Software requirements prioritization is a
recognized practice in requirements engineering (RE)
that facilitates the management of stakeholders’
subjective views as specified in their requirements
listing. Since RE process is naturally collaborative in
nature, the intensiveness from both knowledge and
human perspectives opens up the problem of decision
making on requirements, which can be facilitated by
requirements prioritization. However, due to the large
volume of requirements elicited when considering an
ultra-large-scale system, existing prioritization
techniques proposed so far suffer some setbacks in
terms of efficiency, effectiveness and scalability. This
paper employed the use of a more efficient ranking
algorithm for requirements prioritization based on the
limitations of existing techniques. The major objective
is to provide a well-defined ranking procedure through
analysis, suitable for prioritizing software requirements.
An empirical evaluation of the proposed technique was
made using a typical scenario of the Pharmacy
Information System at the Obafemi Awolowo
University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC) as a
case study. The results showed the computation of the
positive ideal solution (PIS) and negative ideal solution
(NIS), as well as the closeness coefficient (CC) for 4
requirements across 3 stakeholders. The CC showed the
final ranks of requirements, where R4 with 2.09 point is
the most valued requirements, while R1 and R2 with
CC of 1.37 and 1.05 were next in the order of priority
respectively. The CC provides the medium through
which problems of multiple criteria decision making
can be handled, so as to determine the order of priority
of the available alternatives. The paper conveyed
encouraging evidence for the software engineering
community that is capable of resolving redundant
specified requirements, thereby providing the potential
that will facilitate effective and efficient decision
making in handling the differences amongst
requirements that have been prioritized. Thus,
prioritizing software requirements with the
recommended ranking procedure during software
development is crucial and vital in order to reduce
development cost.
Success in supply begins with the right choice of suppliers and in the long run is directly related to how suppliers are managed, because suppliers have a significant impact on the success or failure of a company. Multi-criteria decisions are approaches that deal with ranking and selecting one or more suppliers from a set of suppliers. Multi-criteria decisions provide an effective framework for comparing suppliers based on the evaluation of different criteria. The present research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-survey based on the nature and method of the research. In the present study, two library and field methods have been used to collect information. According to the objectives of this study, suppliers will be evaluated using two methods of fuzzy hierarchical analysis with D-numbers. In order to better understand these two methods, a case study is presented in which suppliers are ranked using two methods and then the results are compared with each other. For manufacturing companies, 4 categories of parts were considered and based on the classification, the suppliers of the manufacturing company were evaluated and analyzed. In the results of suppliers of type A and B components in hierarchical analysis, D and fuzzy methods have many differences in the evaluation and ranking of suppliers, and this shows the lack of expectations of experts in D and fuzzy analysis. On the other hand, in type C and D components, the classification and ranking of suppliers have been matched in two ways and shows that the opinions in the evaluation of these suppliers are the same.
Selection of Best Alternative in Manufacturing and Service Sector Using Multi...csandit
Modern manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to globalization,
modern lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and globally placed
competitors. The organizations faces high stress from dual perspective namely enhancement in
science and technology and development of modern strategies. In such an instance,
organizations were in a need of using an effective decision making tool that chooses out optimal
alternative that reduces time, complexity and highly simplified. This paper explores a usage of
new multi criteria decision making tool known as MOORA for selecting the best alternatives by
examining various case study. The study was covered up in two fold manner by comparing
MOORA with other MCDM and MADM approaches to identify its advantage for selecting
optimal alternative, followed by highlighting the scope and gap of using MOORA approach.
Examination on various case study reveals an existence of huge scope in using MOORA for
numerous manufacturing and service applications.
The document provides instructions for answering 31 essay questions related to business process change and information systems projects. Students are advised to write essay answers that are a few paragraphs long, fully address each part of the question, and demonstrate knowledge through examples and citations. The questions cover topics like reasons for outsourcing IT solutions, strengths of service-oriented architectures, analyzing business strategy and processes, and planning and managing information systems projects and changes.
An interactive approach to requirements prioritization using quality factorsijfcstjournal
As the prevalence of software increases, so does the complexity and the number of requirements assoc
iated
to the software project. This presents a dilemma for the developers to clearly identify and prioriti
ze the
most important requirements in order to del
iver the project in given amount of resources and time.
A
number of prioritization methods have been proposed which provide consistent results, but they are v
ery
difficult and complex to implement in practical scenarios as well as lack proper structure to
analyze the
requirements properly. In this study, the users can provide their requirements in two forms: text ba
sed
story form and use case form.
Moreover, the existing prioritization techniques have a very little or no
interaction with the users. So, in t
his paper an attempt has been made to make the prioritization process
user interactive by adding a second level of prioritization where after the developer has properly a
nalyzed
and ranked the requirements on the basis of quality attributes in the first le
vel, takes the opinion of distinct
user’s about the requirements priority sequence. The developer then calculates the disagreement valu
e
associated with each user sequence in order to find out the final priority sequence.
This document discusses a generic integration framework for configurators that takes a holistic approach considering products, processes, and facilities. It identifies disconnects in engineering-to-order companies between internal complexity and customer requirements. The framework introduces a modular product structure, multi-process organization to standardize some projects, and tight integration between a configurator and PDM system to automate repetitive design tasks while maintaining flexibility. This integrated approach supports engineering-to-order companies in dealing with conflicting market demands.
Optimal Alternative Selection Using MOORA in Industrial Sector - A ijfls
Modern manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to globalization, modern
lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and globally placed competitors. The
organizations faces high stress from dual perspective namely enhancement in science and technology and
development of modern strategies. In such an instance, organizations were in a need of using an effective
decision making tool that chooses out optimal alternative that reduces time, complexity and highly
simplified. This paper explores a usage of new multi criteria decision making tool known as MOORA for
selecting the best alternatives by examining various case study. The study was covered up in two fold
manner by comparing MOORA with other MCDM and MADM approaches to identify its advantage for
selecting optimal alternative, followed by extending MOORA with interval grey numbers, crisp and interval
grey number and whitening coefficient and future scope of the present work concentrate on highlighting the
scope and gap between MOORA, Multiplicative form of MOORA(MULTIMOORA) and Multi objective
optimization on the basis of simple ratio analysis (MOOSRA) for numerous manufacturing and service
applications.
Performance Evaluation of Software Quality ModelEditor IJMTER
With the advent of Internet revolution and the emergence of knowledge based systems, Quality acquires a wider
and more challenging dimension. Quality has evolved and undergone transformation from the inspection era to
the quality control regime and then to quality management and finally to the present TQM approach. At every
stage of the transformation “Quality” has been attaining wider dimension with respect to Customer focus,
continual improvement and has been evolving for addressing increasing demands of customers with respect to
delivery of products and services.
Software requirements prioritization is a
recognized practice in requirements engineering (RE)
that facilitates the management of stakeholders’
subjective views as specified in their requirements
listing. Since RE process is naturally collaborative in
nature, the intensiveness from both knowledge and
human perspectives opens up the problem of decision
making on requirements, which can be facilitated by
requirements prioritization. However, due to the large
volume of requirements elicited when considering an
ultra-large-scale system, existing prioritization
techniques proposed so far suffer some setbacks in
terms of efficiency, effectiveness and scalability. This
paper employed the use of a more efficient ranking
algorithm for requirements prioritization based on the
limitations of existing techniques. The major objective
is to provide a well-defined ranking procedure through
analysis, suitable for prioritizing software requirements.
An empirical evaluation of the proposed technique was
made using a typical scenario of the Pharmacy
Information System at the Obafemi Awolowo
University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC) as a
case study. The results showed the computation of the
positive ideal solution (PIS) and negative ideal solution
(NIS), as well as the closeness coefficient (CC) for 4
requirements across 3 stakeholders. The CC showed the
final ranks of requirements, where R4 with 2.09 point is
the most valued requirements, while R1 and R2 with
CC of 1.37 and 1.05 were next in the order of priority
respectively. The CC provides the medium through
which problems of multiple criteria decision making
can be handled, so as to determine the order of priority
of the available alternatives. The paper conveyed
encouraging evidence for the software engineering
community that is capable of resolving redundant
specified requirements, thereby providing the potential
that will facilitate effective and efficient decision
making in handling the differences amongst
requirements that have been prioritized. Thus,
prioritizing software requirements with the
recommended ranking procedure during software
development is crucial and vital in order to reduce
development cost.
Success in supply begins with the right choice of suppliers and in the long run is directly related to how suppliers are managed, because suppliers have a significant impact on the success or failure of a company. Multi-criteria decisions are approaches that deal with ranking and selecting one or more suppliers from a set of suppliers. Multi-criteria decisions provide an effective framework for comparing suppliers based on the evaluation of different criteria. The present research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-survey based on the nature and method of the research. In the present study, two library and field methods have been used to collect information. According to the objectives of this study, suppliers will be evaluated using two methods of fuzzy hierarchical analysis with D-numbers. In order to better understand these two methods, a case study is presented in which suppliers are ranked using two methods and then the results are compared with each other. For manufacturing companies, 4 categories of parts were considered and based on the classification, the suppliers of the manufacturing company were evaluated and analyzed. In the results of suppliers of type A and B components in hierarchical analysis, D and fuzzy methods have many differences in the evaluation and ranking of suppliers, and this shows the lack of expectations of experts in D and fuzzy analysis. On the other hand, in type C and D components, the classification and ranking of suppliers have been matched in two ways and shows that the opinions in the evaluation of these suppliers are the same.
Selection of Best Alternative in Manufacturing and Service Sector Using Multi...csandit
Modern manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to globalization,
modern lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and globally placed
competitors. The organizations faces high stress from dual perspective namely enhancement in
science and technology and development of modern strategies. In such an instance,
organizations were in a need of using an effective decision making tool that chooses out optimal
alternative that reduces time, complexity and highly simplified. This paper explores a usage of
new multi criteria decision making tool known as MOORA for selecting the best alternatives by
examining various case study. The study was covered up in two fold manner by comparing
MOORA with other MCDM and MADM approaches to identify its advantage for selecting
optimal alternative, followed by highlighting the scope and gap of using MOORA approach.
Examination on various case study reveals an existence of huge scope in using MOORA for
numerous manufacturing and service applications.
The document provides instructions for answering 31 essay questions related to business process change and information systems projects. Students are advised to write essay answers that are a few paragraphs long, fully address each part of the question, and demonstrate knowledge through examples and citations. The questions cover topics like reasons for outsourcing IT solutions, strengths of service-oriented architectures, analyzing business strategy and processes, and planning and managing information systems projects and changes.
An interactive approach to requirements prioritization using quality factorsijfcstjournal
As the prevalence of software increases, so does the complexity and the number of requirements assoc
iated
to the software project. This presents a dilemma for the developers to clearly identify and prioriti
ze the
most important requirements in order to del
iver the project in given amount of resources and time.
A
number of prioritization methods have been proposed which provide consistent results, but they are v
ery
difficult and complex to implement in practical scenarios as well as lack proper structure to
analyze the
requirements properly. In this study, the users can provide their requirements in two forms: text ba
sed
story form and use case form.
Moreover, the existing prioritization techniques have a very little or no
interaction with the users. So, in t
his paper an attempt has been made to make the prioritization process
user interactive by adding a second level of prioritization where after the developer has properly a
nalyzed
and ranked the requirements on the basis of quality attributes in the first le
vel, takes the opinion of distinct
user’s about the requirements priority sequence. The developer then calculates the disagreement valu
e
associated with each user sequence in order to find out the final priority sequence.
This document discusses a generic integration framework for configurators that takes a holistic approach considering products, processes, and facilities. It identifies disconnects in engineering-to-order companies between internal complexity and customer requirements. The framework introduces a modular product structure, multi-process organization to standardize some projects, and tight integration between a configurator and PDM system to automate repetitive design tasks while maintaining flexibility. This integrated approach supports engineering-to-order companies in dealing with conflicting market demands.
