The document provides information about Jashan Bhardwaj's presentation on commercial horticulture. It discusses various topics related to commercial horticulture including types of growing media, propagation structures, propagation methods like seed sowing, layering, cutting, budding and grafting. It also describes activities like kitchen gardening, preparation of fruit fly traps, Bordeaux mixture, staking plants, pit digging and mulching. The presentation covers essential aspects of establishing and maintaining commercial horticulture.

1. PRESENTATION ON
COMMERCIAL
HORTICULTURE (ELM-
426)
Jashan Bhardwaj
B.Sc. Agri. (Hons.) 7h Sem
Roll no-
17101263/17110012612
Registration no-
2017.k/A.1206

2. INTRODUCTION
Horticulture-
Horticulture is a science, as well as an art
of production, utilization and improvement of horticultural
crops such as fruits, vegetables, spices, ornamental,
medicinal and aromatic plants.
Commercial Horticulture-
Commercial horticulture includes
the production, harvesting, marketing and distribution of
small fruits, tree fruits, wine grapes, vegetables, alternative
specialty crops, greenhouse ornamental and edible crops,
container and in-ground nursery crops, as well as the
design, installation, and maintenance of residential and
commercial landscapes.

3. TYPES OF GROWING MEDIA
• Soil mixture
• Sand
• Coco Peat
• Sphagnum moss Coco peat Sphagnum moss Vermiculite
• Vermiculite
• Saw dust
• Perlite
Saw dust Perlite

4. PROPAGATION STRUCTURES AND CONTAINERS
• GREENHOUSE
• HOT FRAMES AND TUNNELS
• COLD FRAMES Shade house Lath house
• LATHHOUSE
• SHADE HOUSE
• NET HOUSE
• PLASTIC TUNNEL
Net house PLASTIC TUNNEL

5. CONTAINERSUSED FOR PROPAGATION
FLATS /
PLUG TRAYS Clay pod Plastic pod Fibre pots
Plastic containers Polyethylene bag WOODEN CONTAINER

6. TYPES OF BEDS
There are basically 3 types of seedbeds flat beds, raised beds, and sunken beds. The
best type to use depends much more on the particular climate and soil conditions than
on the crop.
1. FLAT BEDS 2. RAISED BEDS 3. SUNKEN BEDS

7. TYPES OF NURSERY
Nursery is a consequently the basic need of horticulture. The pre requisite of a successful and
remunerative fruit production is the availability of true to type, healthy and good quality planting
material.
ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF SALE
• Retail nursery
• Wholesale nursery
• Private nursery
• Mail order

8. TYPES OF PROPAGATION
PERFORMED
• By Seeds
• By Layering
• By Cutting
• By Budding
• By Grafting

9. PROPAGATION BY SEED
STEP-2 Make row with stick STEP-3 Seed drop with hand STEP-4 row cover with sand
•Common method of propagation for self-pollinated crops.
•Involves union of pollen(male) with the egg(female) to produce a seed.
Seed sowing of kainth seed
• First Seeds are extracted.
• Make a bed
• Lines with the help of a stick are made for seed sowing
• Seeds are sown

10. SOWING OF SEEDS IN NONBIO-DEGRADABLE
CONTAINERS
Chili seeds are sown in
empty milk carton
Cauliflower seeds
are sown in empty
soft drink bottles by
cutting as shown in
pic

11. BY LAYERING
• It is the development of roots on a stem while the stem is
still attached to the parent plant.
• Types-
1.Simple layering (ex. climbing rose)
2.Tip layering (ex. Purple & black
raspberries)
3.Compound layering (ex. Grapes)
4.Mound layering (ex. Apple rootstock)
5.Air layering (ex. Baramasi lemon)
Compound layering
Mound layering
Tip layering
Simple layering

12. AIR LAYERING IN BARAMASI LEMON
• A portion of bark is removed with
the help of knife as shown
• Air layering made on branch of
Baramasi Lemon with sphagnum
moss as root Initiating medium
covered with polythene bag.
• Small water droplets appear inside the
polythene bag after 7 days
• Small roots appear inside the polythene
sheet after 15 days
• Full roots are appeared on inner surface
of polythene sheet after 25 days. Branch with
air
layering is cut down and planted in polybag.
Removed bark Medium covered
with polythene
bag.
Small water droplets appear inside the
polythene bag after 7 days
Full roots are
appeared

13. PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS
Many plant parts can be used, thus,
cuttings are classified as:
1. Root cuttings (ex. Blackberry)
2. Leaf cuttings (ex. Patthar chatt)
3. Stem cutting (ex. Rose)
Stem cuttings are most commonly used

14. PLANTING OF CUTTINGS OF JASMINE
Cuttings should have
3-4 buds, make a slant
cut at the bottom and
straight cut at the top.
IBA(Indole-3-
Butyric acid)
is used for
root initiation.
Cuttings are
dipped in IBA
solution from
the bottom
for 5 mins.
Planting of
cuttings on
sunken beds.

15. PROPAGATION BY BUDDING
• It is the operation of applying a single
bud,
bearing little or no wood, to the
surface of the stock
• Types of budding:
1.T-budding (ex. Mulberry, avocado)
2. I-budding
3. Inverted T-budding
4. Patch budding
5. Chip budding

16. PRACTICING DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUDDINGS
ON MULBERRY
Inverted T-Budding Patch Budding I-Budding
Ring Budding Flute Budding

17. T-BUDDING PERFORMED BY ME ON
MULBERRY
A bud is placed in
a T shaped cut
Bud is then wrapped with the
polythene sheet strip

18. PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING
It involves the joining together of plant parts by means
of tissue regeneration.
Types of grafting:
1. Wedge grafting 2. Tongue grafting
2. Veneer grafting 3.Cleft grafting
4.Side grafting 5.Bark grafting
6.Bridge grafting 7.Epicotyl grafting
8.Splice grafting 9.Inarching
10.Double wedge grafting

19. DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRAFTING
PRACTICED
Wedge
Grafting
Veneer
Grafting

20. Bridge Grafting
Ring of bark is
removed
from the root stock
Scions of this shape are
cut as above
Scions are then inserted
in the bark

21. KITCHEN GARDENING
Kitchen garden is
prepared according to the
prescribed layout of PAU
SEEDS SOWN ON RIDGES-
Turnip, Carrot, Radish and Toria.
SEEDS SOWN ON BEDS-
Methi, Metha, Spinach and Pea.

