The document discusses power system stability, including classifications of stability (steady state, transient, and dynamic) and factors that affect transient stability. It also covers topics like the swing equation, equal area criterion, critical clearing angle, and multi-machine stability studies. Some key points:
1) Power system stability refers to a system's ability to return to normal operating conditions after disturbances like faults or load changes.
2) Transient stability depends on factors like fault duration and location, generator inertia, and pre-fault loading conditions.
3) The equal area criterion states that a system will remain stable if the accelerating and decelerating area segments on the power-angle curve are equal.
4)
This presentation is about power system voltage stability.
What is voltage stability?
How voltage instability occurs?
How to improve voltage stability of the system?
This document provides an overview of power system stability, including various types of stability issues like rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and small signal stability. It defines key concepts, classifies stability into different categories, and describes factors that affect stability issues like voltage stability. Analysis techniques for different stability problems are discussed, like transient stability analysis, PV curves for voltage stability assessment, and eigenvalue analysis for small signal stability. The role of controls like power system stabilizers is also mentioned.
The functions of an excitation system are
to provide direct current to the synchronous generator field winding, and
to perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory operation of the power system
The performance requirements of the excitation system are determined by
Generator considerations:
supply and adjust field current as the generator output varies within its continuous capability
respond to transient disturbances with field forcing consistent with the generator short term capabilities:
rotor insulation failure due to high field voltage
rotor heating due to high field current
stator heating due to high VAR loading
heating due to excess flux (volts/Hz)
Power system considerations:
contribute to effective control of system voltage and improvement of system stability
This document discusses power system stability in three chapters. It defines three types of stability - steady state, transient, and dynamic - and describes each. Steady state stability relates to gradual load increases, dynamic stability involves oscillations from small disturbances, and transient stability concerns large disturbances. The chapter continues by deriving the swing equation that models generator rotor dynamics and stability. It describes how this equation applies to both single and multi-machine systems. The document concludes by discussing power flow under steady state conditions, the equal area criteria for stability, critical clearing angles and times for faults.
Detailed presentation created on the topic of electrical power subject on the power system analysis. Shown about Ybus details, Ybus calculations, Power flow and design, Interconnected operation of power system etc.
This document summarizes a project on automatic load frequency control and automatic load dispatch presented by four students at Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur. It introduces load frequency control and discusses its objectives to maintain uniform frequency and control tie-line power interchange. It then analyzes the response of load frequency control for an isolated single area power system and a two area interconnected power system, both with and without control. The conclusion states that controllers keep generators operating near a normal state with minimal deviations, and simulation results show the proposed approach ensures viable system evolution despite load and failure changes.
The document discusses power system stability, including classifications of stability (steady state, transient, and dynamic) and factors that affect transient stability. It also covers topics like the swing equation, equal area criterion, critical clearing angle, and multi-machine stability studies. Some key points:
1) Power system stability refers to a system's ability to return to normal operating conditions after disturbances like faults or load changes.
2) Transient stability depends on factors like fault duration and location, generator inertia, and pre-fault loading conditions.
3) The equal area criterion states that a system will remain stable if the accelerating and decelerating area segments on the power-angle curve are equal.
4)
This presentation is about power system voltage stability.
What is voltage stability?
How voltage instability occurs?
How to improve voltage stability of the system?
This document provides an overview of power system stability, including various types of stability issues like rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and small signal stability. It defines key concepts, classifies stability into different categories, and describes factors that affect stability issues like voltage stability. Analysis techniques for different stability problems are discussed, like transient stability analysis, PV curves for voltage stability assessment, and eigenvalue analysis for small signal stability. The role of controls like power system stabilizers is also mentioned.
The functions of an excitation system are
to provide direct current to the synchronous generator field winding, and
to perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory operation of the power system
The performance requirements of the excitation system are determined by
Generator considerations:
supply and adjust field current as the generator output varies within its continuous capability
respond to transient disturbances with field forcing consistent with the generator short term capabilities:
rotor insulation failure due to high field voltage
rotor heating due to high field current
stator heating due to high VAR loading
heating due to excess flux (volts/Hz)
Power system considerations:
contribute to effective control of system voltage and improvement of system stability
This document discusses power system stability in three chapters. It defines three types of stability - steady state, transient, and dynamic - and describes each. Steady state stability relates to gradual load increases, dynamic stability involves oscillations from small disturbances, and transient stability concerns large disturbances. The chapter continues by deriving the swing equation that models generator rotor dynamics and stability. It describes how this equation applies to both single and multi-machine systems. The document concludes by discussing power flow under steady state conditions, the equal area criteria for stability, critical clearing angles and times for faults.