Optimal Alternative Selection Using MOORA in Industrial Sector - A ijfls
Modern manufacturing organizations tend to face versatile challenges due to globalization, modern
lifestyle trends and rapid market requirements from both locally and globally placed competitors. The
organizations faces high stress from dual perspective namely enhancement in science and technology and
development of modern strategies. In such an instance, organizations were in a need of using an effective
decision making tool that chooses out optimal alternative that reduces time, complexity and highly
simplified. This paper explores a usage of new multi criteria decision making tool known as MOORA for
selecting the best alternatives by examining various case study. The study was covered up in two fold
manner by comparing MOORA with other MCDM and MADM approaches to identify its advantage for
selecting optimal alternative, followed by extending MOORA with interval grey numbers, crisp and interval
grey number and whitening coefficient and future scope of the present work concentrate on highlighting the
scope and gap between MOORA, Multiplicative form of MOORA(MULTIMOORA) and Multi objective
optimization on the basis of simple ratio analysis (MOOSRA) for numerous manufacturing and service
applications.
Performance Evaluation of Software Quality ModelEditor IJMTER
With the advent of Internet revolution and the emergence of knowledge based systems, Quality acquires a wider
and more challenging dimension. Quality has evolved and undergone transformation from the inspection era to
the quality control regime and then to quality management and finally to the present TQM approach. At every
stage of the transformation “Quality” has been attaining wider dimension with respect to Customer focus,
continual improvement and has been evolving for addressing increasing demands of customers with respect to
delivery of products and services.
G1. a comprehensive-study-of-the-relationship-between-erp-selection-criteria-...Mohamed Hannioui
This document discusses a study that examines the relationship between enterprise resource planning (ERP) selection criteria and ERP system success. The study develops a conceptual framework that investigates how ERP selection criteria are linked to system quality, supplier service quality, and consultant service quality, and how these factors influence ERP implementation success. The study uses a survey of Taiwan's top 5000 companies to analyze how various ERP selection criteria relating to the ERP system, supplier, and consultant affect system quality, service quality, user perspective, and net benefits. The results can help organizations understand which criteria to consider when implementing an ERP system to increase the likelihood of success.
Program analysis is useful for debugging, testing and maintenance of software systems due to information
about the structure and relationship of the program’s modules . In general, program analysis is performed
either based on control flow graph or dependence graph. However, in the case of aspect-oriented
programming (AOP), control flow graph (CFG) or dependence graph (DG) are not enough to model the
properties of Aspect-oriented (AO) programs. With respect to AO programs, although AOP is good for
modular representation and crosscutting concern, suitable model for program analysis is required to
gather information on its structure for the purpose of minimizing maintenance effort. In this paper Aspect
Oriented Dependence Flow Graph (AODFG) as an intermediate representation model is proposed to
represent the structure of aspect-oriented programs. AODFG is formed by merging the CFG and DG, thus
more information about dependencies between the join points, advice, aspects and their associated
construct with the flow of control from one statement to another are gathered. We discussthe performance
of AODFG by analysing some examples of AspectJ program taken from AspectJ Development Tools
(AJDT).
A project life cycle (plc) based approach for effective businessAlexander Decker
This document presents a proposed 6-phase model for business process reengineering (BPR) projects based on best practices in project management. The 6 phases are: 1) envisioning to define goals and assess current practices, 2) initiating to set performance goals and select target processes, 3) diagnosing to document and analyze current processes, 4) transforming to define new process concepts, 5) implementing the new processes, and 6) evaluating process performance. The model aims to provide organizations with a comprehensive approach to successfully carry out BPR initiatives leading to better chances of success.
This document discusses how project management needs to evolve to address changing trends in the business environment. Traditional methods of stakeholder management, communication, and human resources management need to transform into deeper client engagement, articulating client value, and talent management. Project delivery also needs to incorporate more consulting approaches. Additionally, innovation, consulting skills, and social technologies can help augment traditional project management. These changes will help organizations better engage customers, deliver higher value, and ensure project success in today's dynamic marketplace.
The document provides information about an enterprise systems and modelling course, including its goals, schedule, literature, teachers, and examination requirements. The overall goal of the course is for students to understand analysis, design, and use of intra- and inter-organizational enterprise information systems through enterprise modeling. Key activities include lectures, lessons, and a group project to design an information system for a startup home healthcare company using enterprise modeling techniques. Assessment includes a written exam, project assignment, and paper evaluation.
This document summarizes a research paper that studied critical processes for managing supplier involvement in new product development. The researchers developed an analytical framework that identifies both long-term strategic processes and short-term operational processes related to supplier involvement. They conducted a multiple-case study of supplier collaborations within a copier and printer manufacturer. Their findings demonstrated that coherent planning and execution of both strategic and operational activities is important for achieving both short-term project objectives and long-term benefits of supplier involvement in product development.
Contextualized Software Configuration Management Model For Small And Medium S...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses bridging the gap between business strategy and software development. It proposes using an extended version of the Goal Question Metric (GQM) approach called GQM+Strategies to explicitly link software measurement goals to higher-level business goals and strategies. GQM+Strategies provides mechanisms for defining software measurement goals derived from higher-level goals for the software organization and business. An example application illustrates measuring a software project's goals in the context of an overall business goal.
This document summarizes a study on servitization strategy maps. It discusses how manufacturers implement service strategies through various actions and processes. The study develops a "servitization strategy map" based on Kaplan and Norton's strategy map framework. The map includes four perspectives: customer, internal processes, learning and growth, and financial. It identifies specific actions manufacturers take within each perspective to support servitization. These include developing sales and innovation processes, aligning operations, and cultural change initiatives. The study contributes a holistic view of servitization strategies and their multidimensional implementation challenges.
Model-Driven Context-Aware Approach to Software Configuration Management: A F...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
AN ITERATIVE HYBRID AGILE METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING ARCHIVING SYSTEMSijseajournal
With the massive growth of the organizations files, the needs for archiving system become a must. A lot of
time is consumed in collecting requirements from the organization to build an archiving system. Sometimes
the system does not meet the organization needs. This paper proposes a domain-based requirement
engineering system that efficiently and effectively develops different archiving systems based on new
suggested technique that merges the two best used agile methodologies: extreme programming (XP) and
SCRUM. The technique is tested on a real case study. The results shows that the time and effort consumed
during analyzing and designing the archiving systems decreased significantly. The proposed methodology
also reduces the system errors that may happen at the early stages of the development of the system.
IRJET-Quality Benchmarking in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied differences in project planning quality across different industries. It found that construction and engineering organizations planned projects better than other industries like software, services, and production/maintenance. Construction and engineering organizations also had less cost and schedule overruns, indicating better project success. The study used a Project Management Planning Quality model to evaluate the use of 33 different planning processes and organizational support factors. It analyzed data from 201 project managers across four industries. Key findings were that construction/engineering planned projects best while production/maintenance planned projects worst, and construction/engineering projects succeeded best while production/maintenance projects succeeded worst.
This document discusses relational capabilities in projects and how governance mechanisms can facilitate their development. It begins by providing background on the study, which examines 17 EU projects, and notes how contractual and relational governance have not been closely examined at the routine level in projects. It then defines relational capabilities and differentiates them from contractual capabilities. The document outlines relevant theories and how they apply differently in temporary project settings compared to permanent organizations. It poses two research questions on what relational capability routines become established in projects and which contractual mechanisms enhance or inhibit them. The research method of qualitative comparative analysis of the project cases is then described. Finally, the document suggests how contractual elements could better support developing relational capabilities in projects by focusing on interaction,
Smart Sim Selector: A Software for Simulation Software SelectionCSCJournals
In a period of continuous change in global business environment, organizations, large and small, are finding it increasingly difficult to deal with, and adjust to the demands for such change. Simulation is a powerful tool for allowing designers imagine new systems and enabling them to both quantify and observe behavior. Currently the market offers a variety of simulation software packages. Some are less expensive than others. Some are generic and can be used in a wide variety of application areas while others are more specific. Some have powerful features for modeling while others provide only basic features. Modeling approaches and strategies are different for different packages. Companies are seeking advice about the desirable features of software for manufacturing simulation, depending on the purpose of its use. Because of this, the importance of an adequate approach to simulation software selection is apparent. Smart Sim Selector is a software developed for the purpose of providing support for users when selecting simulation software. Smart Sim Selector consists of a database which is linked to an interface developed using Visual Basic 6.0. The system queries a database and finds a simulation package suitable to the user, based on requirements which have been specified. This paper provides an insight into the development of Smart Sim Selector, in addition to the reasoning behind the system.
International Journal on Web Service Computing (IJWSC)ijwscjournal
A Knowledge Management (KM) System plays a crucial role in every industry as well as in Higher Learning Institutions. A RESTful resource is anything that is addressable over the Web. The resources can be accessed and transferred between clients and server. The resources can be accessed and transferred
between clients and servers. Based on our earlier research works, we have developed a comprehensive KM System framework, evaluation method, mult-dimensional metric model and useful metrics which are helpful to assess any given knowledge management system. In this proposed work, we first describe the actual implementation steps for building the KM System metric database using the multi-dimensional metric model. Secondly we describe the approaches for designing a multi-dimensional Restful Resources and Web Services using the mutli-dimensional metric model and demonstrate how the KM system can be ranked and rated for its effectiveness using WAM and RESTful Resources.
Selecting A Development Approach For Competitive Advantagemtoddne
Companies that rely on their information systems to provide a competitive advantage must employ development methodologies that: facilitate innovation, improve customer and supplier relationships, and enable change at the speed of business. Potential development approaches include traditional, object-oriented, and vision and value oriented methodologies. The recommended approach is a hybrid methodology that incorporates agility, adaptability, reuse, collaborative thinking, and evolving innovation. At the foundation of this approach are agile development philosophies and practices, and the system designer. From an architectural perspective, the approach utilizes SOAs and SOMA methods. And, design thinking and innovation evolution cycle principles are incorporated to drive system innovations.
The document summarizes research on whether agile project management (APM) practices could benefit wind energy companies. A survey of 32 wind energy companies found evidence that APM enablers like experienced project teams and managers are present. Some companies also informally use APM practices like iterative planning and collaborative project planning. However, fully implementing APM faces barriers like difficulty co-locating project teams. The research suggests APM could be adapted for innovative projects in non-software companies. Further research is needed to develop a hybrid management model combining APM and traditional practices.
The document discusses movie recommendation systems. It describes how recommendation systems work by predicting a user's rating or preference for an item based on their past ratings and preferences. It outlines several methods used in recommendation systems, including collaborative filtering, content-based filtering, and hybrid systems. It also discusses some specific types of recommendation systems like multi-criteria, risk-aware, and mobile recommender systems. The document provides examples of companies that use recommendation systems and classifications and techniques used to develop these systems.
The document provides an overview of the GreenWich project, which is an integrated college management system. It describes the scope and goals of the project, including modules for administration, user management, content management, and evaluation. It also includes details about the technology used (.NET, IIS, Oracle), an overview of data flow diagrams and UML diagrams, and software and hardware requirements. The project aims to facilitate the exchange of information to enhance learning and teaching across different sectors.
The document contains summaries of several research papers related to information technology and its applications in business and education. The papers discuss topics like ERP systems in organizations, ICT adoption in SMEs, using ERP and JIT together, cloud-based learning systems, modeling ICT facilities in higher education, and the potential of social media in supply chain management. One paper specifically analyzes student perceptions of service facilities and their impact on satisfaction at a university.
