This presentation is about power system voltage stability.
What is voltage stability?
How voltage instability occurs?
How to improve voltage stability of the system?
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
This presentation is about power system voltage stability.
What is voltage stability?
How voltage instability occurs?
How to improve voltage stability of the system?
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
Classification Of Power System StabilityAravind Shaji
The Slide Deals With Power System Stability. Contents Include
Power System Stability Overview
Power System Stability: A Proposed Definition
Need of Stability Classification
Classification of stability
Power System Stability Classification
Rotor Angle Stability
Voltage Stability
Frequency Stability
Rotor Angle Stability vs. Voltage Stability
References
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission LinesRajaram Meena
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission Lines in using PSAT in GUI/matlab in that slide uses a basic deeply small instrument using power transmission lines..it's main purpose to improve knowledge skills of students..
LOW CAPACITANCE CASCADED H BRIDGE MULTILEVEL BASED STATCOMASWATHYSANAND1
This project aims at a new low capacitance cascade H-Bridge multilevel inverter based StatCom. This system is able to operate with extremely low dc capacitance values.
The purpose of a power system is to deliver the power to the customers require in real time on demand within acceptable voltage and frequency limits in, a reliable and economical manner.
A power flow study (load-flow study) is a steady-state analysis whose target is to determine the voltages, currents, and real and reactive power flows in a system under given load conditions. The evaluation of a power system is called power system analysis
Power system analysis is an essential part of electrical power system design.
Calculations and simulations are performed to verify that the electrical system, including the system components, are correctly specified to perform as intended, withstand expected stress, and be protected against failures.
In addition to that, power system analysis helps to understand how the power system will operate in different configurations and when there are changes to the system, like capacitor switching (transient), a large motor starting (dynamic), or the incident energy as a result of an arc flash (static).
In monitoring power system analysis, we are mainly dealing with power or load flow analysis, fault analysis, and stability analysis.
Transmission System Operators and Owners are required to maintain a Black Start and System
Restoration Plan that has been thoroughly verified with studies. Combustion turbines are
typically used as Black Start generators, which then are used to start larger coal and combined
cycle plants. Steady state and transient studies are normally performed to verify whether voltage
and frequency are within limits so as not to interrupt the restoration process, and to ensure
large induction motors associated with the power plants can be started. In recent times, Battery
Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are being considered for black start system restoration, in
lieu of combustion turbines. The models that are currently available for BESS in transmission
planning software are meant to study synchronized operation of BESS, rather than an islanded
operation. In this paper, a modeling technique is presented for evaluating BESS for black start
system restoration. The performance of BESS for black start system restoration is compared
with the performance of a combustion turbine.
This presentation on Power Quality Improvement Techniques: A Review presented by Sahid Raja Khan student of B. Tech. Electrical Engineering of Compucom Institute of Technology and Management Jaipur. It describes the improvement technique of Power Quality at GSS and other Substations including Generating Stations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. Voltage collapse is still the biggest single
threat to the transmission system. It’s what
keeps me awake at night
• - Phil Haris, PJM President and CEO, March
2004
3. Introduction
• Present day power systems are being operated
closer to their stability limits due to economic
constraints. Maintaining a stable and secure
operation of a power system is therefore very
important and challenging issue.
5. Voltage stability
• The definition of voltage stability as proposed by
IEEE task force is as follows:
Voltage stability refer to the ability of power system
to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the
system after being subjected to a disturbance from a
given initial operating point. The system state enters
the voltage instability region when a disturbance or
an increase in load demand or alteration in system
state results in an uncontrollable and continuous
drop in system voltage.
6. Continued
• A system is said to be in voltage stable state if at a
given operating condition, for every bus in the
system, the bus voltage magnitude increases as the
reactive power injection at the same bus is
increased.
• A system is voltage unstable if for at least one bus in
the system, the bus voltage magnitude decreases as
the reactive power injection at the same bus is
increased.
• It implies that if, V-Q sensitivity is positive for every
bus the system is voltage stable and if V-Q
sensitivity is negative for at least one bus, the system
is voltage unstable.
7. Voltage Instability Time frames and
mechanism
• Transient Voltage stability • Longer term voltage stability
8. Transient voltage stability
• Time frame varies from zero to about ten seconds
• Voltage collapse is caused by unfavorable fast acting
load component such as large induction motor and
D.C. converters.
• During under frequency load shedding there is
possibility that system voltage may collapse
whenever imbalance in reactive power is more than
50%.
• HVDC circuits cause transient voltage stability
problem as converters and inverters require large
amount of reactive power.
9. Longer term voltage stability
• The time frame is few minutes typically 2-3 minutes
and hence operator intervention is not possible.
• Involves high loads, high power imports from
remote generation and a sudden large disturbance
which could be in the form of loss of large
generators and loss of transmission lines.