Detailed presentation created on the topic of electrical power subject on the power system analysis. Shown about Ybus details, Ybus calculations, Power flow and design, Interconnected operation of power system etc.
This document summarizes a project on automatic load frequency control and automatic load dispatch presented by four students at Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur. It introduces load frequency control and discusses its objectives to maintain uniform frequency and control tie-line power interchange. It then analyzes the response of load frequency control for an isolated single area power system and a two area interconnected power system, both with and without control. The conclusion states that controllers keep generators operating near a normal state with minimal deviations, and simulation results show the proposed approach ensures viable system evolution despite load and failure changes.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
The document discusses power quality issues caused by harmonics from non-linear loads. It provides background on the increasing use of non-linear loads and effects of harmonics. Specific sources of harmonics are outlined along with their impact on power quality including overheating, failures, and interference. Mitigation techniques are reviewed such as passive and active filtering. Active power filters are highlighted as an effective solution, with shunt active power filters discussed in detail for compensating harmonic currents and reactive power. The document concludes that active power filtering is still developing and more research is needed on techniques like controls and artificial intelligence to further improve power quality.
This document discusses various topics related to power system stability including:
1. It defines power system stability as the ability of a system to regain equilibrium after a disturbance. It classifies stability into rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability.
2. Rotor angle stability depends on the balance between electromagnetic and mechanical torque on generators. Voltage stability refers to maintaining steady voltages after a disturbance.
3. It derives and explains the swing equation, which describes the relative motion of a generator rotor during disturbances. It provides the swing equation both with and without damper torque.
4. It discusses single machine infinite bus systems and provides the equivalent circuit diagram. Small-signal angle stability refers to the ability of a system
This document is a final year project presentation on Static VAR Compensator (SVC). It discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics to control power flow and increase transmission capacity. SVCs in particular provide fast reactive power support to control voltage and improve stability. Different types of SVC are described including series and shunt compensators using thyristor controlled capacitors and reactors. Mechanically Switched Capacitors are also discussed as a type of shunt compensator. The project layout and applications of SVC systems for transmission systems are outlined.
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION - 2 LAB MANUAL (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - POWER SYSTEMS) Mathankumar S
This document provides an overview of small signal stability analysis of a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system. It defines small signal stability and describes how small disturbances can cause non-oscillatory or oscillatory instability. The swing equation and linearised swing equation are presented, which model the rotor motion and form the basis for small signal stability analysis. The linearised equations are used to derive the characteristic equation and determine the system's damping ratio and natural frequency of oscillation from the roots. The objectives are to understand SMIB system modelling, examine small signal stability through simulation, and obtain parameters like damping ratio from the linearised model.
This document provides an overview of reactive power management in power systems. It discusses the power triangle and significance of positive and negative real and reactive power. Reactive power control is necessary to reduce losses, improve voltage regulation and increase transmission capacity. Sources of reactive power include synchronous machines, capacitors, and FACTS devices. Series and shunt compensation are used to improve voltage profiles and increase power transfer capabilities by reducing line reactance. Synchronous machines can generate or absorb reactive power through field excitation control.
Objectives: This course will provide a comprehensive overview of power system stability and control problems. This includes the basic concepts, physical aspects of the phenomena, methods of analysis, the integration of MATLAB and SINULINK in the analysis of power system .
Course Content: 1. Power System Stability: Introduction
2. Stability Analysis: Swing Equation
3. Models for Stability Studies
4. Steady State Stability
5. Transient Stability
6. Multimachine Transient Stability
7. Power System Control: Introduction
8. Load Frequency Control
9. Automatic generation Control
10. Reactive Power Control
The document discusses emerging facts about STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) controllers. It describes that a STATCOM is a voltage source converter that produces synchronized AC output voltages using a DC voltage input to compensate for reactive power. It can improve dynamic voltage control, power oscillation damping, transient stability, voltage flicker control, and control of both reactive and active power. The STATCOM structure uses encapsulated electronic converters in a small footprint to minimize environmental impact. It can independently generate or absorb reactive power depending on the magnitude of its output voltage compared to the line voltage.
This document provides an introduction to Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). It discusses why transmission interconnections are needed, including to minimize generation and fuel costs and supply electricity at minimum cost. It also explores if the full potential of interconnections can be used and describes opportunities for FACTS technology to control power flow and enhance transmission line usage. Some key limitations on transmission line loading capability like thermal, dielectric, and stability limits are also summarized.
