This document discusses major pests and diseases that affect jute production in India. It outlines several key insect pests that damage jute crops, including the jute semilooper, indigo caterpillar, jute apion, yellow mite, and red mite. Major diseases discussed include stem rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species, Hooghly wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, black band caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, and soft rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. The document emphasizes the significant losses these pests and diseases can cause to both jute
The document describes 9 diseases that affect sorghum crops:
1. Anthracnose or Red leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum graminicola causes small red spots on leaves.
2. Rust caused by Puccinia purpurea causes small reddish brown flecks and pustules on leaves.
3. Ergot or Sugary disease caused by Claviceps sorghi leads to honeydew secretion and blackened heads.
4. Head Mould / Grain Mould / Head Blight caused by several fungi causes pink or black mold on infected grains.
5. Leaf Blight or Leaf Stripe caused by Exserohilum tur
This document discusses 5 diseases that affect sapota trees:
1. Leaf spot caused by Phaeopleospora indica, which causes circular brown spots on leaves. It is managed by spraying fungicides.
2. Pestalotiopsis leaf spot caused by Pestalotiopsis versicolor, which causes small reddish-brown spots on leaves that enlarge and develop gray centers.
3. Flat limb caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, which causes branches to become flat and twisted and leaves to become small and yellow, reducing fruit production.
4. Sooty mould caused by Capnodium versicolor, which grows on insect excretions and causes
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
This document provides information about the cultivation of brinjal (eggplant). It discusses the botanical details of brinjal, its economic importance and nutritional value. It then describes popular varieties grown in India, ideal climate and soil conditions, cultivation practices like nursery preparation, transplanting, irrigation, fertilizer application etc. It also discusses physiological disorders, seed production and concludes by thanking the reader.
Insect orders bearing predators and parasitoids used in pest control and thei...Nikhil Kumar
IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PARASITOIDS
A parasitoid is an insect living on or in the body of another insect, called the host from which it gets protection and food during its immature stage and the adults are free living.
In a typical case, eggs are laid on or in the body of the host, the larvae feed on the body contents of the host, pupate either inside or on the host body and emerge as adults.
The hosts are not killed immediately. Most of the parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera (90%) and Diptera (10%).
type of parasitism
Superparasitism:-
When more than one adult of the same species attack the host.
Eg:-Trichospilus pupivara -opisina arenosella
Multiparasitism:-
More than one species attack the host
Eg:-Bethylids and braconids - o.arenosella
Hyperparasitism:-
When a parasitiod is attacked by another parasitiod.
Eg:- Aphid - Aphidius -asaphess
Most insect parasitoid are waps and flies
Most of parasitoides belong to -hymenoptera and diptera
1.Hymenoptera
The ovipositor originates and protrudes ventrally from the abdomen and is used to insert eggs into their hosts. There are three super families.
a) Super Family : ICHNEUMONOIDEA
* Possess long and filiform antennae
* Wings are veined
Example - Family : ICHNEUMONIDAE
Family : BRACONIDAE
b) Super Family : CHALCIDOIDEA
* Mostly smallest parasitoids and gregarious
* Antennae geniculate
* Abdomen very short or globular with very slender propodeum
* Wings without veins
example-Family : CHALCIDIDAE
Family : TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE
Family : EULOPHIDAE
c) Super family : BETHYLOIDEA
* Smaller than Icheneumonoidea and larger than Chalcidoidea
example- Family : BETHYLIDAE
* Eg. Parasierola (= Goniozus) nephantidis, a larval parasitoid on O. arenosella
2) Order : DIPTERA
Family : TACHINIDAE
* Eg. Sturmiopsis inferens, a larval parasitoid on sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus
* Large bristle flies
* Eggs may be macrotype or microtype
* Macrotype eggs are laid directly on the host's body usually attached to the neck region by a glutinous secretion
* Eg. Spoggosia bezziana on O. arenosella
* Microtype eggs are laid on the host plant and the host larvae feeding on the plant tissue ingest them
Predators
predators kill and feed on several to many individual prey during their lifetimes.
Many species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles prey extensively on insects.
Predatory beetles, flies, lacewings, true bugs (Order Hemiptera), and wasps feed on various pest insects or mites.
Most spiders feed entirely on insects.
Predatory mites that feed primarily on pest spider mites include Amblyseius spp., Neoseiulus spp., and the western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis
Diseases of rose, Crown Gall Rot, Black Spot, Powdery mildew of Rose, Rust an...Muhammad Ammar
Diseases of rose:
Crown Gall Rot,
Black Spot,
Powdery mildew of Rose,
Rust and Anthracnose.
Besides rose diseases, environmental factors can effect your plants too, and they should be watched for an remedied when found. To keep most rose diseases under control, a commercial fungicide will take care of it. In other cases, proper pruning techniques and the maintenance of clean garden implements goes a long way in preventing such conditions from occurring in the first place.
I have found that only two sprays are needed to keep your plants healthy. The first is sulpher. This will work for most of the diseases. But not for black-spot: for this you need Capstan.
Khaira disease of rice is caused by zinc deficiency in the soil. It occurs on calcareous soils that have low zinc availability. Symptoms include dusty brown spots on leaves, stunted growth, and reduced fertility. Yield losses can be up to 25%. Management strategies include using zinc-efficient varieties, applying organic matter and zinc sulfate fertilizer to increase soil zinc levels, and acidifying the soil to improve zinc availability.
This document summarizes several diseases that affect pea crops:
- Fusarium wilt causes wilting and death of plants and is spread through soil and seed. Hot weather promotes its growth. Seeds can be treated and soil drenched to manage it.
- Powdery mildew causes white powdery spots on leaves and malformed pods. It spreads through air and likes warm, humid conditions. Crop residues should be burned and resistant varieties used.
- Downy mildew causes gray-white mold on leaves and pods and spreads through soil, seed and water. High humidity and cool temperatures encourage it. Infected plants should be removed.
