from infected seeds show sedling blight symptoms
  • 38.
    •Pathogen is also transmittedthrough infected seeds. •Sporulation is often observed on infected seeds. •Infected seeds are mostly produced from infected crop. SEED TRANSMISSION Pycnidia of M. phaseolina on jute seed Spores of Colletotrichum on jute seed
  • 39.
    ROOT KNOT NEMATODE Meloidogyneincognita, M. javanica C. capsularis C. olitorius Extent of damage : 15 – 20 %  The galls are white globular swellings in roots due to penetration of larvae.  Translocation of water and nutrients blocked. Plants shows yellowing and stunted growth.  Sometimes predispose plant to root rot and wilt infection.
  • 40.
    1. Insecticides andnematicides: Thiometon, Nematox, Nemagon, are important. Granular insecticides, e.g., Carbofuran, Phorate, etc. reduced nematode population and increased fibre yield compared to control. 2. Organic amendments, namely, cakes of karanj, mahua, groundnut, sawdust, cow dung, castor, chicken manure, etc., 3. Cultural practices, like, removal of stubbles, weeding, thinning, crop rotation with paddy and wheat for two years reduced root knot nematode population in jute field. 4. Screening for resistance against root knot nematode resulted in few tolerant lines in both species of jute (Laha et al., 1995 a, b). 5. Studies on the seasonal variation of population revealed that the population of Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus and Hoplolaimus gradually increased with growth of jute plants, but decreased during winter in absence of suitable host plant, as they are endoparasitic in nature (Laha et al., 1988). 6. Soil Application: Paecilomyces lilacinus (Bio-Nematon) 8 Litres or 10 kg / hectare with incubation for 10 - 15 days with organic fertilizer / well decomposed organic manure / field soil / any other locally available FYM/ Cowdung /organic carrier and applied around the rhizosphere uniformly for existing crops in the field. MANAGEMENT ROOT KNOT NEMATODE
  • 41.
    Keep pests numbers below harmful(ET) level instead of eradication Protect and conserve the environment including biodiversity Make plant protection feasible, safe and economical even for smaller farmers INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 3 Es • HIGHLY EFFECTIVE • ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE • ECOLOGICALLY SOUND  3 Rs  Resurgence  Resistance  Residues OBJECTIVES OF IPM • NO TO COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF PESTS AND PATHOGENS • TO KEEP POPULATION BELOW ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL • SAFE TO ENVIRONMENT CONCEPT OF IPM • ITS NOT A SINGULAR METHOD APPROACH • FROM SOWING TO HARVESTING JUDICIOUS COMBINATION OF ALL AVAILABLE METHODS • COEXISTENCE OF CROP, PESTS AND PATHOGENS AT BELOW ETL • NO CHEMICAL HARMFUL TO ENVIRONMENT IDM IPM ICM Farming system According to FAO panel of experts (1968), IPM has been defined as “pest management system that in the context of associated environment and pest population dynamics of pest species, it utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible and maintains the pest population below those causing economic injury.” It is not a simply juxtaposition or superimposition of two control techniques but integration of all management techniques (such as, chemical and biological controls) with the natural regulating and limiting elements of the environment.
  • 42.
    f¡Vl N¡Rl ¢h¢iæl¡Nl p¤¤pwqa fË¢aL¡l 1z p¢WL S¢j ¢ehÑ¡Qe 2z p¢WL fËS¡¢a ¢ehÑ¡Qe 3z f¢lú¡l f¢lRæ i¡h S¢j °al£ 4z j¡¢Vl AÇmaÆ J Q¥e fË- u¡N 5z i¡m¡ J p¤¤ÙÛ h£S hÉhq¡l 6z h£S n¡de 7z h£S h¡e¡l pju 8z p¤¤oj p¡l fËu¡N 9z N¡Rl c¤laÆ 10z BN¡R¡ cje 11z Sm ¢eú¡ne 12z npÉ fkÑ¡u 13z fËu¡Se ¢i¢šL l¡p¡u¢eL Kod fËu¡N 14z S£h¡e¤ à¡l¡ l¡N fË¢al¡d
  • 43.