Simulation in the supply chain context a survey Sergio Terzia,.docxbudabrooks46239
Simulation in the supply chain context: a survey
Sergio Terzia,*, Sergio Cavalierib a Politecnico di Milano, Department of Economics, Industrial and Management Engineering, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy b Department of Industrial Engineering, Universita` di Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine, Italy Received 29 January 2003; accepted 13 June 2003
Abstract
The increased level of competitiveness in all industrial sectors, exacerbated in the last years by the globalisation of the economies and by the sharp fall of the final demands, are pushing enterprises to strive for a further optimisation of their organisational processes, and in particular to pursue new forms of collaboration and partnership with their direct logistics counterparts. As a result, at a company level there is a progressive shift towards an external perspective with the design and implementation of new management strategies, which are generally named with the term of supply chain management (SCM). However, despite the flourish of several IT solutions in this context, there are still evident hurdles to overcome, mainly due to the major complexity of the problems to be tackled in a logistics network and to the conflicts resulting from local objectives versus network strategies. Among the techniques supporting a multi-decisional context, as a supply chain (SC) is, simulation can undoubtedly play an important role, above all for its main property to provide what-if analysis and to evaluate quantitatively benefits and issues deriving from operating in a co-operative environment rather than playing a pure transaction role with the upstream/downstream tiers. The paper provides a comprehensive review made on more than 80 articles, with the main purpose of ascertaining which general objectives simulation is generally called to solve, which paradigms and simulation tools are more suitable, and deriving useful prescriptions both for practitioners and researchers on its applicability in decision-making processes within the supply chain context. # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Parallel and distributed simulation; Supply chain management; High level architecture; Survey 1. Introduction Modern industrial enterprises operate in a rapidly changing world, stressed by even more global competition, managing world-wide procurement and unforeseeable markets, supervising geographically distributed production plants, striving for the provision of outstanding products and high quality customer service. More than in the past, companies which are not able to revise periodically their strategies and, accordingly, to modify their organisational processes seriously risk to be pulled out from the competitive edge. In the 1990s, companies have made huge efforts for streamlining their internal business processes, identifying and enhancing the core activities pertaining to the product value chain, and invested massively in new intra-company information and communicat.
An Assessment Model Study for Lean and Agile (Leagile) Index by Using Fuzzy AHPDr. Lutfi Apiliogullari
This document describes a study that develops an assessment model to evaluate companies on their level of implementing lean and agile principles and strategies. The study uses fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) and decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) methods to determine the important lean and agile criteria and their relationships. Lean and agile criteria are identified from literature and expert opinions. Fuzzy AHP is used to assign weights to the criteria. The model is applied to a company to calculate their initial lean/agile index. Improvements are then made and the index is recalculated to test the model. The goal is to help companies assess their situation regarding lean and agile implementation and identify areas for improvement.
G1. a comprehensive-study-of-the-relationship-between-erp-selection-criteria-...Mohamed Hannioui
This document discusses a study that examines the relationship between enterprise resource planning (ERP) selection criteria and ERP system success. The study develops a conceptual framework that investigates how ERP selection criteria are linked to system quality, supplier service quality, and consultant service quality, and how these factors influence ERP implementation success. The study uses a survey of Taiwan's top 5000 companies to analyze how various ERP selection criteria relating to the ERP system, supplier, and consultant affect system quality, service quality, user perspective, and net benefits. The results can help organizations understand which criteria to consider when implementing an ERP system to increase the likelihood of success.
Program analysis is useful for debugging, testing and maintenance of software systems due to information
about the structure and relationship of the program’s modules . In general, program analysis is performed
either based on control flow graph or dependence graph. However, in the case of aspect-oriented
programming (AOP), control flow graph (CFG) or dependence graph (DG) are not enough to model the
properties of Aspect-oriented (AO) programs. With respect to AO programs, although AOP is good for
modular representation and crosscutting concern, suitable model for program analysis is required to
gather information on its structure for the purpose of minimizing maintenance effort. In this paper Aspect
Oriented Dependence Flow Graph (AODFG) as an intermediate representation model is proposed to
represent the structure of aspect-oriented programs. AODFG is formed by merging the CFG and DG, thus
more information about dependencies between the join points, advice, aspects and their associated
construct with the flow of control from one statement to another are gathered. We discussthe performance
of AODFG by analysing some examples of AspectJ program taken from AspectJ Development Tools
(AJDT).
A project life cycle (plc) based approach for effective businessAlexander Decker
This document presents a proposed 6-phase model for business process reengineering (BPR) projects based on best practices in project management. The 6 phases are: 1) envisioning to define goals and assess current practices, 2) initiating to set performance goals and select target processes, 3) diagnosing to document and analyze current processes, 4) transforming to define new process concepts, 5) implementing the new processes, and 6) evaluating process performance. The model aims to provide organizations with a comprehensive approach to successfully carry out BPR initiatives leading to better chances of success.
This document discusses how project management needs to evolve to address changing trends in the business environment. Traditional methods of stakeholder management, communication, and human resources management need to transform into deeper client engagement, articulating client value, and talent management. Project delivery also needs to incorporate more consulting approaches. Additionally, innovation, consulting skills, and social technologies can help augment traditional project management. These changes will help organizations better engage customers, deliver higher value, and ensure project success in today's dynamic marketplace.
The document provides information about an enterprise systems and modelling course, including its goals, schedule, literature, teachers, and examination requirements. The overall goal of the course is for students to understand analysis, design, and use of intra- and inter-organizational enterprise information systems through enterprise modeling. Key activities include lectures, lessons, and a group project to design an information system for a startup home healthcare company using enterprise modeling techniques. Assessment includes a written exam, project assignment, and paper evaluation.
This document summarizes a research paper that studied critical processes for managing supplier involvement in new product development. The researchers developed an analytical framework that identifies both long-term strategic processes and short-term operational processes related to supplier involvement. They conducted a multiple-case study of supplier collaborations within a copier and printer manufacturer. Their findings demonstrated that coherent planning and execution of both strategic and operational activities is important for achieving both short-term project objectives and long-term benefits of supplier involvement in product development.
Contextualized Software Configuration Management Model For Small And Medium S...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses bridging the gap between business strategy and software development. It proposes using an extended version of the Goal Question Metric (GQM) approach called GQM+Strategies to explicitly link software measurement goals to higher-level business goals and strategies. GQM+Strategies provides mechanisms for defining software measurement goals derived from higher-level goals for the software organization and business. An example application illustrates measuring a software project's goals in the context of an overall business goal.
This document summarizes a study on servitization strategy maps. It discusses how manufacturers implement service strategies through various actions and processes. The study develops a "servitization strategy map" based on Kaplan and Norton's strategy map framework. The map includes four perspectives: customer, internal processes, learning and growth, and financial. It identifies specific actions manufacturers take within each perspective to support servitization. These include developing sales and innovation processes, aligning operations, and cultural change initiatives. The study contributes a holistic view of servitization strategies and their multidimensional implementation challenges.
Model-Driven Context-Aware Approach to Software Configuration Management: A F...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
AN ITERATIVE HYBRID AGILE METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING ARCHIVING SYSTEMSijseajournal
With the massive growth of the organizations files, the needs for archiving system become a must. A lot of
time is consumed in collecting requirements from the organization to build an archiving system. Sometimes
the system does not meet the organization needs. This paper proposes a domain-based requirement
engineering system that efficiently and effectively develops different archiving systems based on new
suggested technique that merges the two best used agile methodologies: extreme programming (XP) and
SCRUM. The technique is tested on a real case study. The results shows that the time and effort consumed
during analyzing and designing the archiving systems decreased significantly. The proposed methodology
also reduces the system errors that may happen at the early stages of the development of the system.
IRJET-Quality Benchmarking in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied differences in project planning quality across different industries. It found that construction and engineering organizations planned projects better than other industries like software, services, and production/maintenance. Construction and engineering organizations also had less cost and schedule overruns, indicating better project success. The study used a Project Management Planning Quality model to evaluate the use of 33 different planning processes and organizational support factors. It analyzed data from 201 project managers across four industries. Key findings were that construction/engineering planned projects best while production/maintenance planned projects worst, and construction/engineering projects succeeded best while production/maintenance projects succeeded worst.
This document discusses relational capabilities in projects and how governance mechanisms can facilitate their development. It begins by providing background on the study, which examines 17 EU projects, and notes how contractual and relational governance have not been closely examined at the routine level in projects. It then defines relational capabilities and differentiates them from contractual capabilities. The document outlines relevant theories and how they apply differently in temporary project settings compared to permanent organizations. It poses two research questions on what relational capability routines become established in projects and which contractual mechanisms enhance or inhibit them. The research method of qualitative comparative analysis of the project cases is then described. Finally, the document suggests how contractual elements could better support developing relational capabilities in projects by focusing on interaction,
Smart Sim Selector: A Software for Simulation Software SelectionCSCJournals
In a period of continuous change in global business environment, organizations, large and small, are finding it increasingly difficult to deal with, and adjust to the demands for such change. Simulation is a powerful tool for allowing designers imagine new systems and enabling them to both quantify and observe behavior. Currently the market offers a variety of simulation software packages. Some are less expensive than others. Some are generic and can be used in a wide variety of application areas while others are more specific. Some have powerful features for modeling while others provide only basic features. Modeling approaches and strategies are different for different packages. Companies are seeking advice about the desirable features of software for manufacturing simulation, depending on the purpose of its use. Because of this, the importance of an adequate approach to simulation software selection is apparent. Smart Sim Selector is a software developed for the purpose of providing support for users when selecting simulation software. Smart Sim Selector consists of a database which is linked to an interface developed using Visual Basic 6.0. The system queries a database and finds a simulation package suitable to the user, based on requirements which have been specified. This paper provides an insight into the development of Smart Sim Selector, in addition to the reasoning behind the system.
International Journal on Web Service Computing (IJWSC)ijwscjournal
A Knowledge Management (KM) System plays a crucial role in every industry as well as in Higher Learning Institutions. A RESTful resource is anything that is addressable over the Web. The resources can be accessed and transferred between clients and server. The resources can be accessed and transferred
between clients and servers. Based on our earlier research works, we have developed a comprehensive KM System framework, evaluation method, mult-dimensional metric model and useful metrics which are helpful to assess any given knowledge management system. In this proposed work, we first describe the actual implementation steps for building the KM System metric database using the multi-dimensional metric model. Secondly we describe the approaches for designing a multi-dimensional Restful Resources and Web Services using the mutli-dimensional metric model and demonstrate how the KM system can be ranked and rated for its effectiveness using WAM and RESTful Resources.
Selecting A Development Approach For Competitive Advantagemtoddne
Companies that rely on their information systems to provide a competitive advantage must employ development methodologies that: facilitate innovation, improve customer and supplier relationships, and enable change at the speed of business. Potential development approaches include traditional, object-oriented, and vision and value oriented methodologies. The recommended approach is a hybrid methodology that incorporates agility, adaptability, reuse, collaborative thinking, and evolving innovation. At the foundation of this approach are agile development philosophies and practices, and the system designer. From an architectural perspective, the approach utilizes SOAs and SOMA methods. And, design thinking and innovation evolution cycle principles are incorporated to drive system innovations.
The document summarizes research on whether agile project management (APM) practices could benefit wind energy companies. A survey of 32 wind energy companies found evidence that APM enablers like experienced project teams and managers are present. Some companies also informally use APM practices like iterative planning and collaborative project planning. However, fully implementing APM faces barriers like difficulty co-locating project teams. The research suggests APM could be adapted for innovative projects in non-software companies. Further research is needed to develop a hybrid management model combining APM and traditional practices.
The document discusses movie recommendation systems. It describes how recommendation systems work by predicting a user's rating or preference for an item based on their past ratings and preferences. It outlines several methods used in recommendation systems, including collaborative filtering, content-based filtering, and hybrid systems. It also discusses some specific types of recommendation systems like multi-criteria, risk-aware, and mobile recommender systems. The document provides examples of companies that use recommendation systems and classifications and techniques used to develop these systems.
The document provides an overview of the GreenWich project, which is an integrated college management system. It describes the scope and goals of the project, including modules for administration, user management, content management, and evaluation. It also includes details about the technology used (.NET, IIS, Oracle), an overview of data flow diagrams and UML diagrams, and software and hardware requirements. The project aims to facilitate the exchange of information to enhance learning and teaching across different sectors.
The document contains summaries of several research papers related to information technology and its applications in business and education. The papers discuss topics like ERP systems in organizations, ICT adoption in SMEs, using ERP and JIT together, cloud-based learning systems, modeling ICT facilities in higher education, and the potential of social media in supply chain management. One paper specifically analyzes student perceptions of service facilities and their impact on satisfaction at a university.