- Rust causes reddish-brown spots on leaves and dry plants
The document discusses the production technology of potatoes. It covers the botanical description of potatoes, their importance as a food crop, varieties commonly grown in Karnataka, soil and climate requirements, methods of propagation using seed tubers, planting methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting, and processing into products like french fries and chips. The key potato growing regions are China, India, and the state of Karnataka in India, specifically Hassan district.
The document describes 9 diseases that affect sorghum crops:
1. Anthracnose or Red leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum graminicola causes small red spots on leaves.
2. Rust caused by Puccinia purpurea causes small reddish brown flecks and pustules on leaves.
3. Ergot or Sugary disease caused by Claviceps sorghi leads to honeydew secretion and blackened heads.
4. Head Mould / Grain Mould / Head Blight caused by several fungi causes pink or black mold on infected grains.
5. Leaf Blight or Leaf Stripe caused by Exserohilum tur
This document discusses 5 diseases that affect sapota trees:
1. Leaf spot caused by Phaeopleospora indica, which causes circular brown spots on leaves. It is managed by spraying fungicides.
2. Pestalotiopsis leaf spot caused by Pestalotiopsis versicolor, which causes small reddish-brown spots on leaves that enlarge and develop gray centers.
3. Flat limb caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, which causes branches to become flat and twisted and leaves to become small and yellow, reducing fruit production.
4. Sooty mould caused by Capnodium versicolor, which grows on insect excretions and causes
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
This document provides information about the cultivation of brinjal (eggplant). It discusses the botanical details of brinjal, its economic importance and nutritional value. It then describes popular varieties grown in India, ideal climate and soil conditions, cultivation practices like nursery preparation, transplanting, irrigation, fertilizer application etc. It also discusses physiological disorders, seed production and concludes by thanking the reader.
Insect orders bearing predators and parasitoids used in pest control and thei...Nikhil Kumar
IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PARASITOIDS
A parasitoid is an insect living on or in the body of another insect, called the host from which it gets protection and food during its immature stage and the adults are free living.
In a typical case, eggs are laid on or in the body of the host, the larvae feed on the body contents of the host, pupate either inside or on the host body and emerge as adults.
The hosts are not killed immediately. Most of the parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera (90%) and Diptera (10%).
type of parasitism
Superparasitism:-
When more than one adult of the same species attack the host.
Eg:-Trichospilus pupivara -opisina arenosella
Multiparasitism:-
More than one species attack the host
Eg:-Bethylids and braconids - o.arenosella
Hyperparasitism:-
When a parasitiod is attacked by another parasitiod.
Eg:- Aphid - Aphidius -asaphess
Most insect parasitoid are waps and flies
Most of parasitoides belong to -hymenoptera and diptera
1.Hymenoptera
The ovipositor originates and protrudes ventrally from the abdomen and is used to insert eggs into their hosts. There are three super families.
a) Super Family : ICHNEUMONOIDEA
* Possess long and filiform antennae
* Wings are veined
Example - Family : ICHNEUMONIDAE
Family : BRACONIDAE
b) Super Family : CHALCIDOIDEA
* Mostly smallest parasitoids and gregarious
* Antennae geniculate
* Abdomen very short or globular with very slender propodeum
* Wings without veins
example-Family : CHALCIDIDAE
Family : TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE
Family : EULOPHIDAE
c) Super family : BETHYLOIDEA
* Smaller than Icheneumonoidea and larger than Chalcidoidea
example- Family : BETHYLIDAE
* Eg. Parasierola (= Goniozus) nephantidis, a larval parasitoid on O. arenosella
2) Order : DIPTERA
Family : TACHINIDAE
* Eg. Sturmiopsis inferens, a larval parasitoid on sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus
* Large bristle flies
* Eggs may be macrotype or microtype
* Macrotype eggs are laid directly on the host's body usually attached to the neck region by a glutinous secretion
* Eg. Spoggosia bezziana on O. arenosella
* Microtype eggs are laid on the host plant and the host larvae feeding on the plant tissue ingest them
Predators
predators kill and feed on several to many individual prey during their lifetimes.
Many species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles prey extensively on insects.
Predatory beetles, flies, lacewings, true bugs (Order Hemiptera), and wasps feed on various pest insects or mites.
Most spiders feed entirely on insects.
Predatory mites that feed primarily on pest spider mites include Amblyseius spp., Neoseiulus spp., and the western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis
Diseases of rose, Crown Gall Rot, Black Spot, Powdery mildew of Rose, Rust an...Muhammad Ammar
Diseases of rose:
Crown Gall Rot,
Black Spot,
Powdery mildew of Rose,
Rust and Anthracnose.
Besides rose diseases, environmental factors can effect your plants too, and they should be watched for an remedied when found. To keep most rose diseases under control, a commercial fungicide will take care of it. In other cases, proper pruning techniques and the maintenance of clean garden implements goes a long way in preventing such conditions from occurring in the first place.
I have found that only two sprays are needed to keep your plants healthy. The first is sulpher. This will work for most of the diseases. But not for black-spot: for this you need Capstan.
Khaira disease of rice is caused by zinc deficiency in the soil. It occurs on calcareous soils that have low zinc availability. Symptoms include dusty brown spots on leaves, stunted growth, and reduced fertility. Yield losses can be up to 25%. Management strategies include using zinc-efficient varieties, applying organic matter and zinc sulfate fertilizer to increase soil zinc levels, and acidifying the soil to improve zinc availability.
This document summarizes several diseases that affect pea crops:
- Fusarium wilt causes wilting and death of plants and is spread through soil and seed. Hot weather promotes its growth. Seeds can be treated and soil drenched to manage it.
- Powdery mildew causes white powdery spots on leaves and malformed pods. It spreads through air and likes warm, humid conditions. Crop residues should be burned and resistant varieties used.