    SPREAD OF STEMROT DISEASE OF JUTE SOIL – Deep ploughing, Lime, FYM, Solarization AIR BORNE SPORES SEED TREATMENT carbendazim, mancozeb, Trichoderma
  • 44.
    STRATEGY IN DISEASEMANAGEMENT OF JUTE AGRONOMIC MANIPULATION Crop Rotation, Crop residues, Date of sowing, Spacing, Drainage, Weeding FUNGICIDE SPRAY carbendazim, mancozeb copper oxy chloride SEED TREATMENT carbendazim, mancozeb, Trichoderma DISEASE MANAGEMENT SOIL TREATMENT Lime, FYM, Sun, Bleaching powder
  • 45.
    ETL = Economicthreshold level Economic threshold (Action threshold): The pest density or level of damage at which a control measure is needed to prevent economic loss. Economic thresholds are not static; they change with fluctuating market values or control costs. In Jute : Insects pests 10 % or more Disease 2 % or more Pest population without management
  • 46.
    • SEED: Usepreferably certified seed or pathogen free healthy seed • Seed health testing: Seed lot with more than 15 % infection of anthracnose is unfit for sowing, even after seed treatment. • Sowing time: Mid March to mid April, but late sown jute suffers from less stem rot SELECTION OF VARIETY: JRO 204, JRO 8432, JRO 128, JRO 524, JRO 66. Less stem rot on JRO 32 in Barrackpore, Coochbehar and Katihar than JRO 524. JRO 524 is less affected in Singur areas. SEED IN IPM Breeder seed: Directly controlled by the originating or sponsoring plant breeder, genetically pure Foundation Seed: Progeny of Breeder seed or foundation seed Certified Seed: Progeny of foundation seed, maintain specific genetic identity and purity and seed health test SOIL IN IPM  Selection of land: Medium to high land, sandy loam soil  Land preparation: Deep summer ploughing, good tilth  Soil solarization with ploythene sheet raises inside temp. by 10 oC and kills pathogens.  Acidity of soil: For soil with pH below 5.8 and K deficiency, apply 2 – 4 tonnes /ha of lime or gypsum one month before sowing.
  • 47.
    • Clean cultivation:Destroy residues/ stubbles of previous crop • Spacing: Row 25 – 30 cm and plant 5 – 6 cm by thinning (5- 6 lakh plants /ha or 50 – 60 plants /sqm). • Drainage: Poorly drained soil attract more disease • Weeding: Weeds are hosts of pathogens. Stem rot, soft rot and Hooghly wilt have wide host range • Fertilizer: Balanced, NPK: (30 :30:30/ha Basal)+ 15 N at Ist weeding +15 N at 2nd weeding. • Organic manure: FYM or compost 7 – 8 tonnes /ha before sowing AGRONOMIC MANIPULATION CROP ROTATION in IPM Jute – rice – rice / wheat/ mustard / winter vegetables, except solanaceous, like, potato, brinjal, tomato. They are hosts of Hooghly wilt,
  • 48.
    Rogueing is important. Single plant diseased Millionsand Millions of spores Inoculum for new infections Same variety/ field Different variety/ field Potential for creating epiphytotic Destroy by burning or burry under soil Met. factors, e.g., temperature relative humidity, soil moisture, etc. Uprooting and throwing are not useful.
  • 49.
  • 50.
    Killing of pathogenswith other living organism Kills by competition, mycoparasitism and antibiosis (toxin or enzymes) PROCESS: Biocontrol agents are isolated from nature, tested on pathogens in lab, mass cultured on cheap media, tested viability and then applied in field. Examples in jute: Fungi –Trichoderma spp., Aspergillus niger, PGPR – Promotes plant growth, suppresses disease, e.g., Fluorescent Pseudomonas BIOLOGICAL CONTROL PGPR – Pseudomonus fluorescens PGPR + Pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina
  • 51.
    BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OFTOMATO DAMPING-OFF WITH TRICHODERMA (GLIOCLDIUM) VIRENS
  • 52.
    Green manuring withsunnhemp Deep plowing with tractor Polythene mulching Field application of green mold – Trichoderma with manure Soil treatment Crop Rotation
  • 53.
    Biological control ofplant diseases Diseases: Jute stem rot CO Macrophomina phaseolina Sunnhemp wilt CO Fusarium udum f. sp. crotalariae Mesta foot and stem rot CO Phytopththora parasaitica var. sabdariffae SN Fungal antagonist Disease control Mechanism of action Benefit 1 Trichoderma virive Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Strong antagonist Antibiotic producing Siderophore producing Apart from, increasing fibre yield, growth promotion, root nodulation, they are harmless to environment and beneficial organisms, no health hazard, no residual toxicity, No biomagnification, etc. 2 Aspergillus niger AN 27 Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Strong antagonist Growth promoting Siderophore producing 3 Trichoderma virens (=Gliocladium virens) Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Medium antagonist Strong antagonist 4 Trichoderma harzianum Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Medium antagonist Strong antagonist 5 Aspergillus niger AN 5 Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Medium antagonist Medium antagonist Bacterial antagonist 6 Fluorescent pseudomonad = Pseudomonas fruorescens Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Strong antagonist Growth promoting Siderophore producing 7 Pseudomonas glumae Jute stem rot Sunnhemp wilt Strong antagonist Growth promoting Siderophore producing
  • 54.
    Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) •Bt is one of the most common microorganisms used in biological control of insects of orders Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Diptera (flies, mosquitoes), Coleoptera (beetles), Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants and sawflies), nematodes. • Bt is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling, rod-shaped bacterium that produces protein toxins lethal to many pest species, including caterpillars, beetles, and mosquito larvae. • These toxins are harmless to humans, birds, and other beneficial wildlife. • During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal proteins (proteinaceous inclusions or Cry proteins, which are encoded by cry genes in plasmid) called Delta δ-endotoxins, that have insecticidal action. Commercial Bt products contain endotoxin crystals or a mixture of crystals and Bt spores. • In insects, the toxin acts as a selective stomach poison. • When an insect pest ingests Bt toxins from treated leaves, feeding stops within minutes and starves to death in 1-3 days. Smaller larvae die more quickly. • When insects ingest toxin crystals, their alkaline digestive tracts denature the insoluble crystals, making them soluble and cut with proteases in insect midgut, which liberate toxin from crystal. Cry toxin is then inserted into insect gut cell membrane, paralyzing the digestive tract and forming a pore. Bt bacteria may also colonize the insect to death. • More recently to genetically modified crops using Bt genes, such as Bt corn, Bt cotton. Bt israelensis is used for mosquitoes and of fungus gnats. • Dose @ 1.5 – 2 g per L. DiPel® Highly specific and natural origin, no harm to bees, predators, parasites, humans, wildlife or the environment.
  • 55.
    SEED TREATMENT METHOD BAVISTIN2 g BAVISTIN 2 g 1 kg seed 1 kg seed
  • 56.
    SEED TREATMENT METHOD BEFOREMIXING AFTER MIXING COMPARISON BETWEEN TREATED AND UNTREATED SEEDS OF JUTE
  • 57.
    Seed treatment ischeap and best Removes deep seated seed-borne inoculum Reduces soil inoculum Protective barrier around seed, root and rhizosphere Systemic into seedlings, e.g., carbendazim Healthy and vigourous seedlings Growth promotion effect, e.g., carbendazim
  • 58.