This document discusses various causes of over voltages in electrical power systems, including both external and internal causes. External causes include lightning strikes, which can induce over voltages through direct strikes or electromagnetic induction. Lightning forms when charge accumulates between clouds or between clouds and the ground, with potentials reaching millions of volts. Internally, over voltages occur during switching operations due to phenomena like the Ferranti effect or transient voltages caused by energizing transformers or transmission lines. Protection methods aim to mitigate over voltage risks from both lightning and switching events.
The document discusses the basic types of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) controllers, including series controllers that inject voltage in series with a line, shunt controllers that inject current, and combined series-shunt controllers. FACTS controllers are used to control power flow and improve voltage profiles by injecting currents and voltages. The choice of controller depends on the desired control over current, power flow, damping of oscillations, and improvement of voltage.
Physical Description
Mathematical Model
Park's "dqo" transportation
Steady-state Analysis
phasor representation in d-q coordinates
link with network equations
Definition of "rotor angle"
Representation of Synchronous Machines in Stability Studies
neglect of stator transients
magnetic saturation
Simplified Models
Synchronous Machine Parameters
Reactive Capability Limits
Consists of two sets of windings:
3 phase armature winding on the stator distributed with centres 120° apart in space
field winding on the rotor supplied by DC
Two basic rotor structures used:
salient or projecting pole structure for hydraulic units (low speed)
round rotor structure for thermal units (high speed)
Salient poles have concentrated field windings; usually also carry damper windings on the pole face.Round rotors have solid steel rotors with distributed windings
Nearly sinusoidal space distribution of flux wave shape obtained by:
distributing stator windings and field windings in many slots (round rotor);
shaping pole faces (salient pole)
Loading Capability Limits of Transmission LinesRaja Adapa
This document discusses the four main loading capability limits of transmission lines: thermal, voltage, dielectric, and stability limits. The thermal limit depends on ambient temperature, wind conditions, conductor size and is usually the main limiting factor. Voltage limits require the transmission voltage to be maintained within a specified range, like plus/minus 5% of nominal. The dielectric limit concerns insulation and allows for some increase in normal operating voltage. Stability limits involve ensuring the power system remains stable after the loss of a single element to prevent cascading outages. FACTS technology can help utilize more of the thermal limits and improve stability.
Equal Area Criterion for Transient Stability Studynew.pptxssuser6453eb
This PPT shows how to use equal area criterion to analyze trasient stability for various cases like sudden rise in mechanical input to the turbine, three-phase fault at generator bus and at the mid of the line etc.
The document discusses various methods for improving power system stability, including automatic voltage regulators (AVR), load frequency control (LFC), and power system stabilizers (PSS). AVR works to maintain generator terminal voltage at a preset value by adjusting excitation current. LFC maintains system frequency and power exchange between areas at scheduled values. PSS adds damping to generator oscillations to stabilize the grid by modulating voltage regulator setpoint based on speed.
This document discusses constraints and load flow analysis in power systems. It outlines four key constraints: active power constraint, reactive power constraint, voltage magnitude constraint, and load angle constraint. It also describes load flow analysis as a balanced mechanism between demand and generation under incremental loading. Load flow analysis is important for the safe and future operation of power systems. The document further discusses bus classification, basic power flow conditions including the proportional relationships between reactive power and voltage and active power and load angle. It also covers the development of the Y-bus matrix considering line resistances and inductances alone and then including line capacitances.
Relays are electromagnetic switches that are designed to detect faults on electrical circuits and trip circuit breakers. They use a low amperage control circuit to operate a high amperage tripping circuit. Relays can be classified based on their construction, applications, or time of operation. Common types include impedance, reactance, mho, and digital protective relays. Impedance relays have an overcurrent operative torque and a voltage-restraining torque. Reactance relays have a current operative torque and a directional restraining torque. Mho relays induce operative torque from both voltage and current and have a voltage-restraining torque. Digital protective relays use microprocessors to analyze voltages, currents, and
This document provides an overview of power system stability analysis. It defines power system stability as the ability of a system to maintain equilibrium during normal operation and regain equilibrium after disturbances. It discusses different types of stability including rotor angle stability and voltage stability. Key factors that influence stability like operating conditions, faults, and clearing times are also summarized. Methods for enhancing stability such as high-speed fault clearing and controlled load shedding are briefly mentioned. Models for analyzing stability like the swing equation and equal area criterion are defined in less than 3 sentences.