- Downy mildew causes gray-white mold on leaves and pods and spreads through soil, seed and water. High humidity and cool temperatures encourage it. Infected plants should be removed.
- Rust causes reddish-brown spots on leaves and dry plants
The document discusses the production technology of potatoes. It covers the botanical description of potatoes, their importance as a food crop, varieties commonly grown in Karnataka, soil and climate requirements, methods of propagation using seed tubers, planting methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting, and processing into products like french fries and chips. The key potato growing regions are China, India, and the state of Karnataka in India, specifically Hassan district.
The document discusses several diseases that affect sorghum, including fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode diseases. It provides detailed information on 10 major fungal diseases: ergot, anthracnose, charcoal rot, crazy top downy mildew, rust, smuts (head, long, loose, grain/kernel), sorghum downy mildew, leaf blight, and tar spot. It describes the symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and favorable conditions for each disease, as well as current management practices.
This document discusses ear cockle of wheat, caused by the nematode Anguina tritici. Key points:
- A. tritici causes galls to form on wheat ears and seeds, shortening and distorting the ears.
- Symptoms also include stunted, twisted leaves and enlarged stems. The nematode lives and reproduces within the seed galls.
- It can interact with the bacterium Clavibacter tritici to cause yellow ear rot disease. Management includes using clean seed, crop rotation, hot water seed treatment, and nematicide application.
This document provides information on onion seed production including floral biology, methods, requirements, and standards. It discusses:
1) Onion flowers are protandrous, with pollen shed occurring before stigma receptivity. Cross-pollination by insects is needed for high seed yields.
2) The bulb-to-seed method is most common, involving selecting bulbs in one season for planting the next season for seed production. Care is taken to select true-to-type bulbs.
3) Seed production requires isolation distances between varieties, rogueing of off-types, and inspection to ensure varietal purity and high seed quality and yields.
This document summarizes several diseases that affect apples:
1. Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, causes black spots on leaves and fruits. Spores are spread by wind and rain. Management includes clean cultivation, resistant varieties, and fungicide sprays.
2. Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha, produces white or gray powdery patches on leaves, twigs, and fruits. Spores are wind-borne. Management includes sanitation, pre-bloom lime sulfur sprays, and resistant varieties.
3. Fire blight, caused by bacterium Erwinia amylovora, affects blossoms, shoots, branches
This document summarizes two fungal pathogens that cause early and late leaf spot disease in groundnuts: Mycosphaerella arachidis and Mycosphaerella berkeleyii. It describes their systematic position, symptoms, epidemiology, and management. Mycosphaerella arachidis causes early leaf spot, forming larger irregular lesions with yellow halos. Mycosphaerella berkeleyii causes late leaf spot, forming smaller circular lesions without halos. Both diseases require prolonged humidity for infection and development. Management includes cultural, chemical, and biological controls like crop rotation, fungicide application, and biocontrol agents.
Practical on Weed Identification of Kharif Crops by Dr.G.S.TomarDrgajendrasinghtomar
Procedure for identification of Common Weeds occurs in kharif season. Common name, growth habit and habitat of weed occurrence is given for the benefit of students and faculties of Agriculture. Presented by Dr.G.S.Tomar, Professor (Agronomy), IGAU, Raipur.
This document summarizes information about ergot of bajra or pearl millet, a disease caused by the fungus Claviceps fusiformis. It affects many countries including India, where it is found in states like Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra. The disease appears at the flowering stage, producing pink honey-like secretions on spikelets that later form hard, brown sclerotia where grains would be. These sclerotia contain harmful alkaloids and can cause losses of up to 70%. Management strategies include using healthy seed, seed treatment, early sowing, crop rotation, removing infected plants, and fungicide sprays. Resistant varieties include RHR-
1. The document describes 6 major diseases that affect sugarcane: red rot, smut, wilt, grassy shoot, ratoon stunting, and Pokkah Boeng.
2. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, disease cycle, and management strategies for each disease.
3. The management strategies discussed include cultural practices like using disease-free seed, crop rotation and resistant varieties, physical practices like rogueing of infected plants, and chemical control using pesticides and fungicides.
This document summarizes three major diseases that affect gram (chickpea) crops: wilt, grey mould, and ascochyta blight. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, and disease cycles. For wilt, the symptoms include yellowing, wilting, and death of plants. It is caused by Fusarium oxysporum and spreads through soil and irrigation water. For grey mould, symptoms include flower and pod rotting. It is caused by Botrytis cineria and spreads rapidly under humid conditions. For ascochyta blight, symptoms include leaf spots and stem lesions. It is caused by Ascochyta rabiei and spreads through infected plant debris and
The document discusses several major fungal diseases that affect wheat crops:
1. Rusts, caused by fungi of the genus Puccinia, including stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust. They produce spores that can spread rapidly under wet conditions.
2. Loose smut and kernel bunt, caused by fungi that infect wheat flowers and seeds, resulting in powdery black or dark masses where healthy kernels should be.
3. Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe graminis, which produces white powdery growth on wheat leaves, stems, and flowers that later turns black and dries out plants.
4. Foot rot, caused by Pythium fungi in the soil
This document summarizes information about gray leaf spot, a fungal disease that affects maize crops worldwide. It discusses the symptoms of the disease, which include small necrotic spots on lower leaves that progress upwards. It also covers the disease cycle, noting that the fungus survives in crop residue and favors warm, humid conditions. The disease can significantly reduce yields if leaf area is lost before grain fill is complete. Management strategies discussed include using resistant hybrids, crop rotation, tillage, and fungicide application.
- Wheat is an important food crop worldwide and in India. The document discusses the botanical description, varieties, uses, production, and cultivation practices of wheat. It provides details on the climatic requirements, soil requirements, cropping systems, seed and sowing methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, and a new system of intensified wheat cultivation. The key aspects covered include wheat being a staple food crop, grown widely in northern India, and requiring specific temperature and moisture conditions at different growth stages.