Simulation in the supply chain context a survey Sergio Terzia,.docxbudabrooks46239
Simulation in the supply chain context: a survey
Sergio Terzia,*, Sergio Cavalierib a Politecnico di Milano, Department of Economics, Industrial and Management Engineering, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy b Department of Industrial Engineering, Universita` di Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine, Italy Received 29 January 2003; accepted 13 June 2003
Abstract
The increased level of competitiveness in all industrial sectors, exacerbated in the last years by the globalisation of the economies and by the sharp fall of the final demands, are pushing enterprises to strive for a further optimisation of their organisational processes, and in particular to pursue new forms of collaboration and partnership with their direct logistics counterparts. As a result, at a company level there is a progressive shift towards an external perspective with the design and implementation of new management strategies, which are generally named with the term of supply chain management (SCM). However, despite the flourish of several IT solutions in this context, there are still evident hurdles to overcome, mainly due to the major complexity of the problems to be tackled in a logistics network and to the conflicts resulting from local objectives versus network strategies. Among the techniques supporting a multi-decisional context, as a supply chain (SC) is, simulation can undoubtedly play an important role, above all for its main property to provide what-if analysis and to evaluate quantitatively benefits and issues deriving from operating in a co-operative environment rather than playing a pure transaction role with the upstream/downstream tiers. The paper provides a comprehensive review made on more than 80 articles, with the main purpose of ascertaining which general objectives simulation is generally called to solve, which paradigms and simulation tools are more suitable, and deriving useful prescriptions both for practitioners and researchers on its applicability in decision-making processes within the supply chain context. # 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Parallel and distributed simulation; Supply chain management; High level architecture; Survey 1. Introduction Modern industrial enterprises operate in a rapidly changing world, stressed by even more global competition, managing world-wide procurement and unforeseeable markets, supervising geographically distributed production plants, striving for the provision of outstanding products and high quality customer service. More than in the past, companies which are not able to revise periodically their strategies and, accordingly, to modify their organisational processes seriously risk to be pulled out from the competitive edge. In the 1990s, companies have made huge efforts for streamlining their internal business processes, identifying and enhancing the core activities pertaining to the product value chain, and invested massively in new intra-company information and communicat.
An Assessment Model Study for Lean and Agile (Leagile) Index by Using Fuzzy AHPDr. Lutfi Apiliogullari
This document describes a study that develops an assessment model to evaluate companies on their level of implementing lean and agile principles and strategies. The study uses fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) and decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) methods to determine the important lean and agile criteria and their relationships. Lean and agile criteria are identified from literature and expert opinions. Fuzzy AHP is used to assign weights to the criteria. The model is applied to a company to calculate their initial lean/agile index. Improvements are then made and the index is recalculated to test the model. The goal is to help companies assess their situation regarding lean and agile implementation and identify areas for improvement.
By combining Agile principles with a three-phase methodology, organizations can reduce the complexity and increase the speed of their global manufacturing execution system implementations.
Software projects mostly exceeds budget, delivered late and does not meet with the customer’s satisfaction for years. In the past, many traditional development models like waterfall, spiral, iterative, and prototyping methods are used to build the software systems. In recent years, agile models are widely used in developing the software products. The major reasons are – simplicity, incorporating the requirement changes at any time, light-weight approach and delivering the working product early and in short duration. Whatever the development model used, it still remains a challenge for software engineer’s to accurately estimate the size, effort and the time required for developing the software system. This survey focuses on the existing estimation models used in traditional as well in agile software development.
The performance of an algorithm can be improved using a parallel computing programming approach. In this study, the performance of bubble sort algorithm on various computer specifications has been applied. Experimental results have shown that parallel computing programming can save significant time performance by 61%-65% compared to serial computing programming.
Does a Hybrid Approach of Agile and Plan-Driven Methods Work Better for IT Sy...IJERA Editor
With a focus on large-scale IT system development projects in diverse enterprises, this research suggests that a hybrid approach combining agile and plan-driven management methods should fit in a wider context of specific project characteristics. Although the extant research illuminates the advantages of the hybrid approach, very few empirical studies actually suggested that the hybrid approach can improve the likelihood of project success. This research results show that the hybrid approach should be more scalable than the agile method, and that the hybrid approach can provide better cost-benefit ratios compared to the traditional plan-driven method. These quantitative and qualitative findings offer a practical recommendation for the project manager or the project management office to utilize the hybrid approach appropriately.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
This document proposes an innovative approach called SIM (Secure Identity Management) that aims to make access management policies closer aligned with business objectives. It does this in two ways:
1) By focusing the policy engineering process on business goals and responsibilities defined in processes, using concepts from the ISO/IEC 15504 standard. This links capabilities and accountabilities to process outcomes and work products.
2) By defining a multi-agent system architecture to automate the deployment of policies across heterogeneous IT components and devices. The agents provide autonomy and ability to adapt rapidly according to context.
The approach was prototyped using open source components and aims to improve how access rights are defined according to business needs and deployed across an organization
Sim an innovative business oriented approach for a distributed access managementchristophefeltus
This document proposes an innovative approach called SIM (Secure Identity Management) that aims to define access control policies in a way that is closely aligned with business objectives. It does this by linking concepts from the ISO/IEC 15504 process-based model for organizing work to concepts of responsibility. The approach also defines a multi-agent system architecture to automate the deployment of access policies across an organization's heterogeneous IT components and devices. This provides autonomy and adaptability. The goal is to improve how access rights are defined according to business needs and how those rights are deployed throughout the IT infrastructure.
SystemCPI is a comprehensive deployment methodology created by NOVACES to address common challenges with traditional Lean Six Sigma approaches. It provides a structured roadmap consisting of four phases - Assess, Plan, Apply, and Sustain. Process improvement resources are directed at projects with the biggest impact, and a maturity model measures progress towards self-sufficiency. Rather than applying CPI methods in isolation, SystemCPI takes an integrated approach to apply the right tools to each situation.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a hybrid recommendation approach for tourism systems using classification based on association rules and fuzzy logic. The paper describes common problems with recommender systems like sparsity and performance issues. It then presents a hybrid method combining clustering, associative classification, and fuzzy logic to address these problems. The method was implemented and evaluated in a tourism recommender system, with results showing it can improve recommendation quality by reducing limitations of other approaches.
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCEvivatechijri
THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE was innovatively created by Google engineers and it is ready for production in record time. The success of Google is to attributed the efficient search algorithm, and also to the underlying commodity hardware. As Google run number of application then Google’s goal became to build a vast storage network out of inexpensive commodity hardware. So Google create its own file system, named as THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE that is GFS. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is one of the largest file system in operation. Generally THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is a scalable distributed file system of large distributed data intensive apps. In the design phase of THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE, in which the given stress includes component failures , files are huge and files are mutated by appending data. The entire file system is organized hierarchically in directories and identified by pathnames. The architecture comprises of multiple chunk servers, multiple clients and a single master. Files are divided into chunks, and that is the key design parameter. THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE also uses leases and mutation order in their design to achieve atomicity and consistency. As of there fault tolerance, THE USABILITY METRICS FOR USER EXPERIENCE is highly available, replicas of chunk servers and master exists.
A Conceptual Design And Evaluation Framework For Mobile Persuasive Health Tec...Kate Campbell
This document presents a conceptual framework for designing and evaluating the usability of mobile persuasive health technologies. It begins with an introduction on the increasing popularity and use of mobile health apps but also notes that evaluating these apps, particularly with regards to usability, remains a challenge.
The document then reviews existing models for evaluating usability, including the Persuasive Systems Design (PSD) model, various usability models like ISO and Nielsen, and integrated models like PACMAD. It notes that while PSD is useful for design, it is limited for evaluation as its principles are subjective and cannot be easily quantified.
The paper then proposes extending the PSD model with an integrated usability model and using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to
IRJET- Virtual Business Analyst using a Progressive Web ApplicationIRJET Journal
The document proposes a virtual business analyst platform that uses progressive web applications, SEO, and SEM to help small and medium enterprises improve their brands and connect with investors and customers. The platform would provide customized designs for company applications and help improve customer relationship management. It analyzes how innovation adoption of social media technology can help small businesses formulate digital marketing strategies to become more agile organizations. The methodology discusses using the platform to help clients target specific demographics to increase conversion rates and capital yields from paid digital advertising campaigns.
Extreme Programming (XP) is an agile methodology widely used for software development. However, XP is not as effective for medium and large projects due to weaknesses like poor documentation and lack of risk awareness. This paper reviews several studies on adapting XP for different project sizes through practices like extended planning, architecture design, and risk management. Case studies show the adapted XP approach can provide benefits to medium and large projects similar to what standard XP delivers for small projects.
Similar to Portfolio/project management information system demands (20)
This document provides a glossary of Agile terms with definitions. It includes over 100 terms related to Agile principles, practices, roles, artifacts, and more. The terms cover topics such as Agile methodologies, ceremonies, estimating techniques, leadership styles, and more.
The document is a summary dashboard that provides an overview of contracts and their performance. It shows that there are currently 73 contracts worth $13.9 million in revenue over the next 12 months but costing $35.7 million over the same period. It also indicates that there are 7 contracts without future milestones and 9 contracts without assigned tasks that require review. The contracts are spread across different industries and categories.
There is a growing gap between the demand for skilled project management professionals and the available talent to fill roles globally. By 2027, employers will need 87.7 million individuals in project management roles but there will be a shortage of qualified talent. This talent gap could result in a potential loss of $207.9 billion in GDP for 11 countries analyzed through 2027. Factors like increased demand, attrition as professionals retire, and more project-oriented jobs are contributing to the widening talent gap if more professionals do not enter the field.
This document outlines 12 principles of agile development including satisfying customers, delivering working software frequently through short iterations, welcoming changing requirements, trusting team members, maintaining simplicity, self-organizing teams, and continuous improvement through reflection and adjustment. The principles emphasize customer satisfaction, frequent delivery, collaboration, simplicity, self-organization, and adaptation through lessons learned.
The presentation shows three most distinguished features of the www.petralexsolutions.com software:
- transform agent's voice to more persuasive and expressive mode;
- decrease stressing notes in a voice of an angry/disturbed customer;
- protect agent's hearing by adapting incoming audio to agent's personal hearing profile and surrounding noises.
The document discusses a call center solutions product called Petralex Call Center Solutions (PSC) that was developed by ITFORYOU to address challenges in verbal communications for call centers and help desks. The PSC can modify an operator's voice to make it more persuasive or expressive, cut off stressful tones in incoming calls, control speech tempo, reduce noise, and protect an operator's hearing. It provides better communication with customers according to research. The document also describes a partner model where companies can implement or integrate the PSC as an additional service.
PMP exam changes since November, 1, 2015.
And CCR (continual certification requirements for all PMI certifications) changes since Decembaer, 1, 2015.
In the presentation you find useful information about changes and links to the appropriate PMI resources.
Virtual learning: for students and adults. For high education and lifelong learning.
For teachers and students, for training organizations and universities.
Types, methods, tools.
How develop a specification for a new software and/or App.
We remember how to collaborate with stakeholders, define types of requirements and examine a structure of the IEEE SWEBOK SRS template.
This document discusses combining project management methodologies PMBOK and Agile for IT projects. It introduces the presenter who has experience in project management, IT consulting, and training. The presentation aims to explain how to extend traditional project management for IT projects using elements of IT service management and Agile methodologies. A proposed integrated project lifecycle model is presented which aligns business and IT strategies, defines requirements iteratively using adaptive cycles, and incorporates Agile tools like Scrum boards and cumulative flow diagrams.
The document discusses IT service management for non-IT managers. It introduces the presenter and their qualifications. The presentation goals are explained as how ITSM can help work together and align business and IT goals through measurable targets. Step 1 discusses aligning the business and IT portfolio by understanding how IT influences business processes. Step 2 is agreeing on a service portfolio through a service catalogue. Step 3 is creating service level agreements between IT and business units. Step 4 is continuously improving through a continual service improvement program.