    Bleaching powder [Ca(OCl)2],a new option 1. M. phaseolina was completely checked in food poisoning technique in vitro at 5000 μg/ml of bleaching powder. 2. In the field, soil application of bleaching powder @ 30 kg/ha 7 days ahead of sowing was found best against jute stem rot compared to check (with no soil application) and higher (50 – 150 kg/ha) and lower (5 – 20 kg/ha) doses in all the four dates (30 – 120 DAS) of observations. 3. It restricted stem rot of jute to 2.1 and 6 % as compared to 15.1 and 24 % in untreated check at 90 – 120 DAS, respectively. 4. As the dose of bleaching powder increased from @ 5 – 150 kg/ha, the jute stem rot decreased slowly reaching minimum at 30 kg/ha indicating that this dose being most effective against jute stem rot. De and Ghorai, 2014, 2019 Atmospheric CO2 and water react with bleaching powder (Ca(OCl)2) to release hypochlorous acid which gives a characteristic smell to bleaching powder. Hypochlorous acid decomposes readily to atomic oxygen. This atomic oxygen acts as bleaching agent through oxidation. Ca(OCl)2 + H2O + CO2 → CaCO3 + CaCl2 + 2HClO hypochlorous acid HClO → HCl + [O] atomic oxygen 2HCl + [O] → H2O + Cl2 chlorine
  • 59.
    Soil application ofBleaching powder 30 kg/ha 7 days ahead of sowing
  • 60.
    INSECTS PEST MANAGENT WHENDAMAGE IS MORE THAN 10 % • Spray Nimerin @ 3 – 4 ml / litre of water with B. bassiana In case of high infestation • Spray chloropyriphos (Dursban) @ 2 ml / litre of water • Spray imidachloprid @ 1 ml / 5 litre of water • For spraying one acre jute crop 200 litres of water is required.
  • 61.
    LEVEL OF USEOF SAFE PESTICIDES FIRST LEVEL When damage is more than 10 %,  Spray Neem oil @ 3 – 4 ml / litre of water  Apply Nimbidin 15 % G (Nimgon G) @ 9 kg/ha  Spray Nimerin @ 3 – 4 ml / litre of water with B. bassiana  Foliar application of Bt formulation @ 1 ml/ litre of water SECOND LEVEL  Spray chloropyriphos (Dursban) @ 2 ml / litre of water  Spray Profenophos 50 EC (Curacron) 2.0 ml / litre of water THIRD LEVEL In case of high infestation: Spray  Chlorpyriphos 50 % EC + Cypermethrin 5 % EC (Nurel D, Super D, Canon, Hamla) @ 1.5 ml / litre of water OR  Profenofos 40 % EC + Cypermethrin 4 % EC (Rocket, Profex Super, Polytren C) @ 1.5 ml / litre of water FOURTH LEVEL In case of HIGHER infestation: Spray  Imidachloprid (Confidor) @ 1 - 2 ml / 5 litre of water OR  Flubendiamide 39.35 % SC (Fame, Belt, Fenos) @ 0.3 ml / litre of water OR  Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (Missile, Proclaim) @ 0.5 ml / litre of water OR  Lambda-cyhalaothrin 5 EC (Karate, Devashakti, Agent plus) @ 0.75 ml / litre of water OR  Chlorantraniliprol 18.5 % SC (Choragen, Ferrtera) @ 0.3 ml / litre of water
  • 62.
    ACARICIDES FOR MANAGEMENT OFYELLOW MITE OF JUTE • Fenazaquin Magister @2 ml /litre • Propargite Oomite @ 2ml/litre • Fenpyroximate Mitigate @ 2 ml/litre • Spiromecifen 22.9 % Oberon @ 1.0 ml/litre
  • 63.