Voltage Stability Indices: Taxonomy, Formulation and Calculation algorithmcimran15
The document discusses voltage stability indices (VSIs) that are used to analyze voltage stability and predict voltage collapse in power systems. It provides a taxonomy and classification of common VSIs, including both Jacobian matrix-based and system variable-based indices. The document also presents the mathematical formulation and calculation algorithms for some example VSIs, including the Voltage Collapse Index, Stability Index, and Line Collapse Proximity Index. It describes testing some of these indices on the IEEE 14-bus test system using simulation tools to validate their theoretical behavior.
To succeed in business planning, it is important to set both long-term and short-term goals. Long-term goals provide a vision for the future direction of the company over 5 years or more, while short-term goals break long-term goals into smaller, time-bound objectives to monitor progress. Both types of goals should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound. Setting enduring values-based goals provides stability during periods of change, and failure to achieve goals is part of the learning process towards ultimate success.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
The document discusses power quality issues caused by harmonics from non-linear loads. It provides background on the increasing use of non-linear loads and effects of harmonics. Specific sources of harmonics are outlined along with their impact on power quality including overheating, failures, and interference. Mitigation techniques are reviewed such as passive and active filtering. Active power filters are highlighted as an effective solution, with shunt active power filters discussed in detail for compensating harmonic currents and reactive power. The document concludes that active power filtering is still developing and more research is needed on techniques like controls and artificial intelligence to further improve power quality.
This document discusses various topics related to power system stability including:
1. It defines power system stability as the ability of a system to regain equilibrium after a disturbance. It classifies stability into rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability.
2. Rotor angle stability depends on the balance between electromagnetic and mechanical torque on generators. Voltage stability refers to maintaining steady voltages after a disturbance.
3. It derives and explains the swing equation, which describes the relative motion of a generator rotor during disturbances. It provides the swing equation both with and without damper torque.
4. It discusses single machine infinite bus systems and provides the equivalent circuit diagram. Small-signal angle stability refers to the ability of a system
This document is a final year project presentation on Static VAR Compensator (SVC). It discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics to control power flow and increase transmission capacity. SVCs in particular provide fast reactive power support to control voltage and improve stability. Different types of SVC are described including series and shunt compensators using thyristor controlled capacitors and reactors. Mechanically Switched Capacitors are also discussed as a type of shunt compensator. The project layout and applications of SVC systems for transmission systems are outlined.
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION - 2 LAB MANUAL (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - POWER SYSTEMS) Mathankumar S
This document provides an overview of small signal stability analysis of a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system. It defines small signal stability and describes how small disturbances can cause non-oscillatory or oscillatory instability. The swing equation and linearised swing equation are presented, which model the rotor motion and form the basis for small signal stability analysis. The linearised equations are used to derive the characteristic equation and determine the system's damping ratio and natural frequency of oscillation from the roots. The objectives are to understand SMIB system modelling, examine small signal stability through simulation, and obtain parameters like damping ratio from the linearised model.
This document provides an overview of reactive power management in power systems. It discusses the power triangle and significance of positive and negative real and reactive power. Reactive power control is necessary to reduce losses, improve voltage regulation and increase transmission capacity. Sources of reactive power include synchronous machines, capacitors, and FACTS devices. Series and shunt compensation are used to improve voltage profiles and increase power transfer capabilities by reducing line reactance. Synchronous machines can generate or absorb reactive power through field excitation control.
Objectives: This course will provide a comprehensive overview of power system stability and control problems. This includes the basic concepts, physical aspects of the phenomena, methods of analysis, the integration of MATLAB and SINULINK in the analysis of power system .
Course Content: 1. Power System Stability: Introduction
2. Stability Analysis: Swing Equation
3. Models for Stability Studies
4. Steady State Stability
5. Transient Stability
6. Multimachine Transient Stability
7. Power System Control: Introduction
8. Load Frequency Control
9. Automatic generation Control
10. Reactive Power Control
The document discusses emerging facts about STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) controllers. It describes that a STATCOM is a voltage source converter that produces synchronized AC output voltages using a DC voltage input to compensate for reactive power. It can improve dynamic voltage control, power oscillation damping, transient stability, voltage flicker control, and control of both reactive and active power. The STATCOM structure uses encapsulated electronic converters in a small footprint to minimize environmental impact. It can independently generate or absorb reactive power depending on the magnitude of its output voltage compared to the line voltage.
This document provides an introduction to Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). It discusses why transmission interconnections are needed, including to minimize generation and fuel costs and supply electricity at minimum cost. It also explores if the full potential of interconnections can be used and describes opportunities for FACTS technology to control power flow and enhance transmission line usage. Some key limitations on transmission line loading capability like thermal, dielectric, and stability limits are also summarized.