The document discusses stakeholder management in projects. It recommends identifying stakeholders, understanding their demands and influence, and developing a strategy to manage each stakeholder. A stakeholder register should track each stakeholder's name, role, contacts, demands, expectations, influence and relationship to the project. Stakeholders can then be mapped on a quadrant based on their impact and support for the project to determine the best management strategy. The strategy should be reviewed regularly along with the stakeholder register as the project evolves.
A brief about how create business plan for an investor/partner.
Main audience: IT start-ups. The presentation and upcoming video and webinar may be interesting for young companies in other business sectors.
In this presentation we deliver the main points of management and collaboration with IT departments in non-IT companies.
We define the role of IT in business, maturity model for IT, basic concepts for Service catalog and Service level agreement.
ITSM is a way for continuous improvement!
The presentation describes the successful experience in creating and launching a portfolio of different training methods for various categories of adult students, which combine job and study.
Hand Rolled Applicative User ValidationCode KataPhilip Schwarz
Could you use a simple piece of Scala validation code (granted, a very simplistic one too!) that you can rewrite, now and again, to refresh your basic understanding of Applicative operators <*>, <*, *>?
The goal is not to write perfect code showcasing validation, but rather, to provide a small, rough-and ready exercise to reinforce your muscle-memory.
Despite its grandiose-sounding title, this deck consists of just three slides showing the Scala 3 code to be rewritten whenever the details of the operators begin to fade away.
The code is my rough and ready translation of a Haskell user-validation program found in a book called Finding Success (and Failure) in Haskell - Fall in love with applicative functors.
UI5con 2024 - Keynote: Latest News about UI5 and it’s EcosystemPeter Muessig
Learn about the latest innovations in and around OpenUI5/SAPUI5: UI5 Tooling, UI5 linter, UI5 Web Components, Web Components Integration, UI5 2.x, UI5 GenAI.
Recording:
https://www.youtube.com/live/MSdGLG2zLy8?si=INxBHTqkwHhxV5Ta&t=0
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we workSven Peters
A lot of technical challenges and complexity come with building a cloud-native and distributed architecture. The way we develop backend software has fundamentally changed in the last ten years. Managing a microservices architecture demands a lot of us to ensure observability and operational resiliency. But did you also change the way you run your development teams?
Sven will talk about Atlassian’s journey from a monolith to a multi-tenanted architecture and how it affected the way the engineering teams work. You will learn how we shifted to service ownership, moved to more autonomous teams (and its challenges), and established platform and enablement teams.
8 Best Automated Android App Testing Tool and Framework in 2024.pdfkalichargn70th171
Regarding mobile operating systems, two major players dominate our thoughts: Android and iPhone. With Android leading the market, software development companies are focused on delivering apps compatible with this OS. Ensuring an app's functionality across various Android devices, OS versions, and hardware specifications is critical, making Android app testing essential.
How Can Hiring A Mobile App Development Company Help Your Business Grow?ToXSL Technologies
ToXSL Technologies is an award-winning Mobile App Development Company in Dubai that helps businesses reshape their digital possibilities with custom app services. As a top app development company in Dubai, we offer highly engaging iOS & Android app solutions. https://rb.gy/necdnt
Most important New features of Oracle 23c for DBAs and Developers. You can get more idea from my youtube channel video from https://youtu.be/XvL5WtaC20A
Measures in SQL (SIGMOD 2024, Santiago, Chile)Julian Hyde
SQL has attained widespread adoption, but Business Intelligence tools still use their own higher level languages based upon a multidimensional paradigm. Composable calculations are what is missing from SQL, and we propose a new kind of column, called a measure, that attaches a calculation to a table. Like regular tables, tables with measures are composable and closed when used in queries.
SQL-with-measures has the power, conciseness and reusability of multidimensional languages but retains SQL semantics. Measure invocations can be expanded in place to simple, clear SQL.
To define the evaluation semantics for measures, we introduce context-sensitive expressions (a way to evaluate multidimensional expressions that is consistent with existing SQL semantics), a concept called evaluation context, and several operations for setting and modifying the evaluation context.
A talk at SIGMOD, June 9–15, 2024, Santiago, Chile
Authors: Julian Hyde (Google) and John Fremlin (Google)
https://doi.org/10.1145/3626246.3653374
Everything You Need to Know About X-Sign: The eSign Functionality of XfilesPr...XfilesPro
Wondering how X-Sign gained popularity in a quick time span? This eSign functionality of XfilesPro DocuPrime has many advancements to offer for Salesforce users. Explore them now!
UI5con 2024 - Bring Your Own Design SystemPeter Muessig
How do you combine the OpenUI5/SAPUI5 programming model with a design system that makes its controls available as Web Components? Since OpenUI5/SAPUI5 1.120, the framework supports the integration of any Web Components. This makes it possible, for example, to natively embed own Web Components of your design system which are created with Stencil. The integration embeds the Web Components in a way that they can be used naturally in XMLViews, like with standard UI5 controls, and can be bound with data binding. Learn how you can also make use of the Web Components base class in OpenUI5/SAPUI5 to also integrate your Web Components and get inspired by the solution to generate a custom UI5 library providing the Web Components control wrappers for the native ones.
What to do when you have a perfect model for your software but you are constrained by an imperfect business model?
This talk explores the challenges of bringing modelling rigour to the business and strategy levels, and talking to your non-technical counterparts in the process.
Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query PerformanceGrant Fritchey
Microsoft has added an excellent new extension in PostgreSQL on their Azure Platform. This session, presented at Posette 2024, covers what Query Store is and the types of information you can get out of it.
SOCRadar's Aviation Industry Q1 Incident Report is out now!
The aviation industry has always been a prime target for cybercriminals due to its critical infrastructure and high stakes. In the first quarter of 2024, the sector faced an alarming surge in cybersecurity threats, revealing its vulnerabilities and the relentless sophistication of cyber attackers.
SOCRadar’s Aviation Industry, Quarterly Incident Report, provides an in-depth analysis of these threats, detected and examined through our extensive monitoring of hacker forums, Telegram channels, and dark web platforms.
WWDC 2024 Keynote Review: For CocoaCoders AustinPatrick Weigel
Overview of WWDC 2024 Keynote Address.
Covers: Apple Intelligence, iOS18, macOS Sequoia, iPadOS, watchOS, visionOS, and Apple TV+.
Understandable dialogue on Apple TV+
On-device app controlling AI.
Access to ChatGPT with a guest appearance by Chief Data Thief Sam Altman!
App Locking! iPhone Mirroring! And a Calculator!!
E-commerce Development Services- Hornet DynamicsHornet Dynamics
For any business hoping to succeed in the digital age, having a strong online presence is crucial. We offer Ecommerce Development Services that are customized according to your business requirements and client preferences, enabling you to create a dynamic, safe, and user-friendly online store.
2. Intelligent Decision Technologies 7 (2013) 91–105 91
DOI 10.3233/IDT-120153
IOS Press
Evaluation of project and portfolio
Management Information Systems with the
use of a hybrid IFS-TOPSIS method
Vassilis C. Gerogiannisa,∗, Panos Fitsilisa and Achilles D. Kameasb
a
Project Management Department, Technological Education Institute of Larissa, Larissa, Hellas
b
Hellenic Open University, Patras, Hellas
Abstract. Contemporary Project and Portfolio Management Information Systems (PPMIS) have embarked from single-user,
single-project management systems to web-based, collaborative, multi-project, multi-operational information systems which of-
fer organization-wide management support. The variety of offered functionalities, along with the variation among each orga-
nization needs and the plethora of PPMIS available in the market, make the selection of an appropriate PPMIS a complicate,
multi-criteria decision problem. The problem complexity is further augmented since the multi stakeholders involved in the eval-
uation/selection process cannot often rate precisely their preferences and the performances of candidate PPMIS on them. To
meet these challenges, this paper presents a PPMIS selection/evaluation approach that applies a hybrid group decision making
method based on TOPSIS and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS). The approach considers the vagueness of assessors’ judgments
when evaluating PPMIS and the uncertainty of users when they judge their needs. The approach is demonstrated through a case
study aiming to support the Hellenic Open University to select a suitable PPMIS.
Keywords: Project and portfolio management information systems, multi-criteria decision making, group decision making, tech-
nique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, intuitionistic fuzzy sets
1. Introduction
The adoption of an appropriate Project and Port-
folio Management Information System (PPMIS) of-
fers a lot of benefits for an organization that under-
takes projects, project programs and project portfo-
lios to implement business process changes and de-
velop new products or services. Research studies [20]
present that increasing organizational requirements for
the management of the entire life-cycle of complex
projects, programs and portfolios motivate the fur-
ther exploitation of powerful PPMIS from organiza-
tions of any type and size. PPMIS have embarked
∗Corresponding author: Vassilis C. Gerogiannis, Project Man-
agement Department, Technological Education Institute of Larissa,
Larissa 41110, Hellas. Tel.: +30 2410 684585; Fax: +30 2410
684580; E-mail: gerogian@teilar.gr.
from stand-alone, single-user, single-project manage-
ment systems to multi-user, multi-functional, collabo-
rative, web-based and enterprise-wide software tools
which offer integrated project, program and portfolio
management solutions, not limited to scope, budget
and time management/control. Contemporary PPMIS
can support, through a range of functionalities, most
processes in all knowledge areas of the “Project Man-
agement Body of Knowledge” [25], by covering an ex-
pansive view of the “integration management” knowl-
edge area that includes alignment and control of multi-
project programs and portfolios. The market of PP-
MIS is rapidly growing and includes many commer-
cial and open source software tools offering a number
of functionalities such as time, resource and cost man-
agement, reporting features and support for change,
risk, communication, contract and stakeholder man-
agement. Interested readers are referred to [22] where
detailed information is given for 24 commercial lead-
ISSN 1872-4981/13/$27.50 c 2013 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved
3. 92 V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems
ing PPMIS. In this report, each presented PPMIS is
evaluated upon approximately 270 functional and non-
functional features. Apart from commercial systems,
for organizations which do not require the complete
range of functionalities of a commercial tool or inter-
ested in reducing the total cost of software ownership,
there is available a variety of open source PPMIS or
Software as a Service (SaaS) products.
This variety of offered functionalities, along with the
variation among each organization needs and the large
number of powerful PPMIS in the market, make their
evaluation and selection a complicate multi-criteria de-
cision problem. The problem is often approached in
practice by ad hoc procedures based only on personal
preferences of users/evaluators or any marketing infor-
mation available [27]. Such an approach may lead to
a final selection that does not reflect adequately the
organization needs or, even worse, to an unsuitable
PPMIS. Therefore, a systematic technique from the
multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) domain can
be useful to support the PPMIS evaluation/selection
process.
The main objective of this paper is to present a pos-
sible solution for this multi-criteria decision problem.
The paper presents a PPMIS evaluation/selection ap-
proach that applies a hybrid group decision making
method based on the Technique for Order Preference
by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) [11] and Intu-
itionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) [4]. The aim of the approach
is to consider the vagueness of assessors’ judgments
when evaluating PPMIS and the uncertainty of users
when they judge their needs. The approach is demon-
strated through a case study aiming to support the Hel-
lenic Open University to select a suitable PPMIS.
The outline of the paper is structured as follows.
Section 2 briefly reviews the relevant literature in the
field of MCDM techniques for the evaluation of soft-
ware products. In Section 3, we discuss the aspects of
the PPMIS evaluation problem and we justify how, in
our case study, the PPMIS selection criteria were de-
termined. In Section 4, we present an overview of the
characteristics of the presented approach and justify
the selection of IFS. In Section 5, the basic concepts of
IFS are briefly discussed. Section 6 presents the steps
of the approach and Section 7 presents conclusions and
future work.