    New systemic insecticides(neonicotinoids) against sucking pests: Brown plant hopper, Aphids, Jassids, Thrips, Whiteflies  Thiamethoxam Ektara @ 2.5 g/10 litre  Imidacloprid Confidor @ 2 ml/10 litre  Acetamiprid Pound @ 1 g/5 litre  Dinotefuran Osheen @ 150-200 g / Ha) 1 hectare = 100x100 sq. m, 1 acre = 4000 sq. m, 1 Bigha = 1333.33 sq. m, 1 Katha = 66.67 sq. m. For spraying, one acre requires 300 litres of water = 100 litre / Bigha = 75 ml/ sq. m. Action: Disruption of insect's nervous system by inhibiting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Chlorantraniliprole is an anthranilic diamide insecticide, Rynaxypyr specifically targets insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs), (coragen) 20SC that are critical for muscle contraction and @ 0.4 ml per liter of water has very low mammalian toxicity, primarily Lepidopteran larvicide
  • 64.
    NEW APPROACHES GRANULAR INSECTICIDES • Cartaphydrochloride 4% G (Padan 4 G) @ 7.5 kg / Acre • Fipronil 0.3% G (Regent G) @ 5 kg / Acre • Phorate 10 % (Foratox 10G) @ 10 kg / ha • Carbofuran 3% G @ 33 kg / ha • Carbosulfan 6% G (Marshal G) @ 7.5 kg /ha SEED TREATMENT INSECTICIDES  Imidachloprid (Gaucho) @ 4 g/kg seed  Thiomethoxam (Cruiser) @ 5 g/kg seed  Chloropyriphos (Classic 20) @ 4 ml/kg seed
  • 65.
    LOW COST TRAPS PHEROMONETRAP Uses pheromones or sex hormones to lure insects. Pheromone traps are very sensitive, may attract insects present at very low densities. They are often used to detect presence of pests, or for sampling, monitoring, or to determine the first appearance of a pest in an area. Pheromone traps are highly species-specific and inexpensive and easy. STICKY TRAP  Used for any crop in any season.  It lasts for more than 45 days in open.  In India more than 1000 farmers are using the same repeatedly.  It reduces chemical load on ecology.  Most effective and cheapest solution  White Fly, Green Fly, Aphid, Jassids, PHEROGLOW TRAP Insects attracted to the pheromone or /and light are drawn to the Traps and fall into the pool of emulsion/water in the tub, drown and die. The dead insects can then be removed from the Traps at appropriate intervals and tub LIGHT TRAP Important IPM tool. It consists of a light (bright white, bluish, mercury bulb is the best) and collection pot with H2O. Widely used to control menace of pests. Light source attracts the phototrophic insects such as moths, flies, beetles, wasps & other night flying insects, etc. Effectiveness enhanced if positioned beside a white wall or white sheet hung next to it.
  • 66.
    PESTICIDE FORMULATION Biological activityof a pesticide, be it chemical or biological in nature, is determined by its active ingredient (AI). Pesticide products very rarely consist of pure technical material. AI is usually formulated with other materials and this is sold as product, but it may be further diluted in use. Formulations improves the properties of a chemical for handling, storage, application and may substantially influence effectiveness and safety Water miscible: Most frequently used products are formulations for mixing with water then applying as sprays. Older formulations include: EC Emulsifiable concentrate WP Wettable powder SL Soluble (liquid) concentrate SP Soluble powder Newer, non-powdery formulations with reduced or no use of hazardous solvents and improved stability include: SC Suspension concentrate CS Capsule suspensions WG Water dispersible granules Other common formulations include granules (GR), dusts (DP) and microgranules (MG) for improved safety. Specialist formulations are available for ultra-low volume spraying, fogging, fumigation, etc. Very occasionally, some pesticides (e.g. malathion) may be sold as technical material (TC - which is mostly AI).  seed treatment and bait formulations are available for rodent pest control, etc.
  • 67.