This document discusses various causes of over voltages in electrical power systems, including both external and internal causes. External causes include lightning strikes, which can induce over voltages through direct strikes or electromagnetic induction. Lightning forms when charge accumulates between clouds or between clouds and the ground, with potentials reaching millions of volts. Internally, over voltages occur during switching operations due to phenomena like the Ferranti effect or transient voltages caused by energizing transformers or transmission lines. Protection methods aim to mitigate over voltage risks from both lightning and switching events.
The document discusses the basic types of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) controllers, including series controllers that inject voltage in series with a line, shunt controllers that inject current, and combined series-shunt controllers. FACTS controllers are used to control power flow and improve voltage profiles by injecting currents and voltages. The choice of controller depends on the desired control over current, power flow, damping of oscillations, and improvement of voltage.
Physical Description
Mathematical Model
Park's "dqo" transportation
Steady-state Analysis
phasor representation in d-q coordinates
link with network equations
Definition of "rotor angle"
Representation of Synchronous Machines in Stability Studies
neglect of stator transients
magnetic saturation
Simplified Models
Synchronous Machine Parameters
Reactive Capability Limits
Consists of two sets of windings:
3 phase armature winding on the stator distributed with centres 120° apart in space
field winding on the rotor supplied by DC
Two basic rotor structures used:
salient or projecting pole structure for hydraulic units (low speed)
round rotor structure for thermal units (high speed)
Salient poles have concentrated field windings; usually also carry damper windings on the pole face.Round rotors have solid steel rotors with distributed windings
Nearly sinusoidal space distribution of flux wave shape obtained by:
distributing stator windings and field windings in many slots (round rotor);
shaping pole faces (salient pole)
Loading Capability Limits of Transmission LinesRaja Adapa
This document discusses the four main loading capability limits of transmission lines: thermal, voltage, dielectric, and stability limits. The thermal limit depends on ambient temperature, wind conditions, conductor size and is usually the main limiting factor. Voltage limits require the transmission voltage to be maintained within a specified range, like plus/minus 5% of nominal. The dielectric limit concerns insulation and allows for some increase in normal operating voltage. Stability limits involve ensuring the power system remains stable after the loss of a single element to prevent cascading outages. FACTS technology can help utilize more of the thermal limits and improve stability.
Equal Area Criterion for Transient Stability Studynew.pptxssuser6453eb
This PPT shows how to use equal area criterion to analyze trasient stability for various cases like sudden rise in mechanical input to the turbine, three-phase fault at generator bus and at the mid of the line etc.
The document discusses various methods for improving power system stability, including automatic voltage regulators (AVR), load frequency control (LFC), and power system stabilizers (PSS). AVR works to maintain generator terminal voltage at a preset value by adjusting excitation current. LFC maintains system frequency and power exchange between areas at scheduled values. PSS adds damping to generator oscillations to stabilize the grid by modulating voltage regulator setpoint based on speed.
This document discusses constraints and load flow analysis in power systems. It outlines four key constraints: active power constraint, reactive power constraint, voltage magnitude constraint, and load angle constraint. It also describes load flow analysis as a balanced mechanism between demand and generation under incremental loading. Load flow analysis is important for the safe and future operation of power systems. The document further discusses bus classification, basic power flow conditions including the proportional relationships between reactive power and voltage and active power and load angle. It also covers the development of the Y-bus matrix considering line resistances and inductances alone and then including line capacitances.
Relays are electromagnetic switches that are designed to detect faults on electrical circuits and trip circuit breakers. They use a low amperage control circuit to operate a high amperage tripping circuit. Relays can be classified based on their construction, applications, or time of operation. Common types include impedance, reactance, mho, and digital protective relays. Impedance relays have an overcurrent operative torque and a voltage-restraining torque. Reactance relays have a current operative torque and a directional restraining torque. Mho relays induce operative torque from both voltage and current and have a voltage-restraining torque. Digital protective relays use microprocessors to analyze voltages, currents, and
This document provides an overview of power system stability analysis. It defines power system stability as the ability of a system to maintain equilibrium during normal operation and regain equilibrium after disturbances. It discusses different types of stability including rotor angle stability and voltage stability. Key factors that influence stability like operating conditions, faults, and clearing times are also summarized. Methods for enhancing stability such as high-speed fault clearing and controlled load shedding are briefly mentioned. Models for analyzing stability like the swing equation and equal area criterion are defined in less than 3 sentences.