2. MCDM methods for evaluating software
packages
Although there is no a generic MCDM approach
for selecting a software package of any type, available
literature reviews in software products evaluation [19]
suggest that users and evaluators can receive a lot of
benefits if they decide to adopt a MCDM method. Re-
view surveys [18,19,29] reveal that the Analytic Hier-
archy Process method (AHP) and its variations/exten-
sions have been widely and successfully used in eval-
uating several types of software packages (e.g., MRP
systems, ERP systems, simulation software, CAD sys-
tems and knowledge management systems). This ex-
tensive application of AHP is due to the method ad-
vantages, since it supports the hierarchical decomposi-
tion of a decision problem, allows decision making to
be held by a group of stakeholders as well as it han-
dles both qualitative and quantitative selection criteria.
Although AHP presents wide applicability in evaluat-
ing various types of software products, little work has
been done in the field of evaluating PPMIS. For exam-
ple, in [2] the authors admit that their work is rather
indicative with main objective to expose a representa-
tive case for illustrating the PPMIS selection process
and not to create a definitive set of criteria that should
be taken into account in practice. This lack of applica-
bility of AHP in the PPMIS selection problem domain
can be attributed to the fact that, despite its advantages,
the method main limitation is the large number of pair-
wise comparisons required. The time needed for com-
parisons increases geometrically with the increase of
criteria and alternatives involved, making AHP appli-
cation practically prohibitive for complicate decisions,
such as the selection of a PPMIS.
As a response to this problem, in the recent past, we
presented an approach for evaluating alternative PP-
MIS that combines group-based AHP with a simple
scoring model [15]. According to this approach, PP-
MIS evaluators (decision makers) use a scoring model
to evaluate the performances of candidate systems with
respect to an extensive list of functional-oriented cri-
teria (organized into criteria clusters), while PPMIS
users follow the AHP method to determine the over-
all weights of the criteria clusters based on the needs
of their organization. This group-AHP scoring model,
although practical and easy to use, does not consider
the vagueness or even the unawareness of users, when
they evaluate their preferences from a PPMIS by rat-
ing their requirements. Also the approach does not take
into account the uncertainty of evaluators, when they
judge the performance ratings of alternative PPMIS on
the selected criteria, expressed as user requirements.
In case of evaluating a PPMIS, these uncertainties are
more evident when the software product does not of-
fer a certain functionality by default (in the product
4. V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems 93
standard version) and the desired functionality can be
fulfilled – at a certain degree – through configuration,
customization, use of workarounds (other functionali-
ties that act as substitutes) or use of interfaces to other
software products.
Treating with these ambiguities in the PPMIS evalu-
ation and consideration of incomplete available infor-
mation expose the need to adopt a fuzzy-based deci-
sion making approach [9]. Fuzzy-based methods pro-
vide the intuitive advantage to utilize, instead of crisp
values, linguistic terms to evaluate performance of the
alternatives and criteria weights. A linguistic term (i.e.,
a variable whose value is a natural language phrase)
can be particularly useful to express qualitative assess-
ments. A fuzzy-based approach can be even more ben-
eficial when it is combined with other decision mak-
ing techniques. For example, fuzzy AHP [10] is pro-
posed to handle the inherent imprecision in the pair-
wise comparison process, while fuzzy TOPSIS (Tech-
nique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solu-
tion) [11] can be used to jointly consider both positive
(benefit/functional oriented) and negative (cost/effort
oriented) selection criteria. Fuzzy-based MCDM tech-
niques have been used to select various types of soft-
ware products (see, for example [9,13,21]), but in the
relevant literature there is lack of a structured fuzzy-
based approach for the selection of PPMIS under un-
certain knowledge.
This paper presents such a fuzzy-based approach
that in comparison with other MCDM approaches for
software product selection [9,13,21] mainly differs in
three aspects: i) the approach involves both decision
makers and PPMIS users in the decision making pro-
cess and aggregates their weighted opinions (through
fuzzy weighted averaging operators) to support agree-
ment upon the final selection, ii) the approach handles
the degree of indeterminacy that characterizes both de-
cision makers and users in their evaluations, iii) both
positive (benefit) and negative (cost) criteria are con-
sidered in the evaluation. These aspects are supported
by the approach underling method that is a hybrid
group decision making method based on TOPSIS and
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets.
3. PPMIS adoption, evaluation and selection
criteria
Empirical studies [26] demonstrate that a number of
project managers from the business community indi-
cate a strong impact of PPMIS usage upon success-
ful implementation of their business projects, while
others do not. These findings indicate that “unsatis-
fied” project managers are depended upon a PPMIS
that produces information of low quality. Hence project
managers use the system less and consequently get
less support in their management tasks. It is impor-
tant, therefore, for an enterprise to select a proper PP-
MIS that covers technical, managerial and organisa-
tional needs. The importance of project management
techniques and tools is also gaining recognition in aca-
demic institutions and Higher Education organizations
as a valuable tool, especially for supporting university
Information Technology (IT) projects. The results of a
survey in IT departments of US universities show that
project planning, monitoring and status/budget report-
ing are of crucial importance for the majority of uni-
versity projects [34].
The PPMIS selection process can be supported by
referencing to available market surveys [27]. In the
past, for example, the Project Management Institute
has published an extensive survey [24] that compared
more than 200 products by considering classic project
management dimensions like scheduling, cost, risk, re-
source and communication management. These com-
parisons, however, focus rather on factors which rep-
resent vendors’ perspectives and any such assessment
should be utilized with care by considering specific
project management needs within the context of indi-
vidual organizations. Furthermore, PPMIS of today of-
fer support for the entire project life-cycle, including
portfolio planning and monitoring and thus, a PPMIS
evaluation process based only on classic single-project
management functionalities is very limited.
Support in setting up a PPMIS system can be also
gained by considering the users’ perceptions and sat-
isfaction from a PPMIS usage. A representative exam-
ple is the one presented in [3]. This work surveyed 497
PPMIS users and the final result was a general index
for measuring the effectiveness of PPMIS according to
four, user-oriented, dimensions (i.e., information qual-
ity, system functionality, ease of use, performance im-
pact). However, respective PPMIS users, when evalu-
ate a PPMIS system, often express their perceived sat-
isfaction and not their knowledge on potential benefits
that can be obtained from a PPMIS.
Detailed assistance in evaluating PPMIS is provided
by evaluation frameworks which propose to consider
an extensive list of system characteristics. These char-
acteristics can be either functional or process-oriented
selection criteria. NASA, for example, in the past has
convened a working group to evaluate alternative PP-
5. 94 V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems
Fig. 1. M-Model architecture – source: [6]. (Colours are visible in the online version of the article; http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/IDT-120153)
MIS for NASA’s departments, upon a number of func-
tional requirements. In the group’s report [16] thir-
teen clusters of functional requirements are identified,
namely: 1) open database connectivity and architec-
ture, 2) workgroup capabilities, 3) networking capa-
bilities, 4) ease of use, 5) project scheduling method-
ology, 6) project task/field features, 7) baselining and
tracking project progress, 8) resource features, 9) cal-
endar features, 10) cost management features, 11) risk
management features, 12) project reporting, and 13)
management reporting. Each cluster further includes a
set of functional features and, in total, more than one
hundred functional criteria are identified to be eval-
uated. This vast number of criteria prevents decision
makers from utilizing a typical hierarchical MCDM
approach like AHP.
As far as process oriented evaluation is concerned,
evaluators may use as reference the set of process-
oriented criteria offered by a conceptual software ar-
chitecture for PPMIS, like, for example, is the M-
Model (Fig. 1) [1]. An abstract software architecture
may be used to handle the selection problem from
a business process reengineering perspective, since it
embraces all tasks performed during a project/program
life-cycle (initiation, planning, execution and termina-
tion). The M-Model specifies the project phases/tasks
supported by PPMIS which are mapped into differ-
ent management levels (project, program and port-
folio management). The model was used in [22] to
evaluate commercial PPMIS according to the project
phases/tasks supported by a PPMIS and the corre-
sponding required functionalities (Table 1). Each PP-
MIS was evaluated according to the extent that it of-
fers the required functionality and the overall support
for the corresponding project phase/task was specified
with a “4-stars” score. Yellow and grey stars at each
score indicate (see Fig. 1) if the corresponding sup-
port is offered as standard functionality (yellow stars)
or it can be provided by customizing the PPMIS (grey
stars). The authors admit in their evaluation report
that the stars (i.e., the performance rating) assigned at
each PPMIS upon each criterion (i.e., the level of pro-
vided support for the corresponding project phase/task)
are obtained only by counting the number of func-
tionalities offered by the standard system version or
through applying simple customisations (without ex-
6. V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems 95
Table 1
Evaluation criteria – source: [22]
Phase/task Required functionality
1. Idea generation/lead management (IGLM) Creativity techniques, idea/project classification, lead management (Mgmt.),
project status/project process mgmt
2. Idea evaluation (IE) Estimation of effort, resource needs specification, risk estimation, profitability
analysis, project budgeting, offer mgmt
3. Portfolio planning (PP1) Organizational budgeting, project assessment, project portfolio optimization,
project portfolio configuration
4. Program planning (PP2) Project templates, resource master data, resource assignment workflow, resource
allocation
5. Project planning (PP3) Work breakdown structure planning, scope/product planning, network planning,
scheduling, resource leveling, risk planning, cost planning
6. Project controlling (PC1) Change request Mgmt., (travel) expense Mgmt., timesheet, cost controlling,
meeting support
7. Program controlling (PC2) Status reporting, deviation/earned value analysis, quality controlling, versioning,
milestone controlling
8. Portfolio controlling (PC3) Performance measurement, dashboard, organizational budget controlling
9. Program termination (PT1) Knowledge portal, competence database/yellow pages, project archiving, searching
10. Project termination (PT2) Invoicing, document Mgmt., supplier and claim Mgmt.
11. Administration/configuration (AC) Workflow Mgmt., access control, report development, form development,
user-defined data structures, MS office project interface,
application programming interface, offline usage
tensive code development). Thus, any workarounds,
interfaces and/or use of programming (in case of open
source PPMIS) are not taken into account in this eval-
uation report. In case of selecting a proper PPMIS for
a specific organization, the consideration of these pa-
rameters or lack of knowledge upon them will certainly
affect the uncertainty of the final performance rating
for each candidate PPMIS.
In Section 6 of the paper, we show how these 11
project phases/tasks (Table 1) were included in a list of
selection criteria for evaluating alternative PPMIS for
the case organization. This decision supported users
(members of the case organization) to rate the impor-
tance of their requirements by considering the pro-
cesses supported by PPMIS, without need for know-
ing technical capabilities and functionalities of each
candidate system. This decision also helped decision
makers (evaluators) to perform cross-checking (i.e.,
comparisons) of their linguistic assessments on can-
didate PPMIS against the scores presented in [22]. In
addition, the adoption of intuitionistic fuzzy numbers
for the evaluation of PPMIS helped decision makers
to consider in the evaluation not only the availabil-
ity/unavailability of a functionality to support a crite-
rion but also the degree that the unavailability can be
“relaxed” though admitting that there can be also other
solutions, not offered by the “out of the box” PPMIS
version.
4. Overview of the suggested PPMIS
evaluation/selection approach
The suggested approach for PPMIS involves both
users and evaluators (decision makers) in the deci-
sion making process and tries to exploit the inter-
est/expertise of each one in order to strengthen the fi-
nal evaluation results. This is achieved by aggregating
all weights of criteria (requirements) and all ratings of
performance of the alternative systems, as they are ex-
pressed, by individual stakeholders, in linguistic terms.
The approach is based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets
(IFS), an extension of fuzzy sets proposed by Atana-
ssov [4] that has been successfully used in many deci-
sion making problems, such as medical diagnosis [14],
web services selection [33] and supplier selection [7,
12,23]. An IFS includes the membership and the non-
membership function of an element to a set as well
as a third function that is called the hesitation degree.
This third function is useful to express lack of knowl-
edge and hesitancy concerning membership and non-
membership of an element to a set.