    Calculation of amountof pesticides (A) Millilitre /per litre of water  Simplest and easy  Water requirement per sqm/bigha/acre /ha  Volume of sprayer  Nozzle adjustment  Speed of person spraying (B) At the rate of 0.x % Method of calculation (1) For 100 ml water pesticide needed 0.x ml 1 ml……. …….. 0.x /100 ml 1000 ml or 1 litre ……….0.xX1000/100 ml = x ml per litre a.i. (2) Conversion of AI to trade product Suppose, AI = y % We get y ml / mg AI in 100 ml /mg of trade product …… 1 ………… 100/y ………………… …… x ……….. 100.x/y ………............. (3) Finally, we get, 100.x/y millilitre/per litre water (4) Water requirement per sq m/bigha/acre/ha (5) Volume of sprayer (6) Nozzle adjustment (7) Speed of person spraying Dose: (1) Active ingredient = AI, (2) Formulation / Trade product © gm AI per ha or acre (1) Conversion to gm AI per bigha/3 (2) Water requirement per sq m/bigha/acre/ha (3) Volume of sprayer (4) Nozzle adjustment (5) Speed of person spraying
  • 68.
    Unrestricted use ofpesticides in field
  • 72.
    Fate of Pesticidesafter Application Leaching to groundwater occurs when soluble pesticides Movement in runoff water occurs when soluble or insoluble pesticides Absorption Uptake into plant tissues Fate of Pesticides Erosion Pesticide moves off site by rains or irrigation or soil Degradation Soon it begins to break down or degrade into simpler compounds which are usually less toxic.
  • 74.
    Degradation Processes ofpesticides Volatilization liquid chemical on a plant or soil surface can be converted into a vapor, escaping into atmosphere. Microbiological Degradation bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae and protozoa break down or degrade pesticides Photolysis (photocomposition) by light Degradation of pesticides Hydrolysis by dividing large molecules into smaller ones, As soon as pesticide is applied, it begins to break down or degrade into simpler compounds which are usually less toxic.
  • 75.
    Mass balance offoliar-spray of a pesticide National Research Council. 1993. Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2132.
  • 76.
    Drones or unmannedaerial vehicles Use of Drones: Spraying pesticides and nutrients, surveying farmlands, monitoring soil and crop health. Advantages: Reduces the contact of humans with fertilisers, pesticides. High efficiency for quick job and uniform spraying of pesticides, minimum human labour, Drones to be yet another like power tillers, tractors, sprayers, pumps, et al. But who will pay for KISAN drone ? With a 10 kg payload will cost Rs 350-450 per acre. In 6 hours, covers about 30 acres of farmland.
  • 77.
    Useful acaricides andtheir dosage Useful nematicides and their dosage Common name Trade name ml per litre of water Common name Trade name Dose per acre Abamectin 1.9 % EC Vartimek 0.5 ml Carbofuran 3 % G Furadan 3G, Furi 3G, Denfuron 3G 9 - 12 kg Fenazaquin 10 % EC Magister 2 ml Carbosulfan 6 % G Marshal G 7.5 kg Fenpyroximate 5 % SC Sedna 1.5 ml Nimbidin 15 % G Nimgon G 9 kg Fenpyroximate 5 % EC Mitigate 1.5 ml Hexithiazox 5.45 % EC Maiden 1.5 ml Milbemectin 1 % EC Milbinok 1.0 ml Propargite 57 % EC Oomite 2 ml Spiromecifen 22.9 % Oberon 1.0 ml
  • 78.
    DISEASE MANAGENT INJUTE WHEN INCIDENCE IS MORE THAN 2 % Spray carbendazim (Bavistin 50 WP; JK Stein 50 WP; Derosal) @ 2.0 g / litre of water mancozeb (Indofil M 45, Dithane M 45) @ 5.0 g / litre of water copper oxy chloride (Blitox 50; Blue copper 50; Fytolan) @ 4.0 – 5.0 g / litre of water In case of very high incidence spary carbendazim - copper oxy chloride – carbendazim at 10 days interval
  • 79.