This document provides information on non-insect pests of field crops. It discusses several pests including crabs, snails and slugs, rodents, nematodes, and mites. For each pest, it describes the taxonomic classification, symptoms of damage, identification, and management strategies. It notes that non-insect pests cause estimated losses of 510 crore rupees worldwide to crops, with 369 crore rupees from rodents alone. Control methods discussed for the pests include both chemical and non-chemical approaches.
The document provides information on the production technology of onion. It discusses the botanical classification of onion, describes different varieties of onion including their characteristics, and provides production statistics. Some key points:
- Onion is a herbaceous annual plant cultivated for its edible bulb. India is the second largest producer of onions globally.
- There are different varieties of onions classified by color - red, white, and yellow onions. Many popular Indian varieties are described along with their traits.
- Leading onion producing states in India are Gujarat, Punjab, and Maharashtra. The highest productivity is seen in Gujarat at 25 tonnes/hectare.
- Onion varieties suited
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
This document provides information on diseases that affect guava plants. It discusses the symptoms, characteristics, and management of major diseases like Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii. It also covers other diseases such as fruit canker caused by Pestalotiopsis psidii, stem canker from Physalospora psidii, anthracnose from Gloeosporium psidii, and red rust from Cephaleuros virescens. It details the identification and environmental conditions that promote each disease, as well as cultural, biological and chemical control methods.
Brown spot is a fungal disease that infects the coleoptile, leaves, leaf sheath, panicle branches, glumes, and spikelets. Its most observable damage are the numerous big spots on the leaves which can kill the whole leaf. When infection occurs in the seed, unfilled grains or spotted or discolored seeds are formed.
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy to enhance planting value. Historically, seeds were steeped in substances like milk, cow dung, and honey according to Indian scripts. Modern seed treatment effectively controls many seed-borne diseases. Methods include coating seeds with chemicals, pelleting seeds with pesticides and nutrients, and priming seeds by soaking in osmotic solutions. This stimulates germination without radicle emergence. Seed treatment offers local application, reduced rates, protection from sowing, and systemic uptake by plants. Major crops are often treated with fungicides, biocontrol agents like Trichoderma, or insecticides to control various diseases and pests.
Pigeon pea sterility mosaic disease is caused by Pigeon Pea Sterility Mosaic Virus, which is transmitted by the eriophyid mite Aceria cajani. The disease results in significant yield losses, up to 100% in severely infected fields. Symptoms include pale green stunted plants, mosaic patterns on leaves, and sterile flowers and pods. The disease is widespread in major pigeon pea growing regions of India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Young plants are most susceptible. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, crop rotation, rogueing infected plants, and controlling the mite vector through insecticides or acaricides.
The document provides information on diseases that affect cotton plants (Gossypium spp.), including bacterial blight, fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt, and root rot. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, disease cycles, and favorable conditions for each disease. Management strategies are also outlined, such as using resistant varieties, seed treatment, crop rotation, removing debris, and adjusting sowing times. The overall objective is to familiarize the reader with common cotton diseases and their control.
4. early and late blight of potato tomato and potato scab.pptxBhim Joshi
This document summarizes several potato and tomato diseases, including late blight, early blight, potato wart, and common scab. It describes the causal organisms, symptoms, disease cycles, epidemiology, and management practices for each disease. Late blight is caused by Phytophthora infestans and starts as small leaf spots before causing defoliation. Potato wart is caused by Synchytrium endobioticum and forms cauliflower-like growths on tubers. Common scab, caused by Streptomyces scabis, causes corky lesions on tubers. Management strategies for these diseases include crop rotations, resistant varieties, and fungicide applications.
The document discusses several diseases that affect sorghum, including fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode diseases. It provides detailed information on 10 major fungal diseases: ergot, anthracnose, charcoal rot, crazy top downy mildew, rust, smuts (head, long, loose, grain/kernel), sorghum downy mildew, leaf blight, and tar spot. It describes the symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and favorable conditions for each disease, as well as current management practices.
This document discusses ear cockle of wheat, caused by the nematode Anguina tritici. Key points:
- A. tritici causes galls to form on wheat ears and seeds, shortening and distorting the ears.
- Symptoms also include stunted, twisted leaves and enlarged stems. The nematode lives and reproduces within the seed galls.
- It can interact with the bacterium Clavibacter tritici to cause yellow ear rot disease. Management includes using clean seed, crop rotation, hot water seed treatment, and nematicide application.
This document provides information on onion seed production including floral biology, methods, requirements, and standards. It discusses:
1) Onion flowers are protandrous, with pollen shed occurring before stigma receptivity. Cross-pollination by insects is needed for high seed yields.
2) The bulb-to-seed method is most common, involving selecting bulbs in one season for planting the next season for seed production. Care is taken to select true-to-type bulbs.
3) Seed production requires isolation distances between varieties, rogueing of off-types, and inspection to ensure varietal purity and high seed quality and yields.
This document summarizes several diseases that affect apples:
1. Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, causes black spots on leaves and fruits. Spores are spread by wind and rain. Management includes clean cultivation, resistant varieties, and fungicide sprays.
2. Powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha, produces white or gray powdery patches on leaves, twigs, and fruits. Spores are wind-borne. Management includes sanitation, pre-bloom lime sulfur sprays, and resistant varieties.
3. Fire blight, caused by bacterium Erwinia amylovora, affects blossoms, shoots, branches
This document summarizes two fungal pathogens that cause early and late leaf spot disease in groundnuts: Mycosphaerella arachidis and Mycosphaerella berkeleyii. It describes their systematic position, symptoms, epidemiology, and management. Mycosphaerella arachidis causes early leaf spot, forming larger irregular lesions with yellow halos. Mycosphaerella berkeleyii causes late leaf spot, forming smaller circular lesions without halos. Both diseases require prolonged humidity for infection and development. Management includes cultural, chemical, and biological controls like crop rotation, fungicide application, and biocontrol agents.