Voltage Stability Indices: Taxonomy, Formulation and Calculation algorithmcimran15
The document discusses voltage stability indices (VSIs) that are used to analyze voltage stability and predict voltage collapse in power systems. It provides a taxonomy and classification of common VSIs, including both Jacobian matrix-based and system variable-based indices. The document also presents the mathematical formulation and calculation algorithms for some example VSIs, including the Voltage Collapse Index, Stability Index, and Line Collapse Proximity Index. It describes testing some of these indices on the IEEE 14-bus test system using simulation tools to validate their theoretical behavior.
To succeed in business planning, it is important to set both long-term and short-term goals. Long-term goals provide a vision for the future direction of the company over 5 years or more, while short-term goals break long-term goals into smaller, time-bound objectives to monitor progress. Both types of goals should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound. Setting enduring values-based goals provides stability during periods of change, and failure to achieve goals is part of the learning process towards ultimate success.
This document describes a new type of battery that is safer and longer lasting than current lithium-ion batteries. The battery replaces the flammable liquid electrolyte with a solid electrolyte made of ceramics and polymers. It also uses lithium metal for the anode instead of graphite which allows it to store more energy. Testing shows the prototype battery maintains over 80% capacity after 1000 charges, addressing the limited life cycles of existing batteries. It also has no risk of fire even when penetrated by a nail, demonstrating significantly improved safety over lithium-ion batteries.
Alternating Current Machines-Synchronous MachinesTalia Carbis
This document provides an overview of synchronous machines including:
- Synchronous machines operate at synchronous speed and lock into the rotating magnetic field produced by the stator.
- The rotor is a magnet that is dragged along for the ride as the rotating magnetic field rotates.
- Torque is produced as the magnetic fields of the rotor and stator interact. The torque allows the motor to operate at a constant synchronous speed under varying load.
This document presents a thesis proposal on developing an optimal under voltage load shedding scheme using hybrid meta-heuristic techniques. The introduction provides background on load shedding, noting it is implemented as a last resort to balance supply and demand and avoid blackouts. The objectives are to propose a novel hybrid optimization technique considering voltage stability and develop a load shedding scheme to minimize shed load and prevent overloading. Key aspects of voltage stability and classifications of power system stability are reviewed. The methodology will apply hybrid meta-heuristic techniques like genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization to handle large, complex power systems and provide better load shedding results than conventional techniques.
This document discusses synchronous machines and synchronous generators. It contains the following key points:
1. Synchronous machines operate at a constant synchronous speed that is determined by the electrical frequency and number of poles. They can operate as generators or motors.
2. Synchronous generators are widely used in large power applications due to their high efficiency, reliability, and ability to control power factor. They have a rotor winding supplied by DC current and a stator connected to the AC supply.
3. The internal generated voltage of a synchronous generator depends on factors like flux, speed of rotation, and field current. It can supply either lagging or leading reactive current to the system.
4. An open circuit test is
Synchronous motors operate at a constant synchronous speed determined by the number of poles and frequency of the power supply. They have high efficiency and provide smooth constant torque but are more expensive than induction motors. The rotor is either wound similarly to an induction motor or contains permanent magnets. Methods to provide starting torque include using a pony motor, applying a reduced voltage and frequency to the rotor windings to make it operate like an induction motor initially, or using damper windings. Synchronous motors are commonly used for power factor correction by varying the field excitation to control the phase relationship between voltage and current.
Synchronous machines have two sets of windings - a three-phase armature winding on the stationary stator and a DC field winding on the rotating rotor. The rotor can have either a salient pole or cylindrical structure. Large generators use brushless excitation systems to avoid maintenance issues associated with slip rings and brushes. Excitation is provided by a small AC generator (brushless exciter) mounted on the stator whose output is rectified to supply DC current to the main field winding. Proper cooling is required to dissipate heat generated in the windings.
The document discusses synchronous motors used to drive textile and paper mill equipment. It describes different types of synchronous motors including wound field, permanent magnet, synchronous reluctance, and hysteresis motors. It explains that synchronous motors can operate in an adjustable frequency control mode called self-controlled mode, where the supply frequency is controlled by an inverter receiving signals from a frequency controlled oscillator. In this mode, the motor exhibits constant torque behavior up to base speed and flux weakening at higher speeds, with fast transient response similar to a DC motor but smaller rotor inertia.
This document presents an overview of reactive power compensation. It defines reactive power compensation as managing reactive power to improve AC system performance. There are two main aspects: load compensation to increase power factor and voltage regulation, and voltage support to decrease voltage fluctuations. Several methods of reactive power compensation are discussed, including shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation, static VAR compensators (SVCs), static compensators (STATCOMs), and synchronous condensers. SVC and STATCOM technologies are compared, with STATCOMs having advantages of smaller components, better control, and transient response.