22. PREPARATION OF FRUIT FLY TRAP
Take vacant plastic
bottle and make four
holes on different
sides .
Take plywood block
and parapheromone
(methyl eugenol) ,
inject parapheromone
on plywood with
syringe.
Tie plywood with
thread and place it in
bottle near the holes
then covered the
bottle with lid tightly.
Tie trap with fruit tree
with no sunlight.

23. PREPARATION OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE
Dip 6Kg lime in
30Litres of water
, boil 1Kg saresh
in 10 Litres of
water.
Next day heat
water by adding
250Gm of
copper sulphate.
Mix all the
materials and
after sometime
add colour(blue)
into the mixture.
With the help of
painting brush
paint the green
bark of the plant.
Bordeaux mixture (Bordo Mix)
is used as a fungicide is a mixture
of copper sulphate (CuSO4) and
slaked lime (Ca (OH)2). It is used
in vineyards and fruit farms and
garden to prevent infestation of
fungal diseases.
copper sulphate
saresh Bordeaux mixture
Apply on pear orchard

24. SEEDS SOWN IN PROTRAYS
Cocopeat filled in portrays and
holes
are made in it
Seeds of Poppy are sown in Pro-trays
Seed sowing in pro trays
Seedling of
poppy

25. TIP CUTTING OF MARIGLOD
• Preparation of tip cutting of marigold:-
• Detach a 2-6 inch piece of stems from the marigold plant.
• Make the cut just below the node.
• Remove lower leaves that would touch the ground or media.
• Dip the stems in rooting hormones
• Gently tap the end of the cutting to remove excess hormone.
• Make a hole in the soil with a stick and insert the cutting deeply enogh.
• Irrigate immediately.

26. STAKING OF TOMATO PLANTS IN NET HOUSE
Procedure:-
• Tie the thread with the clip and place the clip on the wire running near the roof of the net house.
• The jute twins are tied to the GI wire grid provided at 2.5-3m height and then to the base of the
plant with the help of plastic ring.
• Now, tie another end with the clump and place it around the stem near the bottom.
• Tying plants to the twins starts from 6th week after planting.
• Then, make turns of thread in zigzag motion around the main stem of plant.
STAKING OF TOMATO

27. PIT DIGGING FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF MANGO ORCHARD
PROCEDURE:-
• The size of the pit depends on the type of soil.
• Then, we started digging the pit with the help of spade.
• When the soil is taken out of the pit, the soil from upper half is kept on one side and from lower half on other
side.
• Before filling the pit a mixture of well decomposed FYM was prepared and mixed with upper as well as lower
soil of the pit.
• The mixture of upper soil is filled first followed by lower soil mixture.
• During filling of pit soil is pressed well.
• After filling we irrigated the pit to settle down the soil of the pit.
PIT DIGGING

28. TRAINING AND PRUNING BARAMASI LEMON
• Training refers to the judicious removal of plant part / parts to develop proper shape of
a plant capable of bearing a heavy crop load whereas pruning is defined as the
judicious removal of plant parts like root, leaf, flower, fruit etc.to obtain a good and
qualitative yield

29. EXTRACTING SEEDS FROM JATTI KHATTI
Procedure:-
• Firstly, we take the fruit of citrus jambhiri.
• Then we peel and remove the albedo layer with the help of hands.
• After that we were count the segments of the fruit;
• After counted the segments next we were count the seeds of fruit and take them aside.
• Later on Planting the seeds and irrigated immediately.
• No. of fruits = 1
• No. of segments = 12
• N0. Of seeds =31
EXTRACTING SEEDS

30. PREPARATION OF DOUBLE RING BASIN AROUND CITRUS
Preparation of double ring basin:-
• Loose the soil around the plant with spade or khurpi.
• Remove all the clods and weeds inside the ring basin
• A basin is made around the stem of the plant which may be square, rectangular or circular in shape,
which is based on the canopy of the plant.
• Then apply fertilizers that is 200g urea and 200g DAP mix properly and applied all around the citrus
inside the ring basin.
Benefits of double ring basin:-
• Water is applied uniformly and wastage of water is minimum.
• Soil gets sufficient time to absorb water
• Soil erosion is checked.
• Intercropping and intercultural operations are done easily.
• Used to protect plants from fungal attack.
• Growth of weeds is minimized.
Preparation
Apply fertilizers

31. TRANSPLANTED OF SANCHEZIA / FISHTAIL PALM
Procedure
• A polythene bag was used
• We filled the bag with media (soil) up to the top.
• We made a hole in the centre by using a stick and finger.
• We placed rootstock inside the polythene so that the roots could properly cover with
soil.
• Then watering was done by us at adequate level by sprinkler.
Transplanting of sanchezia Transplanting of fish palm

32. MULCHING
Mulching-
A mulching is the process of covering soil around the plants with an organic or synthetic
material to create congenial conditions for the plant growth and development. Reasons for
applying mulch include :
• Conservation of soil moisture
• Improving fertility and health of the soil
• Reducing weed growth
Types of mulching
• Organic mulching
• Synthetic mulching
Principal of mulching