Practical on Weed Identification of Kharif Crops by Dr.G.S.TomarDrgajendrasinghtomar
Procedure for identification of Common Weeds occurs in kharif season. Common name, growth habit and habitat of weed occurrence is given for the benefit of students and faculties of Agriculture. Presented by Dr.G.S.Tomar, Professor (Agronomy), IGAU, Raipur.
This document summarizes information about ergot of bajra or pearl millet, a disease caused by the fungus Claviceps fusiformis. It affects many countries including India, where it is found in states like Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra. The disease appears at the flowering stage, producing pink honey-like secretions on spikelets that later form hard, brown sclerotia where grains would be. These sclerotia contain harmful alkaloids and can cause losses of up to 70%. Management strategies include using healthy seed, seed treatment, early sowing, crop rotation, removing infected plants, and fungicide sprays. Resistant varieties include RHR-
1. The document describes 6 major diseases that affect sugarcane: red rot, smut, wilt, grassy shoot, ratoon stunting, and Pokkah Boeng.
2. It provides details on the causal organisms, symptoms, disease cycle, and management strategies for each disease.
3. The management strategies discussed include cultural practices like using disease-free seed, crop rotation and resistant varieties, physical practices like rogueing of infected plants, and chemical control using pesticides and fungicides.
This document summarizes three major diseases that affect gram (chickpea) crops: wilt, grey mould, and ascochyta blight. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, and disease cycles. For wilt, the symptoms include yellowing, wilting, and death of plants. It is caused by Fusarium oxysporum and spreads through soil and irrigation water. For grey mould, symptoms include flower and pod rotting. It is caused by Botrytis cineria and spreads rapidly under humid conditions. For ascochyta blight, symptoms include leaf spots and stem lesions. It is caused by Ascochyta rabiei and spreads through infected plant debris and
The document discusses several major fungal diseases that affect wheat crops:
1. Rusts, caused by fungi of the genus Puccinia, including stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust. They produce spores that can spread rapidly under wet conditions.
2. Loose smut and kernel bunt, caused by fungi that infect wheat flowers and seeds, resulting in powdery black or dark masses where healthy kernels should be.
3. Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe graminis, which produces white powdery growth on wheat leaves, stems, and flowers that later turns black and dries out plants.
4. Foot rot, caused by Pythium fungi in the soil
This document summarizes information about gray leaf spot, a fungal disease that affects maize crops worldwide. It discusses the symptoms of the disease, which include small necrotic spots on lower leaves that progress upwards. It also covers the disease cycle, noting that the fungus survives in crop residue and favors warm, humid conditions. The disease can significantly reduce yields if leaf area is lost before grain fill is complete. Management strategies discussed include using resistant hybrids, crop rotation, tillage, and fungicide application.
- Wheat is an important food crop worldwide and in India. The document discusses the botanical description, varieties, uses, production, and cultivation practices of wheat. It provides details on the climatic requirements, soil requirements, cropping systems, seed and sowing methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, and a new system of intensified wheat cultivation. The key aspects covered include wheat being a staple food crop, grown widely in northern India, and requiring specific temperature and moisture conditions at different growth stages.
This document provides information on non-insect pests of field crops. It discusses several pests including crabs, snails and slugs, rodents, nematodes, and mites. For each pest, it describes the taxonomic classification, symptoms of damage, identification, and management strategies. It notes that non-insect pests cause estimated losses of 510 crore rupees worldwide to crops, with 369 crore rupees from rodents alone. Control methods discussed for the pests include both chemical and non-chemical approaches.
The document provides information on the production technology of onion. It discusses the botanical classification of onion, describes different varieties of onion including their characteristics, and provides production statistics. Some key points:
- Onion is a herbaceous annual plant cultivated for its edible bulb. India is the second largest producer of onions globally.
- There are different varieties of onions classified by color - red, white, and yellow onions. Many popular Indian varieties are described along with their traits.
- Leading onion producing states in India are Gujarat, Punjab, and Maharashtra. The highest productivity is seen in Gujarat at 25 tonnes/hectare.
- Onion varieties suited
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More from DR. RAJIB KUMAR DE, ICAR-CRIJAF, BARRACKPORE, KOLKATA, INDIA (14)
1. MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES
OF JUTE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Rajib Kumar De
Senior Scientist
Crop Protection Division
Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres
Barrackpore, Kolkata 700 120 (WB)
2. WHY TO KNOW ABOUT
PLANT DISEASES
CAUSE HUGE LOSSES - QUANTIY (YIELD)
- QUALITY (GRADE)
Happy life -------------PLANT DISEASE-------------Hunger / Famine
INCREASE COST OF CULTIVATION
RESISTANT VAREITY: LESS PROFITABLE
SPRAY: CHEMICALS, MACHINES, ETC.
STORAGE LOSS: REFIGERATION/ TRANSPORTATION
EARLY SELL: LOW PRICE
HANDLING: DISEASED SEPARATE FROM HEALTHY
MAKE SUSCEPTIBLE TO OTHER DISEASES
3. Every year India loses about 18 % of its
agricultural production.
• Losses caused by different harmful agents
Weeds 32 %
Diseases 26 %
Insect pests 20 %
Rodents 8 %
Storage loss 14 %
Total 100
India incurs loss of Rs. 500 crores per annum.
4. Losses caused by different harmful agents
Storage
loss 14%
Rodents
8%
Insect
pests
20%
Diseases
26%
Weeds
32%
5. Loss in fibre crops
(cotton, jute, mesta, sunhemp, ramie, sisal, flax)
Insect pests 12.9 %
Diseases 11.0 %
Weeds 6.9 %
_______________________
Total loss 30.8 %
6. USE OF PESTICIDES
COUNTRY PESTICIDES USED (g/Ha)
Japan 10000
Europe 2000
America 1600
India 400
50 % in cotton, 8 districts, 9 states
7. RESIDUE OF PESTICIDES
• 60 % OF OUR FOOD MATERIAL HAVE BEEN
CONTAMINATED WITH PESTICIDES
• OUT OF THESE, 14 % CONTAINS
PESTICIDES ABOVE WHO APPROVED
LIMITS
• ALMOST ALL FOOD MATERIALS ARE
CONTAMINATED, NAMELY, RICE, WHEAT,
VEGETABLES, TEA, COFFEE, OIL, PULSES,
FISH, EGG, COWS MILK, MOTHERS’ MILK,
ETC.