This document discusses power system stability and microgrids. It defines power system stability and classifies it into several types including rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability. It also discusses microgrids, their interconnection to main grids for availability and economic benefits, and methods for connecting microgrids using switchgear or static switches. In conclusion, it states that power system stability is important for normal operation and can be improved through devices like capacitors and FACTS controllers, and that microgrids satisfy local loads while reducing transmission losses through local renewable generation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Standard Chartered Bank and Mahindra Finance use different sources of long-term and short-term finance. Standard Chartered Bank relies more on equity capital (58%) and internal accruals like reserves and surplus (24%). It uses less debentures (20%) and term loans (8%). In contrast, Mahindra Finance has lower equity capital (42%) but higher use of debentures (33%) and both long-term and short-term term loans (13%). While Standard Chartered Bank has less dependence on outside sources, Mahindra Finance relies more on external financing through debentures and loans.
This document discusses improving voltage stability in power systems by compensating for reactive power. It explains that voltage instability can be caused by heavy loads drawing high reactive power, generators being far from loads, and low source voltages. Reactive power compensation devices like shunt capacitors and SVCs are effective ways to control voltage levels by managing reactive power production, absorption, and flow. Shunt capacitors and SVCs are discussed in more detail, including their advantages and disadvantages for providing reactive power compensation.
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HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission Lines in using PSAT in GUI/matlab in that slide uses a basic deeply small instrument using power transmission lines..it's main purpose to improve knowledge skills of students..
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on HVDC and FACTS technologies for improving power transmission through long lines. It introduces HVDC and its applications for long distance transmission. FACTS devices are discussed as providing advantages over HVDC, including flexible control of voltage, current and power flow. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is examined as a combined series-shunt FACTS device. The Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) is introduced for modeling and simulating HVDC and FACTS devices on transmission lines, allowing analysis of faults and power flow control.
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In monitoring power system analysis, we are mainly dealing with power or load flow analysis, fault analysis, and stability analysis.
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This paper studies the impacts of distributed generation, specifically solar and wind power, on power quality when interconnected to a distribution utility feeder. Multiple scenarios were modeled and simulated using the RSCAD/RTDS real-time simulation tool. The results show some increase in harmonic distortion and voltage fluctuations with the addition of distributed generation, but within acceptable limits. Harmonics were observed at higher orders which could impact power quality. Voltage fluctuations increased nearer to the distributed generation sources.
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Transmission System Operators and Owners are required to maintain a Black Start and System
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system restoration. The performance of BESS for black start system restoration is compared
with the performance of a combustion turbine.
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### How TDM Works
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### Types of TDM
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### Applications of TDM
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### Advantages of TDM
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The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
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Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. Voltage collapse is still the biggest single
threat to the transmission system. It’s what
keeps me awake at night
• - Phil Haris, PJM President and CEO, March
2004
3. Introduction
• Present day power systems are being operated
closer to their stability limits due to economic
constraints. Maintaining a stable and secure
operation of a power system is therefore very
important and challenging issue.
5. Voltage stability
• The definition of voltage stability as proposed by
IEEE task force is as follows:
Voltage stability refer to the ability of power system
to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the
system after being subjected to a disturbance from a
given initial operating point. The system state enters
the voltage instability region when a disturbance or
an increase in load demand or alteration in system
state results in an uncontrollable and continuous
drop in system voltage.
6. Continued
• A system is said to be in voltage stable state if at a
given operating condition, for every bus in the
system, the bus voltage magnitude increases as the
reactive power injection at the same bus is
increased.
• A system is voltage unstable if for at least one bus in
the system, the bus voltage magnitude decreases as
the reactive power injection at the same bus is
increased.
• It implies that if, V-Q sensitivity is positive for every
bus the system is voltage stable and if V-Q
sensitivity is negative for at least one bus, the system
is voltage unstable.
7. Voltage Instability Time frames and
mechanism
• Transient Voltage stability • Longer term voltage stability
8. Transient voltage stability
• Time frame varies from zero to about ten seconds
• Voltage collapse is caused by unfavorable fast acting
load component such as large induction motor and
D.C. converters.
• During under frequency load shedding there is
possibility that system voltage may collapse
whenever imbalance in reactive power is more than
50%.
• HVDC circuits cause transient voltage stability
problem as converters and inverters require large
amount of reactive power.
9. Longer term voltage stability
• The time frame is few minutes typically 2-3 minutes
and hence operator intervention is not possible.
• Involves high loads, high power imports from
remote generation and a sudden large disturbance
which could be in the form of loss of large
generators and loss of transmission lines.
• The disturbance causes high reactive power losses
and voltage sags in load areas.
