Nanoparticle applications in management and control of serious diseases such as cancers are promising. Nanoparticles target the drugs delivery system specifically to malignant cells. They are able to penetrate the stratum corneum barrier of the skin and thus have been used widely as a treatment tool in skin cancer imaging, vaccine delivery via the skin, antimicrobials and wound healing. Recently, nanoparticles were used in lung diseases through their ability to accumulation the drugs in the diseased lung areas by providing a local inhalation delivery of active components.

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Potential Application of Nanoparticles in Medicine
Diagnosis and Therapy
Interesting fact about nanomedicine
Interesting fact about nanomedicine

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Drug Delivery
A. Because of their small sizes, nanoparticles are taken by cells
where large particles would be excluded or cleared from the body
1) A nanoparticle carries the pharmaceutical agent inside its core,
while its shell is functionalized with a ‘binding’ agent
2) Through the ‘binding’ agent, the ‘targeted’ nanoparticle
recognizes the target cell. The functionalized nanoparticle shell
interacts with the cell membrane
3) The nanoparticle is ingested inside the cell, and interacts with
the biomolecules inside the cell
4) The nanoparticle particles breaks, and the pharmaceutical
agent is released

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Medical Imaging
A. Optical properties of nanoparticles depend greatly on its
structure. Particularly, the color (wavelength) emitted by a quantum
dot (a semiconductor nanoparticle) depends on its
diameter.
B.
CdSe nanoparticle (QD) structure
C. The quantum dots (QD) can be injected to a subject, and then be
detected by exciting them to emit light

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Solutions of CdSe QD’s of different diameter
Imaging of QD’s targeted on cellular structures
A Quantum Dot Nanoparticle
A. The quantum dot itself (the semiconductor nanoparticle) is
toxic. Therefore some typical modifications has to be made for
it to become biocompatible.
1.The core consist of the semiconductor material that emits
lights
2. The shell consist of an insulator material that protects the light
emitting properties of the QD in the upcoming functionalization
3.The shell is functionalized with a biocompatible material such as
PEG or a lipid layer
4.Additional functionalization can be done with several
purposes (e.g. embed a drug for drug delivery, or assemble an
antibody to become the QD target-specific

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Diagnosis and Sensing
A. Diseases can be diagnosed through the (simultaneous) detection
of a (set of) biomolecule(s) characteristic to a specific disease type
and stage (biomarkers).
B. Each cell type has unique molecular signatures that differentiate
healthy and sick tissues. Similarly, an infection can be diagnosed by
detecting the distinctive molecular signature of the infecting agent
C. A nanoparticle can be functionalized in such a way that specifically
targets a biomarker. Thus, the detection of the nanoparticle is linked
to the detection of the biomarker, and to the diagnosis of a disease

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Nanoparticles in action
A. Modifying a ferromagnetic nanoparticle with human
immunoglobulin G (IgC), which specifically binds the protein A in the
cellular wall of staphylococcus, the bacteria can be detected through
a MRI test
Accumulation of functionalized Negligible accumulation of
ferromagnetic nanoparticles nanoparticles in absence of on
staphylococcus functionalization

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Directed accumulation of dangerous bacteria by conjugation with
functionalized magnetic nanoparticles
THERAPY
Gold Nanoparticles vs. Alzheimer
A. Alzheimer and other degenerative diseases are caused my the
clustering of amyloidal beta (Aβ) protein.

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b. .
Alzheimer’s brain Healthybrain
Chemical structure of Aβ-protein
D. Gold nanoparticles can be functionalized to specifically attach to
aggregates of this protein (amyloidosis)
Gold Nanoparticles vs. Alzheimer
A. The functionalized gold nanoparticles selectively attach to the
aggregate of amyloidal protein. The microwaves of certain
frequency are irradiated on the sample. Resonance with the gold
nanoparticles increases the local temperature and destroy the
aggregate

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Before irradiation After irradiation
FABRICATION
The nanofabrication processes can be divided into two well defined
approaches:
1) ‘top-down’ and
2) ‘bottom-up’
Definition generally dictates that in the ‘top-down’ approach
it all begins from a bulk piece of material, which is then
gradually or step-by-step removed to form objects in the
nanometer-size regime
Well known techniques such as
photo lithography
electron beam lithography
anodization
ion- and plasma-etching, all belong to this type of
approach
The ‘bottom-up’ approach on the other hand takes the idea that
it all begins from atoms and molecules that get rearranged
and assembled to larger nanostructures
It requires a thorough understanding of the short range forces of
attraction such as
Van der Waals forces

10. 10
electrostatic forces
and a variety of inter-atomic or intermolecular forces
TOP-DOWN APPROACH
BOTTOM- UP APPROACH
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH

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Typically the sol is first formed by mechanically mixing a liquid
alkoxide precursor, such as
tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) or tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with
water and a cosolvent together with an acid or base catalyst at
room temperature
During this step, alkoxide groups are removed by acid- or base-
catalyzed hydrolysis reactions and networks of O-Si-O linkages are
formed in subsequent condensation reactions
Depending upon the water:alkoxide molar ratio R, pH, temperature,
and solvent,
further condensation leads to different polymeric structures such as
linear
entangled chains

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clusters and colloidal particles
The resulting sol is then cast into a mold, whereupon it is heated up
to get rid of the solvent and this gelation causes the formation of a
solid in the shape of the mold
The gel is aged to allow its network to strengthen and it is then dried
under atmospheric conditions to remove the liquid
Sol-gels prepared in this way are called Xerogels
These structures have
large surface-to-volume ratios
high pore connectivity
and narrow pore size distributions and can be doped with
a variety of organic/inorganic materials during the mixing stage of
the sol-gel process
The end

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