• DRINKING WATER
8.
9.
10.
11. BAD EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES
• Insects, pathogens, weeds become
tolerant
• Resurgence of pests, diseases, weeds
• Harmful to beneficial organisms, e.g.,
pollinating insects, parasites predators
• Loss of biodiversity esp. vulnerable spp.
• Health hazards: carcinogenic, mutagen,
damage to embryo, ozone layer (10%)
12. Ecofriendly Approaches
• Biological control , e.g., Trichoderma,
Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Beauvaria,
Paciolomyces
• Crop rotation : success in hooghly wilt,
reduced from 42 % to 1 %, Rice – jute –
potato
• Transgenic plants: successful Bt cotton,
still a dream in jute crop, be an optimist
13. BIOCONTROL THROUGH NEEM
Botanical insecticides, e.g.,
neem: from leaf and seed,
avoid, antifedant, moulting
hampered, compatible with
biocides
15. Jute semilooper
Anomis sabulifera G
The insect appears during the onset of
monsoon.
• Feed voraciously on the top tender leaves of
the plant.
• In case of severe infestation the green pods
and soft stems are also damaged by the
pest.
19. Indigo caterpillar
Laphygma exigua
* Lepidopteran pest is polyphagous.
* It attacks jute in seedling stage.
* The top leaves are folded together by
the caterpillars and damage the tender
leaves in early stage.
* After thinning of jute seedlings the
severity of attack reduces considerably.
23. Jute Apion: Apion corchori M
• The adult females lay eggs inside the stem
tissues
• They make a hard black tissue circle
which makes knotty fibre or bad quality
fibre.
26. JUTE APION ATTACKED JUTE PLANT
SIDE BRANCHES ARE FORMED DUE TO THE APION ATTACK
27. Yellow mite
Polyphagotarsonemus latus B
• The young leaves are crumpled and leaf
lamina curl backward along the midrib.
• Leaf lamina become coppery green with
huge population of tiny mites, visible with
magnifying glass.
• Cloudy weather with high humidity and rise
in morning temperature is congenial
atmosphere for mite incidence in the field.
• High rainfall suppresses the mite population.
29. Red mite: Oligonychus coffeae N
• The polyphasous pest is very much
destructive in nature.
• The older leaves of jute are attacked by the
pest.
• The infested leaves turn yellow, become
leathery and finally drop prematurely.
• The warm, humid climate with a span of
drought for few days increases the mite
population the field.
31. Jute hairy caterpillar :
Spilosoma obliqua Walk
• The polyphagus caterpillar feeds
voraciously on the leaves, soft stem and
green pods.
• During early stage, they are gregarious on
leaves
• They may be destroyed by mechanical
means simply by picking and dipping in
kerosene oil and water.
41. Grey-weevil
Myllocerus discolor Bosh
• The attack of grey weevil is restricted
to top tender leaves of olitorius jute.
• Generally 5-6 weeks old plants are
attacked by this pest.
44. Root knot nematode
Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica
* Wide range of hosts.
* The galls are white globular swellings in roots
due to penetration of larvae
* Translocation of water and nutrients blocked
* Plants shows yellowing and stunted growth
* Sometimes predispose the plant to root rot and
wilt infection.
45. Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)
C. capsularis C. olitorius
Extent of damage : 15 – 20 %
48. DISEASES OF JUTE
Stem rot: Macrophomina phaseolina
Hooghly wilt: Ralstonia solanacearum
(Ps. solanacearum)
Anthracnose: Colletotrichum corchorum
and C. gloeosporioides
Black Band: Botryodiplodia theobromae
Mosaic : Virus
Soft rot: Sclerotium rolfsii
6
M
A
J
O
R
49. STEM ROT
MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA
• Most serious disease of jute
• Frequent epiphytotics occurs in almost all
jute growing areas
• It damages both Olitorius and Capsularis
varieties
• Extent of damage depends on rainfall
pattern, soil temperature and soil moisture
• More in acid soil with pH below 5.8 and K
deficiency
50. SYMPTOMS OF STEM ROT
MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA
• Damping off: New seedlings rot
above and below soil
• Seedling blight: Cotyledons turn
brown to black and seedlings die
• Stem rot: Dark brown lesion on
stem may extend up to 10 - 15 cm
or higher, extend vertically or
horizontally, plants wilt or break
62. OTHER SYMPTOMS OF STEM ROT
* Collar rot: Brown discolouration on the
stem at soil level
• Necrotic wounds develop at the ground level
• If plant survives, adventitious roots develop
above infected portion
* Root rot: Plants wilt, defoliate and stand
as naked stem and finally die
• Root are rotten and brown in colour, rootlets
absent
• Stem turns dark brown to black.
63. ANTHRACNOSE
* It came to Dhaka through Infected
seeds from south east Asia during
1930s unknowingly
* Then from Dhaka to other parts of
Bangladesh
* It later entered India through Assam
* Continuous rain and high RH and
temperature around 35 oC+ are
congenial
64. ANTHRACNOSE OF CAPSULARIS JUTE
Colletotrichum corchorum
Symptoms
* Causes considerable damage to fibre yield and quality.
* On seedlings it appears on leaf and stem as
brownish spot and streaks following drying
up of the entire stem.
* On stem irregular spots, may coalesce, cause
deep necrosis, girdle stem and cracks and
expose the fibre.
*These turns to brownish depressed spots.
Depressed spots are seen on pods also.