• Rapid voltage decay starts and partial or complete
voltage collapse follows.
11. Comparision
Rotor angle stability Voltage stability
• synchronous machine
connected to infinite bus or a
large system.
• Normally concerned with
integrating remote power
plant to a large system.
• It is basically generator
stability.
• When asynchronous load
connected to a large system.
• Concerned with load areas and
load characteristics.
• It is basically load stability.
12. Continued.
• If voltage collapses at a point in transmission
system remote from loads, it is an angle
instability situation . However, if voltage
collapses in a load area it is mainly a voltage
instability situation.
14. Voltage instability in mature power
system
• Intensive use of existing generation and
transmission.
• Vast use of shunt capacitor banks for reactive
power compensation. It results into voltage
collapse prone fragile network.
15. Series capacitor compensation
• The reactive power generation due to series
capacitance compensates for the reactive power
consumption due to series inductance of the
line.
• Series capacitor reactive power generation
increases with the current squared, thus
generating reactive power when most needed.
17. Continued
• Real power transfer from bus 1 to bus 2 is given by
P= {E*V*sin(d)}/X -(1)
• Reactive power transfer from bus 1 to bus 2 is given
by
Q=-(V^2)/X+{E*V*cos(d)}/X -(2)
• Normalizing the terms in equation (1) and (2) with
v=V/E
p=(P*X)/E^2
q=(Q*X)/E^2
• v^4+v^2(2q-1)+(p^2+q^2)=0 -(3)
18. Continued
• Positive real solutions of v from equation (3) are
given by
v={.5 -q±(.25-p^2-q)^.5}^.5 -(4)
• Corresponding to each point (p, q) there are two
solutions for voltage, one is high voltage or stable
solution which is the actual voltage at the bus, and
the other one is the low voltage or unstable solution.
• The equator along which the two solutions of v are
equal, represents maximum power points.
• An increase in p or q beyond maximum power point
makes the voltage unstable.
19. Variation of bus voltage with active
and reactive power loading.
20. Tools for voltage stability analysis
• P-V curve method.
• V-Q curve method and reactive power reserve.
21. P-V curve method
• Widely used method for voltage stability analysis.
• Gives available amount of active power margin
before the point of voltage instability.
• For a simple two bus system as shown in previous
fig. equation (4) gives real solution of v^2 provided
(1-4*q-4*p^2) 0 -(5)
• Assuming contant power factor load such as q/p=k,
the inequality can be expressed as,
p 5{(1+k^2)^.5-k} -(6)
22. Continued
• Equation p 5{(1+k^2)^.5-k} determines
maximum value of p.
• Thus representing the load as a constant power
factor type with a suitably chosen power factor,
the active power margin can be computed from
above equation.
24. V-Q curve method and reactive power
reserve.
• Voltage security of a bus is closely related to the available
reactive power reserve, which can be easily found from
the V-Q curve of the bus under consideration.
• The reactive power margin is the MVAR distance
between the operating point and the nose point of the V-
Q curve.
• Stiffness of the bus can be qualitatively evaluated from
the slope of the right portion of the V-Q curve. The
greater the slope is, the less stiff is the bus, and therefore
the more vulnerable to voltage collapse it is.
26. Methods of improving voltage stability
• Planning of generation system.
• Maintenance of generation system.
• Operation of generation system.
• Reactive power compensation.
• Capacitor bank.
• Tap changing.
27. Continued
• Planning of generation system
The reliability aspect of supply can be improved
by sitting generating plants in the load areas.
• Maintenance of generation system
Over excitation and under excitation limiters,
alarm settings, tap changer settings need to be
verified and maintained.
• Operation of generation system
During peak load period, power import over the
transmission network should be reduced.
28. Continued
• Reactive power compensation
Extra high voltage transmission lines requires shunt
reactors for energization and under lightly loaded
condition. These shunt reactors should be switched off
during voltage emergencies.
• Capacitor bank
Shunt capacitor banks act as constant reactive power
sources.
• Tap changing
The tap changing transformers change the
transformation ratio and thus the voltage in the
secondary circuit is varied and voltage control is
obtained.
29. Conclusion
• There are many aspects of voltage stability and
also has many solutions associated to the voltage
stability in terms of generation, transmission
and distribution .Power system engineer job is to
find low cost solution whenever possible which
require special control and special power system
operation.
30. References
• S Chakrabarti, Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur, Notes
on power system stability.
• C.L. Wadhwa, Electrical power systems, 2010.
• C Radhakrishna, Voltage stability analysis-1.
• Carson W. Taylor, Voltage stability for
undergraduates.