• The disturbance causes high reactive power losses
and voltage sags in load areas.
• Rapid voltage decay starts and partial or complete
voltage collapse follows.
11. Comparision
Rotor angle stability Voltage stability
• synchronous machine
connected to infinite bus or a
large system.
• Normally concerned with
integrating remote power
plant to a large system.
• It is basically generator
stability.
• When asynchronous load
connected to a large system.
• Concerned with load areas and
load characteristics.
• It is basically load stability.
12. Continued.
• If voltage collapses at a point in transmission
system remote from loads, it is an angle
instability situation . However, if voltage
collapses in a load area it is mainly a voltage
instability situation.
14. Voltage instability in mature power
system
• Intensive use of existing generation and
transmission.
• Vast use of shunt capacitor banks for reactive
power compensation. It results into voltage
collapse prone fragile network.
15. Series capacitor compensation
• The reactive power generation due to series
capacitance compensates for the reactive power
consumption due to series inductance of the
line.
• Series capacitor reactive power generation
increases with the current squared, thus
generating reactive power when most needed.
17. Continued
• Real power transfer from bus 1 to bus 2 is given by
P= {E*V*sin(d)}/X -(1)
• Reactive power transfer from bus 1 to bus 2 is given
by
Q=-(V^2)/X+{E*V*cos(d)}/X -(2)
• Normalizing the terms in equation (1) and (2) with
v=V/E
p=(P*X)/E^2
q=(Q*X)/E^2
• v^4+v^2(2q-1)+(p^2+q^2)=0 -(3)
18. Continued
• Positive real solutions of v from equation (3) are
given by
v={.5 -q±(.25-p^2-q)^.5}^.5 -(4)
• Corresponding to each point (p, q) there are two
solutions for voltage, one is high voltage or stable
solution which is the actual voltage at the bus, and
the other one is the low voltage or unstable solution.
• The equator along which the two solutions of v are
equal, represents maximum power points.
• An increase in p or q beyond maximum power point
makes the voltage unstable.
19. Variation of bus voltage with active
and reactive power loading.
20. Tools for voltage stability analysis
• P-V curve method.
• V-Q curve method and reactive power reserve.
21. P-V curve method
• Widely used method for voltage stability analysis.
• Gives available amount of active power margin
before the point of voltage instability.
• For a simple two bus system as shown in previous
fig. equation (4) gives real solution of v^2 provided
(1-4*q-4*p^2) 0 -(5)
• Assuming contant power factor load such as q/p=k,
the inequality can be expressed as,
p 5{(1+k^2)^.5-k} -(6)
22. Continued
• Equation p 5{(1+k^2)^.5-k} determines
maximum value of p.
• Thus representing the load as a constant power
factor type with a suitably chosen power factor,
the active power margin can be computed from
above equation.
24. V-Q curve method and reactive power
reserve.
• Voltage security of a bus is closely related to the available
reactive power reserve, which can be easily found from
the V-Q curve of the bus under consideration.
• The reactive power margin is the MVAR distance
between the operating point and the nose point of the V-
Q curve.
• Stiffness of the bus can be qualitatively evaluated from
the slope of the right portion of the V-Q curve. The
greater the slope is, the less stiff is the bus, and therefore
the more vulnerable to voltage collapse it is.
26. Methods of improving voltage stability
• Planning of generation system.
• Maintenance of generation system.
• Operation of generation system.
• Reactive power compensation.
• Capacitor bank.
• Tap changing.
27. Continued
• Planning of generation system
The reliability aspect of supply can be improved
by sitting generating plants in the load areas.
• Maintenance of generation system
Over excitation and under excitation limiters,
alarm settings, tap changer settings need to be
verified and maintained.
• Operation of generation system
During peak load period, power import over the
transmission network should be reduced.
28. Continued
• Reactive power compensation
Extra high voltage transmission lines requires shunt
reactors for energization and under lightly loaded
condition. These shunt reactors should be switched off
during voltage emergencies.
• Capacitor bank
Shunt capacitor banks act as constant reactive power
sources.
• Tap changing
The tap changing transformers change the
transformation ratio and thus the voltage in the
secondary circuit is varied and voltage control is
obtained.
29. Conclusion
• There are many aspects of voltage stability and
also has many solutions associated to the voltage
stability in terms of generation, transmission
and distribution .Power system engineer job is to
find low cost solution whenever possible which
require special control and special power system
operation.
30. References
• S Chakrabarti, Dept. of EE, IIT Kanpur, Notes
on power system stability.
• C.L. Wadhwa, Electrical power systems, 2010.
• C Radhakrishna, Voltage stability analysis-1.
• Carson W. Taylor, Voltage stability for
undergraduates.