* Infected seeds are lighter in colour,
shrunken and germination is poor.
65. ANTHRACNOSE OF OLITORIUS JUTE
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
• Appears at very later stage (Mid July – Sept.).
• Consequently damage is lesser than
capsularis.
• Brown to black sodden spot appear on stem.
• Depth of spot is less.
• Limited to only 1 – 2 cell layer deep below
epidermis.
• The fungus does not touch fibre layer.
• Slows the plant growth and less yield.
68. • First observed in 1950s in Tarakeswar of
Hooghly district
• Later in Howrah, Nadia, North 24
Parganas, Burdwan, etc.
• Where jute crop if followed by potato
• Very serious disease of Olitorius jute
during 1970 – 80
• Even up to 40 % plants were infected
Hooghly wilt
69. Hooghly wilt
Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum
M. phaseomina and M. incognita facilitate
entry of the bacteria
Symptoms:
Wilting of leaves starts from the base
upwards
Affected stems are soft
Slimy fluid comes out on slight pressing
Ooze test positive
72. Black Band
Minor disease earlier but gradually fast
spreading
Now incidence is quiet high
Affects both species of jute
Causes serious damage in older crops
from July onwards
Often no fibre and seed may be obtained
73. Black Band
Botryodiplodia theobromae
Symptoms
Blackish brown lesion, darker than stem rot
Spots enlarge and girdle the stem, withering of
apical and side branches
Plants defoliate, turn brown to black and stand
as dry stick
Stem breaks at the point of infection and the
plants die
On rubbing with finger on the spots profuse black
sooty powdery mass of spores adhere to the fingers
which is not found in stem rot
Crops raised from infected seeds show sedling blight
symptoms
76. SOFT ROT
Sclerotium rolfsii
It first grows on fallen leaves of jute
From there it infects stem base
Attack begins when the crop is 80 – 90 days
old
High rainfall, low sun shine, high plant
population favours soft rot
Minor disease earlier but gradually fast
spreading
77. SOFT ROT
Sclerotium rolfsii
Symptoms
Soft, brown wet patch on the stem base
Skin peels off and exposed fibre layers turns
rusty brown and plants wilt
White cottony mycellial growth
Brown mustard seed like sclerotia are seen at
the site of infection
It decreases if fallen leaves are destroyed
78. SOFT ROT OF JUTE
White cottony
mycellial growth
81. MOSAIC : VIRUS
• Gradual mottling of leaves with various
patterns of yellow and green
• Crinkling of lamina
• Stunted growth of plant
• Plant may die
• The geminivirus is graft transmissible and
also carried through seed
• White fly Bemisia sp acts as the vector.
83. MANAGEMENT OF JUTE MOSAIC : VIRUS
• White fly Bemisia sp acts as the vector
• To check the vector spraying of
–methyl dematon (Metasystox) @ 1.5
ml per litre of water or
–dimethoate (Dimecron) @ 1.0 ml per
litre of water or
–Endosulfan (Thiodan / Hildan) @ 1.5 –
2.0 ml per litre of water
–malathion @ 1.5 – 2.0 ml per litre of
water
84. MINOR DISEASES OF JUTE
Physoderma spot
(Physoderma corchori)
Tip blight
(Curvularia subulata)
Corynespora leaf spot
(Corynespora cassicola)
Powdery mildew (Oidium sp)
Die back (Diplodia corchori)
86. INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT
• UNCED (1992) at Rio de Janeiro
identified IPM in agriculture as
one of prime requirements for
promoting sustainable
agriculture and development
87. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• Can provide food security
• Reduce crop loss
• Promote self reliance by farmer
participatory approach
• Contribute poverty alleviation by focusing
on small and marginal farmers
• Protect environment and health by
reducing chemical inputs
• Conserve biodiversity
88. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• According to FAO panel of experts (1968),
• IPM has been defined as “pest management
system that in the context of associated
environment and pest population dynamics of
pest species, it utilizes all suitable techniques
and methods in as compatible manner as
possible and maintains the pest population
below those causing economic injury.”
• It is not a simply juxtaposition or superimposition
of two control techniques but integration of all
management techniques (such as, chemical and
biological controls) with the natural regulating
and limiting elements of the environment.
89. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
• IRRI (1985) defined IPM as “a
strategy or plan that utilizes
various tactics or control
measures – cultural, plant
resistance, biological, and
chemical – in a harmonious
way.”
90. • Keep pests numbers below harmful
(ET) level instead of eradication
• Protect and conserve the environment
including biodiversity
• Make plant protection feasible, safe and
economical even for the smaller
farmers
INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT
91. 3 Es of IPM
• HIGHLY EFFECTIVE
•ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE
•ECOLOGICALLY SOUND
93. OBJECTIVES OF IDM IN JUTE
• NO TO COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF
PESTS AND PATHOGENS
• TO KEEP THE POPULATION BELOW
ECONOMIC THRESHOLD LEVEL
• SAFE TO ENVIRONMENT
94. CONCEPT OF IDM IN JUTE
• ITS NOT A SINGULAR METHOD
APPROACH
• FROM SOWING TO HARVESTING
JUDICIOUS COMBINATION OF ALL
AVAILABLE MEASURES OF
MANAGEMENT
• COEXISTENCE OF CROP AND PESTS
AND PATHOGENS AT BELOW ETL
• NO CHEMICAL HARMFUL TO
ENVIRONMENT
95. • More efficient and low cost method of
control
• Does not upset the balance of nature
• Delays the development of resistance
• Minimizes the residue hazards of
pesticides
ADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATED
PEST MANAGEMENT
96. TEEHNIQUES OF INTEGRATED
PEST MANAGEMENT
• Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)
• Integrated Crop Management (ICM)
• For sustainable agriculture IPM must be a
component of GAP or ICM.
• It includes profitable management of crop
with respect to environment.
• It is a dynamic system suitated to local
soil, climate and economic conditions.