    Table. Chemical nameof fungicide, trade products and method of application jute crop Chemical name of fungicide Trade products Effective against diseases of jute crop Method of application Dosage of seed treatm ent Dosage of spray Carbendazim (MBC) Bavistin 50 WP JK stein 50 WP Derosal 50 WP Stem rot, Hooghly wilt, Anthracnose, Soft rot, Black band Seed treatment and / or spray 2.0 g / Kg seed 2.0 g / litre of water Copper oxychloride (COC) Blitox 50 WP Fytolan 50 WP Blue Copper 50 WP Do Spray - 4.0 – 5.0 g / litre of water Mancozeb Dithane M 45 Indofil M 45 Do Seed treatment and / or Spray 5.0 g / Kg seed 5.0 g / litre of water
  • 80.
    FUNGICIDES FOR JUTEDISEASE MANAGEMENT DOSE: 0.1 % ACTIVE INGREDIENT OR 2 G PER KG SEED OR 2 G /LITRE WATER DOSE: 0.3 % ACTIVE INGREDIENT OR 6 G /LITRE WATER DOSE: 0.3 % ACTIVE INGREDIENT OR 5 G PER KG SEED OR 5 G /LITRE WATER
  • 81.
    Birds as friends:predators of Lepidopteran pests Birds as friends: Good provision for sitting of birds around the fields; predators of lepidopteran pests, lower the population
  • 82.
    LAST BUT NOTTHE LEAST Prevention is better than cure. A stitch in time saves nine.
  • 83.
    Jute Crop Calendar* TimeFeb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Soil/ Field Deep ploughing/ exposure to sun + FYM/ Compost /Lime/Green manuring Basal NPK=26:40:40/ha + Bleaching powder @ 30 kg/ha First weeding at 15 DAS + Top dressing N 27 kg/ha Second weeding at 45 DAS + Top dressing N 27 kg/ha Crop Sowing Thinning to 50- 60 plants /sq m Harvest ing Retting Stem rot Seed treatment with Carbendazim @2 g/kg Spray Carbendazim @2 g/L Spray Tebuconazole @2 ml/L Insect pests Spray profenophos /chloropyriphos @2ml/L Spray chloropyriph os+cypermet hrin @ 1.5ml/L Yellow mite Spray Spiromecifen @ 1ml/L Weeds Pre-emergence application of butachlor @3ml/L within 48 hr of sowing in moist soil Post-emergence application of quizalofop ethyl @ 2ml/L at 15- 20 DAS *Timing of each operation is based on past experience and may be finalized to suit local factors and conditions.
  • 84.
  • 85.
    SAFE METHOD OFUSING PESTICIDES  Keep pesticides out of reach of children  Surplus insecticide solution can be disposed of safely by pouring into a pit hole in the ground.  Bottles or packages to be buried must be made unusable.  The reuse of pesticide containers is risky and not recommended.  Use suitable equipment for measuring out, mixing and transferring insecticides.  Clean blocked nozzles with a soft probe. Use the pressure-release valve of the pump or a soft probe to clear blockages in the nozzle.  Wear gloves when handling concentrates.  Care should be taken not to touch any part of the body with gloves while handling pesticides. General hygiene  Do not eat, drink or smoke while using insecticides.  Keep food in tightly closed boxes.  Do not stir liquids or scoop pesticide with bare hands.  Wash the hands and face with soap and water each time the pump has been refilled.  Eat and drink only after washing the hands and face .  Take a shower or bath at the end of the day. Protective equipments  The discharge from the sprayer should be directed away from the body.  Leaking equipment should be repaired.  Skin should be washed after any accidental contamination.  Cooking utensils, food and drinking-water containers should be put safely. PESTICIDE POISONING  Extreme weakness and fatigue.  Skin: irritation, burning sensation, sweating  Eyes: itching, burning sensation, watering.  Digestive system: burning sensation in mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea.  Nervous system: headaches, dizziness, slurred speech, fits, unconsciousness.  Respiratory system: cough, chest pain and tightness, difficulty with breathing, wheezing.
  • 86.
    THANK YOU Suggestions are welcomeat rkde @rediffmail.com or 9883429344