This document discusses morbidity and mortality measurements in epidemiology. It defines epidemiology and lists common measurements used, including mortality indicators like crude death rate and life expectancy. Morbidity indicators mentioned are incidence rate, prevalence rate, and attack rate. Other indicators covered include disability rates, nutritional indicators, health care delivery metrics, environmental factors, socioeconomic data, and family health measures. The document also outlines tools for measurement, including rates, ratios, and proportions. Finally, it discusses the role of nurses in collecting and analyzing health measurement data.

1.  : MORBIDITY AND
MORTALITY
MEASUREMENTS
Presented By:
Ms.Sandhya.M,

2. DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY:
 Epidemiology is the branch of medical
science which deals with epidemics.
- Parkin (1873)
 Epidemiology is the study of frequency,
distribution and determinants of health
related events in a specified population and
the application of this study to control health
problems.
- Last (1988)

3. MEASUREMENTS INEPIDEMIOLOGY:
 Mortality indicators
 Morbidity indicators
 Disability rates
 Nutritional indicators
 Health care delivery indicators
 Health care utilization rates
 Environmental indicators
 Socio- economic indicators
 Family health indicators
 Economic indicators
 Other indicators

4. Mortality indicators:
 Crude death rate
 Expectation of life
 Infant mortality rate(IMR)
 Under five mortality rate
 Neonatal mortality rate
 Post-neonatal mortality rate
 Perinatal mortality rate
 Maternal mortality rate
 Disease specific mortality rate
 Proportional mortality rate

5. B.Morbidity indicators:
Incidence rate
Prevalence rate
Attack rate
Out-patient and in-patient
attendance

6. DISABILITY RATES:
a)Event type indicators:
 Bed disability rate
 Loss of working days
 Loss of school days
b)person-type indicators:
 Limitation of mobility
 Limitation of activity
 Disability adjusted life years

7. NUTRITIONAL INDICATORS:
 Anthropometric measurement
 Prevalence of low birth weight newborn
 Calorie consumption per capita

8. HEALTH CARE DELIVERY INDICATORS:
 Proprtion of infants who are fully immunized
 Bed occupancy ratio
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS:
 Availability of safe water
 Facilities for solid disposal
 Housing standards

9. SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS:
 Per capita GNP
 Level of unemployment
 Female literacy rate
 Family size
H.FAMILY HEALTH INDICATORS:
 Demographic rates (birth rate, marriage
rate,etc.,)
 Mental health rates

10. .ECONOMIC INDICATORS:
 Gross national product
 % of population below poverty line
 unemployment rate
OTHER INDICATORS:
 Social indicators
 Basic needs indicator

11. TOOLS OF MEASUREMENT:
 Rates
 Ratios
 Proportions

12. Rates:
 A rate measures the occurance of some
particular event in a population during a given
time period.
Various categories of rates are
 Crude rates
 Specific rates
 Standardized rates

13.  Ratio:
 The ratio is the result of dividing one quality
by another which is expressed in the form of:
X :Y or X/Y
Eg. Sex ratio, doctor population ratio,etc

14.  Proportions:
 A proportion is a ratio which indicates
the relation in magnitude of a part of the whole.
Eg. Number of accidents per 100 vehicles.

15.  ROLE OF NURSE IN HEALTH
MEASUREMENTS:
 Planning of health services as per the collected
data.
 Enumerate the data for measurements.
 Assessing the health status of the community by
using various health indicators.

16.  ROLE OF NURSE-CONT’D
 Organizing various services to obtain data for
epidemiological measurements.
 Record the collected data for analysis.
 Report to the higher authority about the
findings.
 Evaluate the success of the health services.