97. FIVE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF
PEST POPULATION MANAGEMENT
• Identification of major insect pests according to
their national and international importance.
• Immediate objective is to bring down the pest
attack below economic injury level.
• Application of IPM tactics which will not hamper
the natural way of pest management.
• The effect of pest control measure should be long
lasting effect without any side effect.
• The philosophy is to bring down the pest
population rather than to attempt to eliminate it .
101. IDM STRATEGY IN JUTE
• SELECTION OF LAND: Medium to high
land, sandy loam soil
• ACIDITY OF SOIL: For soil with pH below
5.8 and K deficiency, apply 2 – 4 tonnes /ha
of lime or gypsum one month before
sowing.
• SELECTION OF VARIETY: JRO 524, JRO
66, JRO 8432. Less stem rot on JRO 32 in
Barrackpore, Coochbehar and Katihar than
JRO 524. JRO 524 is less affected in
Singur areas.
102. • SEED: Use preferably certified seed or
pathogen free healthy seed,
• Seed health testing: Seed lot with more than
15 % infection of anthracnose is unfit for
sowing, even after seed treatment.
• Clean cultivation: Destruction of stubbles,
summer ploughing, soil solarization with
ploythene sheet raises inside temp. by 10 oC
and kills pathogens
• Spacing: Row 25 – 30 cm and plant 5 – 6 cm
by thinning
• Drainage: Poorly drained soil attract more
disease
IDM STRATEGY IN JUTE
103. Weeding: Weeds are hosts of pathogens.
Stem rot, soft rot and Hooghly wilt have
wide host range.
Sowing time: Mid March to mid April, but
late sown jute suffers from less stem rot
Fertilizer: Balanced, NPK: (30+15+15):30:30
Organic manure: FYM or compost 7 – 8
tonnes /ha before sowing
Crop rotation: Jute – rice – rice / wheat/
mustard / winter vegetables except solanaceous,
like, potato, brinjal, tomato.
IDM STRATEGY IN JUTE
104. • Killing of pathogens with other living
organism
• Kills by competition, mycoparasitism and
antibiosis (toxin or enzymes)
• PROCESS: Biocontrol agents are isolated
from nature, tested on pathogens in lab,
mass cultured on cheap media, tested
viability and then applied in field.
• Examples in jute: Fungi –Trichoderma
spp., Aspergillus niger,
• PGPR – Promotes plant growth,
suppresses disease, e.g., Fluorescent
Pseudomonas
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
112. SEED TREATMENT
• Carbendazim (Bavistin 50 WP;
JK Stein 50 WP; Derosal) @ 2.0
g /kg seed
• Mancozeb (Indofil M 45,
Dithane M 45) @ 5.0 g /kg seed
• Trichoderma harzianum, T.
viride @ 10.0 g/kg seed
113. Weed Management
• Weed composition: grassy weed 92 %;
hedges 6 % and rest broad leaved
• May incur loss up to 70 %
• May involve 30 - 35 % of total cost of jute
cultivation
114. Methods of Weed Management
• Pre plant application of trifluraline
(Dinitroanelene) @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha 01day before
sowing may kill all grasses and broad leaved
weeds and save Rs. 4000 – 5000 /ha.
• Post emergence spray of quizalofop ethyl
(Targa super 1.5 – 2.0 ml + Dhanuvit 1.0 ml
per litre water at 21 – 25 DAS may kill all
grasses and broad leaved weeds and save
Rs. 3000 – 4000 /ha.
• Hand weeding: costly, effective, labourious
• Mixed cropping with red amaranth or
summer radish and gives addl yield
• Mulching with paddy straw in between rows
115.
116. INSECTS PEST MANAGENT
WHEN DAMAGE IS MORE THAN 10 %
• Spray Nimerin @ 3 – 4 ml / litre of water
with B. bassiana
In case of high infestation
• Spray endosulfan (Thiodan 35 EC) @ 2 ml
/ litre of water
• Spray chloropyriphos (Dursban) @ 2 ml /
litre of water
• Spray imidachloprid @ 1 ml / 5 litre of
water
• For spraying one acre jute crop 200 litres
of water is required
117. DISEASE MANAGENT IN JUTE
WHEN INCIDENCE IS MORE THAN 2 % Spray
carbendazim (Bavistin 50 WP; JK Stein
50 WP; Derosal) @ 2.0 g / litre of water
mancozeb (Indofil M 45, Dithane M 45)
@ 5.0 g / litre of water
copper oxy chloride (Blitox 50; Blue
copper 50; Fytolan @ 6.0 – 7.0 g / litre
of water
In case of very high incidence spary carbendazim -
copper oxy chloride – carbendazim at 10 days
interval
118. Table. Chemical name of fungicide, trade
products and method of application jute crop
Chemical name of
fungicide
Trade products Effective against
diseases of jute
crop
Method of
application
Dosage
of seed
treatm
ent
Dosage
of spray
Carbendazim
(MBC)
Bavistin 50 WP
JK stein 50 WP
Derosal 50 WP
Stem rot,
Hooghly wilt,
Anthracnose,
Soft rot,
Black band
Seed
treatment
and / or
spray
2.0 g
/ Kg
seed
2.0 g /
litre of
water
Copper
oxychloride
(COC)
Blitox 50 WP
Fytolan 50 WP
Blue Copper 50
WP
Do Spray - 6.0 –
7.0 g
/ litre
of
water
Mancozeb Dithane M 45
Indofil M 45
Do Seed
treatment
and / or
Spray
5.0 g
/ Kg
seed
5.0 g /
litre of
water
119. Few tips
• Keep regular vigil on the crop
• Spray the infected portion only instead of
whole crop, to conserve natural enemies
120. Birds as friends: predators of
Lepidopteran pests
Birds as friends: Good provision for sitting of birds around the fields;
predators of lepidopteran pests, lower the population
121. LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST
Prevention is
always better
than cure.