Expression of hesitation is particularly helpful for
both decision makers and PPMIS users when they se-
lect a software product for an organization such as, in
our case, a PPMIS. On one hand, decision makers of-
ten cannot have a full knowledge upon all function-
alities included in the newest version of each candi-
date system. Thus, they base their ratings only on ex-
7. 96 V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems
perience from using previous system versions as well
by referencing to system assessments which can be
found in products survey reports [22]. Furthermore,
a “negative” PPMIS performance rating – that is as-
signed when the system does not provide standard sup-
port for a required functionally (i.e., the functional-
ity is not available at the standard version of the sys-
tem) – can be even more hesitant, since the software
may offer the functionality through configuration, cus-
tomization, use of workarounds (other functionalities
that act as substitutes) or interfaces to other available
software products. On the other hand, PPMIS users are
often unfamiliar with how a system can support project
management processes and tasks and, therefore, can-
not precisely express which tasks require more to be
supported by a PPMIS.
It should be noted here that the presented approach
mainly utilizes a hybrid method presented in [7] which
combines IFS with TOPSIS for supporting supplier se-
lection problems. The advantage of this combination
in case of PPMIS evaluation is that we can distinguish
between benefit criteria (e.g., functionalities/tasks sup-
ported by the PPMIS) and cost criteria (e.g., effort for
system customisation and price for ownership). The
PPMIS that is closest to the positive ideal solution and
most far from the negative ideal solution could be prob-
ably the most appropriate PPMIS to cover the organi-
zation needs. The approach not only validates the orig-
inal method in a new application field that is the eval-
uation of PPMIS (where other MCDM approaches are
rather limited in the literature), but also considers a
more extensive list of benefit and cost oriented criteria,
suitable for PPMIS selection. In addition, final results
are verified by applying sensitivity analysis.
5. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets: Basic concepts
Before proceeding to describe how the PPMIS se-
lection problem was tackled, we briefly introduce some
necessary introductory concepts of IFS. An IFS A in a
finite set X can be defined as [4]:
A = {< x, μA(x), vA(x) > |x ∈ X} (1)
where μA : X → [0, 1], vA : X → [0, 1], and 0
μA(x) + vA(x) 1 ∀x ∈ X.
μA(x) and vA(x) denote respectively the degree of
membership and non-membership of x to A. For each
IFS A in X, πA(x) = 1 − μA(x) − vA(x) is called
the hesitation degree of whether x belongs to A. If the
hesitation degree is small then knowledge whether x
Table 2
Linguistic terms for the importance of stakeholders and criteria
Level of stakeholder
expertise (1)
Importance of
selection criteria (2)
IFN(3)
Master Very important (VI) [0.90,0.10]
Expert Important (I) [0.75,0.20]
Proficient Medium (M) [0.50,0.45]
Practitioner Unimportant (U) [0.25,0.70]
Beginner Very unimportant (VU) [0.10,0.90]
belongs to A is more certain, while if it is large then
knowledge on that is more uncertain. Thus, an ordinary
fuzzy set can be written as:
{< x, μA(x), 1 − μA(x) > |x ∈ X} (2)
In the evaluation approach we will use linguistic
terms [17] to express: i) the importance of decision
stakeholders (users/decision makers), ii) judgements of
decision makers on the performance of each PPMIS
and iii) perceptions of users on the importance of each
selection criterion. These linguistic terms can be trans-
formed into intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IFNs) in the
form of [μ(x), v(x)]. For example, an IFN [0.50, 0.45]
represents membership μ = 0.5, non-membership v =
0.45 and hesitation degree π = 0.05.
In the approach, we will also use addition and mul-
tiplication operators for IFNs. Let a1 = (μa1, va1) and
a2 = (μa2, va2) be two IFNs. Then these operators can
be defined as follows [4,30,31]:
a1 ⊕ a2=(μa1 + μa2 − μa1 · μa2, va1 · va2)
a1 ⊗ a2=(μa1 ·μa2, va1 +va2−va1·va2) (3)
λ · a1=(1 − (1 − μa1)λ
, vλ
a1), λ > 0
6. Evaluation of PPMIS with intuitionistic fuzzy
sets and TOPSIS
In this section we describe how an intuitionistic
fuzzy MCDM approach was applied with the overall
goal to select the most appropriate PPMIS system to
cover needs of the Hellenic Open University (HOU)
(www.eap.gr) in facilitating, supporting and providing
project management for university-industry collabora-
tion in research and development (R&D). HOU is a
university that undertakes various types of national and
international R&D projects and programs, particularly
in the field of continuous adult education. The univer-
sity does not maintain an integrated project/portfolio
management infrastructure. In order to increase project
management maturity, effectiveness and productivity,
the management of HOU has decided to investigate the
8. V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems 97
Table 3
Linguistic terms for rating the performance of PPMIS
Level of performance/support IFN Degree of hesitation (π) Final IFN
Extremely high (EH) [1.00,0.00] 0 [1.00,0.00]
Very very high (VVH) [0.90,0.10 − π] 0 [0.90,0.10]
Very high (VH) [0.80,0.20 − π] 0.1 [0.80,0.10]
High (H) [0.70,0.30 − π] 0.1 [0.70,0.20]
Medium high (MH) [0.60,0.40 − π] 0.1 [0.60,0.30]
Medium (M) [0.50,0.50 − π] 0.1 [0.50,0.40]
Medium low (ML) [0.40,0.60 − π] 0.1 [0.40,0.50]
Low (L) [0.30,0.70 − π] 0.1 [0.30,0.60]
Very low (VL) [0.20,0.80 − π] 0 [0.20,0.80]
Very very low (VVL) [0.10,0.90 − π] 0 [0.10,0.90]
Fig. 2. Steps of the PPMIS evaluation approach. (Colours are visible in the online version of the article; http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/IDT-120153)
adoption of a collaborative PPMIS. The Department of
Project Management (DPM) (dde.teilar.gr) at the Tech-
nological Education Institute of Larissa in Greece was
appointed to act as an experienced consultant and aid
this decision making process.
Three experts D1, D2 and D3 (decision makers/
evaluators) from DPM, with an average of seven years
teaching/professional experience in using different PP-
MIS, were involved in this process, aiming to iden-
tify HOU requirements from a PPMIS and to select an
appropriate system that will cover these requirements.
Three project officers/managers U1, U2 and U3 (users)
from the HOU site were also involved in the decision
making. These persons have high expertise in contract
management, multi-project coordination and planning
of R&D projects and portfolios, but they present low
experience in systematically using PPMIS.
The application of the approach for selecting an ap-
propriate PPMIS for the case organization (HOU) has
been conducted in eight steps (Fig. 2) presented as fol-
lows.
Step 1: Determine the weight of importance of decision
makers and users
In this first step, the expertise of both decision mak-
ers and users was analysed by specifying correspond-
ing weights. In a joint meeting, the three decision mak-
ers D1, D2, D3 agreed to qualify their experience
in using PPMIS as “Master”, “Proficient” and “Ex-
pert”, respectively. The three users U1, U2, U3 also
agreed that their level of expertise in managing large
projects can be characterized as “Master”, “Proficient”
and “Expert”, respectively. These linguistic terms were
assigned to IFNs by using the relationships presented
in Table 2 between values in column 1 and values in
column 3.
If there are l stakeholders in the decision process,
each one with a level of expertise rated equal to the IFN
[μk, vk, πk], the weight of importance of k stakeholder
can be calculated as [7]:
λk =
μk + πk
μk
μk + vk
l
k=1
μk + πk
μk
μk + vk
(4)
where λk ∈ [0, 1] and l
k=1 λk = 1.
By applying Eq. (4) the weights of decision mak-
ers were calculated as follows: λD1 = 0.406, λD2 =
0.238, λD3 = 0.356. Since users were assigned to the
same linguistic values, their weights were respectively
the same: λU1 = 0.406, λU2 = 0.238, λU3 = 0.356.
It should be noted here that the heuristic of Eq. (4) for
9. 98 V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems
Table 4
The ratings of the alternative PPMIS
Criteria Decision makers PPMIS
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
IGLM D1 VH VH H MH H
D2 H VH MH H H
D3 H H H H MH
IE D1 H M VH M M
D2 MH M H H H
D3 M MH H MH H
PP1 D1 MH H VVH VH VH
D2 MH MH VH MH VH
D3 MH MH H H VH
PP2 D1 MH MH VH VH VH
D2 MH H VH MH VH
D3 H M H MH H
PP3 D1 VH H VH VH VH
D2 H H MH H VH
D3 VH VH H MH MH
PC1 D1 H VH VH VH H
D2 MH H H H H
D3 H H H MH MH
PC2 D1 H MH VH H VH
D2 MH M H H VH
D3 H MH H MH H
PC3 D1 H VH MH H VH
D2 MH H M H VH
D3 H MH H VH M
PT1 D1 H H VH VH H
D2 MH H VH H MH
D3 H MH H MH M
PT2 D1 H H VH H VH
D2 H H VVH MH VH
D3 H MH H MH H
AC D1 MH H H H M
D2 M M MH MH MH
D3 H MH H MH M
PO D1 MH MH H H VH
D2 M M MH MH H
D3 MH MH H MH H
CC D1 M MH MH H VH
D2 M M MH MH VH
D3 H MH M MH H
calculating weights has been also adopted in other se-
lection methods (see, for example [7,32,35]).
Step 2: Determine the level of support provided by each
alternative PPMIS
Though there is a large number of available PPMIS,
decision makers were queried to express their gen-
eral opinion on ten commercial PPMIS which in mar-
ket survey results [27] are characterised as leaders and
challengers in this segment of enterprise software mar-
ket. Five from these systems were excluded for two
reasons. First, since they do not have presence in the
national market and, second, because decision mak-
ers were persuaded that their usage was inappropriate
for the specific case, mainly due to lack of technical
support and non-availability of training services. This
first-level screening resulted in a list of five powerful,
widespread PPMIS with strong presence (i.e., techni-
cal/training support) in the national market. For confi-
dentiality reasons and aiming at avoiding the commer-
cial promotion of any software package, we will refer
to these PPMIS as A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5.
In order to evaluate the candidate PPMIS in a man-
ageable and reliable way, decision makers (evalua-
tors) rated the performance of each system with re-
spect to the criteria previously identified. Each deci-
sion maker was asked to carefully rate the support
provided by each system on each of the 11 criteria
(project phases/tasks) presented in Table 1. In addi-
tion to these 11 “positive” (benefit oriented) criteria,
two “negative” (cost oriented criteria) were decided to
be included in the list. These are the total price for
purchasing/ownership (PO) and the effort required to
customise/configure the PPMIS (CC). Thus, 13 cri-
teria in total were adopted. All decision makers pro-
vided a short written justification for every rating they
gave in linguistic terms. For their ratings decision mak-
ers used the linguistic terms presented in Table 3. For
the construction of Table 3, the so-called “Positive-
Confidence Approach” [33] was adopted, according to
which the degree of support offered by an evaluated
system to a certain criterion is made firm (i.e, the mem-
bership value), and the associated hesitation degree is
subtracted from the degree that the system does not
support the criterion (i.e, the non-membership value).
Decision makers expressed in a joint meeting that they
are rather confident in their judgements and they de-
cided hesitation degrees equal to 0 and 0.1 for “strong”
judgments (i.e., EH, VVH, VL, VVL) and “medium”
judgments (VH, H, MH, M, ML, L), respectively. De-
cision makers justified this agreement upon the hesi-
tation degrees by commenting that: i) they have expe-
rience in utilizing these 5 candidate PPMIS, and thus
they feel quite determinant in their judgments and ii)
the candidate systems are commercial tools (and not
open source products) and the level of functionality
that can be easily implemented (by configuration) to
achieve a not- supported functionality is low. To check
the validity of the ratings, decision makers were also
asked to cross-check their marks, according to the cor-
responding “4-stars” scores, as they are listed for each
tool in [22]. All ratings finally given by the three de-
cision makers to the five PPMIS alternatives are pre-
sented in Table 4.
