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1. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )
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2. INDICATORS OF
HEALTH
Health indicators are quantifiable characteristics of a
population which researchers use as supporting evidence for
describing the health of a population. Typically, researchers
will use a survey methodology to gather information about
certain people, use statistics in an attempt to generalize the
information collected to the entire population, and then use
the statistical analysis to make a statement about the health of
the population.

3. INDICATORS OF
HEALTH
Health indicators are often used by governments to
guide health care policy. Health indicators are not only
used to measure the health status of community but also
to compare the health status of one area to another.
These indicators are also used for the assessment of
health needs of a community or country.

4. INDICATORS OF
HEALTH
Main Health indicators are –
• Mortality indicators
• Morbidity indicators
• Disability rates
• Nutritional status indicators
• Health care delivery indicators
• Utilization rates indicators

5. INDICATORS OF
HEALTH
• Social & mental health indicators
• Environmental indicators
• Socio‐economic indicators
• Healthy policy indicators
• Quality of life indicators.
• Other indicators.

6. MORTALITY
INDICATORS
• Mortality indicators includes death related rates. Such
as crude death rate which is defined as the number of
deaths per 1000 population per year in a given
community. Although not a perfect measure of health
status, a decrease in death rate provides a good tool for
assessing the overall health improvement in a
population.

7. MORTALITY
INDICATORS
Apart from CDR there are many other mortality
indicators such as Age-specific death rates : Death rates can
be expressed for specific age groups in a population
which are defined by age. Infant mortality rate : Infant
mortality rate is the ratio of deaths under 1 year of age
in a given year to the total number of live births in the
same year; usually expressed as a rate per 1000 live births

8. MORTALITY
INDICATORS
• Child mortality rate : Another indicator related to the
overall health status is the early childhood (1-4 years)
mortality rate. Maternal mortality rate : Maternal
mortality accounts for the greatest proportion of
deaths among women of reproductive age in most of
the developing world. Disease-specific mortality rate :
Mortality rates can be computed for specific diseases.

9. MORBIDITY
INDICATORS
Morbidity indicators are the rates related to diseases and disorders. The
following morbidity rates are used for assessing ill-health in the
community .
a. incidence and prevalence- Incidence refers to the occurrence of new cases
of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time.
prevalence includes all cases, both new and preexisting, in the population
at the specified time,
b. notification rates- it means number of cases of a disease reported to
authorities at the specified time

10. MORBIDITY
INDICATORS
c. OPD attendance rates- The number of cases attending
at out-patient departments, of the health facility.
d. admission, readmission and discharge rates- at health centers.
e. duration of stay in hospital, and
f. spells of sickness or absence from work or school

11. DISABILITY
INDICATORS
The commonly used disability rates fall into two groups:
(a) Event-type indicators and (b) person-type indicators
(a) Event-type indicators
i) Number of days of restricted activity
ii) Bed disability days
iii) Work-loss days (or school-loss days) within a specified period

12. DISABILITY
INDICATORS
(b) Person-type indicators
i) Limitation of mobility: For example, confined to bed, confined to
the house, special aid in getting around either inside or outside the
house.
ii) Limitation of activity: For example, limitation to perform the
basic activities of daily living (ADL) eating, washing, dressing,
going to toilet, moving about & limitation in major activity, ability
to work at a job, ability to housework, etc.

13. NUTRITIONAL STATUS
INDICATORS
Three main nutritional status indicators are
• a. anthropometric measurements of preschool children, e.g.,
weight and height, mid-arm circumference;
• b. heights (and sometimes weights) of children at school
entry; and
• c. prevalence of low birth weight (less than 2.5 kg).

14. HEALTH CARE
DELIVERY INDICATORS
Main health care delivery indicators are :
a. Doctor-population ratio
b. Doctor-nurse ratio
c. Population-bed ratio
d. Population per health/subcentre, and
e. Population per traditional birth attendant.

15. UTILIZATION RATES
INDICATORS
a. proportion of infants who are "fully immunized“ against the communicable diseases.
b. proportion of pregnant women who receive antenatal care, or have their deliveries
supervised by a trained birth attendant.
c. percentage of the population using the various methods of family planning.
d. bed-occupancy rate- average daily in-patient census/average number of beds
e. average length of stay ( days of care rendered/ discharges), and
f. bed turnover ratio (i.e., discharges/average beds).

16. SOCIAL AND MENTAL
HEALTHINDICATORS
These include social crime rate such as suicide, homicide, other
acts of violence and other crime; road traffic accidents, juvenile
delinquency; alcohol and drug abuse; smoking; consumption of
tranquillizers; obesity, etc. To these may be added family
violence, battered baby and battered-wife syndromes and
neglected and abandoned youth in the neighbourhood. These
social indicators provide a guide to social action for improving
the health of the people.

17. ENVIRONMENTAL
INDICATORS
They include indicators relating to pollution of air and water,
radiation, solid wastes, noise, exposure to toxic substances in food
or drink. Among these, the most useful indicators are those
measuring the proportion of population having access to safe
water and sanitation facilities, such as percentage of households
with safe water in the home or within 15 minutes' walking distance
from a water standpoint or protected well; adequate sanitary
facilities in the home or immediate vicinity

18. SOCIOECONOMIC
INDICATORS
These include:
a. Rate of population increase
b. Per capita GNP
c. Level of unemployment
d. Dependency ratio

19. SOCIOECONOMIC
INDICATORS
e. Literacy rates, especially female literacy rates
f. Family size
g. Housing: the number of persons per room, and
h. Per capita "calorie" availability.

20. HEALTH POLICY
INDICATORS
The Health Policy indicators are:
• (i) proportion of GNP spent on health services
• (ii) proportion of GNP spent on healthrelated activities
(including water supply and sanitation, housing and
nutrition, community development), and
• (iii) proportion of total health resources devoted to primary
health care.

21. QUALITY OF LIFE
INDICATORS
Quality of life is difficult to define and even more difficult to
measure .
• The physical quality of life index is one such index It
consolidates three indicators, viz.
• infant mortality rate,
• life expectancy at age one, and
• Literacy rate.

22. OTHER INDICATORS
Other health indicators include
• (a) Social indicators : Social indicators, as defined by the United Nations
Statistical Office, have been divided into 12 categories:- population;
family formation, families and households; learning and educational
services; earning activities; distribution of income, consumption, and
accumulation; social security and welfare services; health services and
nutrition; housing and its environment; public order and safety; time
use; leisure and culture; social stratification and mobility

23. OTHER INDICATORS
• (b) Basic needs indicators : Basic needs indicators are used
by ILO. Those mentioned in "Basic needs
performance" include calorie consumption; access to
water; life expectancy; deaths due to disease; illiteracy,
doctors and nurses per population; rooms per person;
GNP per capita.

24. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )
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