10. V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems 99
Table 5
Aggregated intuitionistic fuzzy decision matrix
A1 A2 A2 A4 A5
IGLM 0.746 0.769 0.679 0.663 0.668
0.151 0.128 0.220 0.236 0.231
0.104 0.103 0.101 0.101 0.101
IE 0.615 0.538 0.746 0.591 0.631
0.282 0.361 0.151 0.306 0.265
0.103 0.101 0.104 0.103 0.104
PP1 0.600 0.644 0.826 0.728 0.800
0.300 0.254 0.128 0.166 0.100
0.100 0.101 0.046 0.106 0.100
PP2 0.639 0.596 0.769 0.698 0.769
0.260 0.302 0.128 0.192 0.128
0.101 0.103 0.103 0.110 0.103
PP3 0.780 0.740 0.728 0.718 0.744
0.118 0.156 0.166 0.174 0.148
0.102 0.103 0.106 0.108 0.108
PC1 0.679 0.746 0.746 0.718 0.668
0.220 0.151 0.151 0.174 0.231
0.101 0.104 0.104 0.108 0.101
PC2 0.679 0.578 0.746 0.668 0.769
0.220 0.321 0.151 0.231 0.128
0.101 0.101 0.104 0.101 0.103
PC3 0.679 0.718 0.619 0.740 0.723
0.220 0.174 0.278 0.156 0.164
0.101 0.108 0.103 0.103 0.113
PT1 0.679 0.668 0.769 0.718 0.615
0.220 0.231 0.128 0.174 0.282
0.101 0.101 0.103 0.108 0.103
PT2 0.700 0.668 0.804 0.644 0.769
0.200 0.231 0.128 0.254 0.128
0.100 0.101 0.068 0.101 0.103
AC 0.619 0.625 0.679 0.644 0.526
0.278 0.272 0.220 0.254 0.374
0.103 0.103 0.101 0.101 0.101
PO 0.578 0.578 0.679 0.644 0.746
0.321 0.321 0.220 0.254 0.151
0.101 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.104
CC 0.583 0.578 0.567 0.644 0.769
0.312 0.321 0.332 0.254 0.128
0.104 0.101 0.101 0.101 0.103
Based on these ratings and the weights of deci-
sion makers, the aggregated intuitionistic fuzzy de-
cision matrix (AIFDM) was calculated by applying
the intuitionistic fuzzy weighted averaging (IFWA) op-
erator [31]. The basic steps of the IFWA operator
are that it first weights all given IFNs by a normal-
ized weight vector, and then aggregates these weighted
IFNs by addition. Each result derived by using the
IFWA operator is an IFN. If A = {A1, A2, . . . , Am}
is the set of alternatives and X = {X1, X2, . . . , Xn}
is the set of criteria, then AIFDM R is an m × n
matrix with elements IFNs in the form of rij =
[μAi (xj), vAi (xj), πAi (xj)], where i = 1, 2, . . ., m
and j = 1, 2, . . ., n.
By considering weights λk(k = 1, 2, . . . , l) of l de-
cision makers, the elements rij of the AIFDM can be
calculated using IFWA as follows:
rij = IFWAλ(r
(1)
ij , r
(2)
ij , . . . , r
(l)
ij )
= λ1r
(1)
ij ⊕ λ2r
(2)
ij ⊕ λ3r
(3)
ij ⊕ . . . ⊕ λlr
(l)
ij
= 1 −
l
k=1
(1 − μ
(k)
ij )λk
,
l
k=1
(v
(k)
ij )λk
,
l
k=1
(1 − μ
(k)
ij )λk
−
l
k=1
(v
(k)
ij )λk
(5)
The AIFDM for the case problem is shown in Table 5.
The matrix IFNs were calculated by substituting in
Eq. (5) the weights of the three (l = 3) decision mak-
ers (λD1 = 0.406, λD2 = 0.238, λD3 = 0.356) and
the IFNs (μ
(k)
ij , v
(k)
ij , π
(k)
ij ) produced by using the re-
lationships of Table 3 (i.e., these IFNs correspond to
ratings given by the k decision maker on each sys-
tem Ai (i = 1, 2, . . . , 5) with respect to each criterion
j (j = 1, 2, . . ., 13).
For example, in Table 5, the IFN [0.769, 0.128,
0.103], shown in bold, is the aggregated score of PP-
MIS A2 on criterion IGLM (Idea Generation/Lead
Mgmt.), while the IFN [0.600, 0.300, 0.100], also
shown in bold, is the aggregated score of PPMIS A1
on criterion PP1 (Portfolio Planning).
Step 3: Determine the weights of the selection criteria
To analyse users’ requirements from a PPMIS we
disseminated to the three users/members of HOU a
structured questionnaire, asking from them to evaluate
the 13 selection criteria and express their perceptions
on the relative importance of each one criterion with
respect to the overall performance and benefits pro-
vided from a candidate PPMIS. Each of the 3 users was
requested to answer 13 questions by denoting a grade
for the importance of each criterion in a linguistic term,
as it is shown in column 2 of Table 2. Opinions of
users U1, U2 and U3 on the importance of the crite-
ria are presented in Table 6. These preferences are as-
signed to corresponding IFNs by using the relation-
ships between values in column 2 and values in col-
umn 3 of Table 2.
The IFWA operator was also used to calculate the
weights of criteria by aggregating the opinions of the
users. Let w
(k)
j = (μ
(k)
j , v
(k)
j , π
(k)
j ) be the IFN as-
signed to criterion j (j = 1, 2, . . ., n) by the k user
(k = 1, 2, . . . , l). Then the weight of j can be calcu-
lated as follows:
11. 100 V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems
Table 6
Importance values of the criteria
Criteria
Users
U1 U2 U3
IGLM VI I M
IE M VI I
PP1 M VI VI
PP2 VI VI VI
PP3 I VI VI
PC1 M VI VI
PC2 M VI I
PC3 M M VI
PT1 I VI VI
PT2 VI M I
AC VI I I
PO VI VI M
CC I M VI
Table 7
Weights of the criteria
Criteria
Weights
μ v π
IGLM 0.779 0.201 0.019
IE 0.734 0.236 0.031
PP1 0.808 0.184 0.008
PP2 0.900 0.100 0.000
PP3 0.855 0.133 0.013
PC1 0.808 0.184 0.008
PC2 0.734 0.236 0.031
PC3 0.718 0.263 0.018
PT1 0.855 0.133 0.013
PT2 0.797 0.183 0.020
AC 0.828 0.151 0.021
PO 0.823 0.171 0.007
CC 0.787 0.189 0.023
wj =IFWAλ(w
(1)
j , w
(2)
j , . . . , w
(l)
j )
=λ1w
(1)
j ⊕λ2w
(2)
j ⊕λ3w
(3)
j ⊕. . .⊕λlw
(l)
j
= 1 −
l
k=1
(1 − μ
(k)
j )λk
,
l
k=1
(v
(k)
j )λk
,
l
k=1
(1 − μ
(k)
j )λk
−
l
k=1
(v
(k)
j )λk
(6)
Thus, a vector of criteria weights is obtained W =
[w1, w2, . . . , wj], where each weight wj is an IFN in
the form [μj, vj, πj] (j = 1, 2, . . . , n). In the case
problem, substituting in Eq. (6) the weights of three
users (λU1 = 0.406, λU2 = 0.238, λU3 = 0.356) and
using the IFNs which correspond to linguistic values of
Table 6 yielded the criteria weights shown in Table 7.
Step 4: Compose the aggregated weighted intuitionistic
fuzzy decision matrix
In this step, the aggregated weighted intuitionistic
fuzzy decision (AWIFDM) matrix R is composed by
considering the aggregated intuitionistic fuzzy deci-
sion matrix (i.e., table R produced in step 2) and the
Table 8
Aggregated weighted intuitionistic fuzzy decision matrix
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
IGLM 0.581 0.599 0.529 0.517 0.520
0.322 0.304 0.377 0.390 0.386
0.097 0.097 0.094 0.094 0.094
IE 0.451 0.395 0.547 0.433 0.463
0.451 0.512 0.351 0.470 0.438
0.098 0.094 0.102 0.097 0.099
PP1 0.485 0.520 0.667 0.588 0.646
0.429 0.392 0.289 0.320 0.266
0.086 0.088 0.044 0.093 0.088
PP2 0.575 0.536 0.692 0.628 0.692
0.334 0.372 0.215 0.273 0.215
0.091 0.092 0.093 0.099 0.093
PP3 0.667 0.633 0.622 0.614 0.636
0.235 0.268 0.277 0.284 0.261
0.099 0.099 0.101 0.102 0.103
PC1 0.548 0.602 0.602 0.580 0.539
0.364 0.307 0.307 0.326 0.373
0.088 0.090 0.090 0.094 0.088
PC2 0.498 0.424 0.547 0.490 0.564
0.404 0.481 0.351 0.412 0.334
0.098 0.095 0.102 0.098 0.102
PC3 0.488 0.516 0.445 0.532 0.519
0.426 0.392 0.468 0.378 0.384
0.087 0.092 0.087 0.090 0.097
PT1 0.580 0.571 0.657 0.614 0.525
0.324 0.333 0.244 0.284 0.377
0.096 0.096 0.099 0.102 0.097
PT2 0.558 0.532 0.641 0.513 0.613
0.346 0.372 0.288 0.391 0.288
0.096 0.096 0.072 0.096 0.100
AC 0.513 0.517 0.562 0.533 0.435
0.387 0.382 0.338 0.367 0.468
0.100 0.101 0.100 0.100 0.097
PO 0.476 0.476 0.558 0.530 0.613
0.437 0.437 0.353 0.382 0.296
0.087 0.087 0.088 0.088 0.091
CC 0.459 0.455 0.446 0.507 0.605
0.443 0.450 0.459 0.396 0.293
0.098 0.095 0.095 0.097 0.101
vector of the criteria weights (i.e., table W produced
in step 3). Step 4 is necessary to synthesize the ratings
of both decision makers and users. In particular, ele-
ments of the AWIFDM can be calculated by using the
multiplication operator of IFS as follows:
R ⊗ W = {< x, μAi (x) · μW (x), vAi (x)
+vW (x) − vAi (x) · vW (x) > |x ∈ X}
(7)
R is an m×n matrix composed with IFNs in the form
of rij = [μAiW (xj), vAiW (xj), πAiW (xj)], where:
μAiW (xj), vAiW (xj) are values derived by apply-
ing Eq. (7). The hesitation degree can be computed
each time by subtracting the sum of these two values
12. V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems 101
Table 9
Separation measures and relative closeness coefficient of each
PPMIS
PPMIS S∗ (1) S− (2) C∗ (3)
A1 0.076 0.074 0.495
A2 0.091 0.074 0.448
A3 0.041 0.116 0.737
A4 0.069 0.074 0.520
A5 0.088 0.085 0.490
(μAiW (xj), vAiW (xj)) from 1:
πAiW (x)=1− vAi (x)−vW (x)
−μAi (x)·μW (x)+vAi (x)·vW (x)
(8)
In the case problem, substituting in Eq. (7) the IFNs
of Table 5 (table R) and IFNs of Table 7 (table W)
yielded the IFNs of the AWIFDM (table R ) pre-
sented in Table 8. For example, in Table 8, the IFN
[0.599, 0.304, 0.097], shown in bold, is the aggregated
weighted score of PPMIS A2 on criterion IGLM (Idea
Generation/Lead Mgmt.), while the IFN [0.485, 0.429,
0.086], also shown in bold, is the aggregated weighted
score of PPMIS A1 on criterion PP1 (Portfolio Plan-
ning).
Step 5: Compute the intuitionistic fuzzy positive ideal
solution and the intuitionistic fuzzy negative ideal so-
lution
To apply the TOPSIS method the intuitionistic fuzzy
positive ideal solution (IFPIS) A∗
and the intuitionis-
tic fuzzy negative ideal solution (IFNIS) A−
have to
be determined. Both solutions are vectors of IFN ele-
ments and they are derived from the AWIFDM matrix
as follows. Let B and C be the sets of benefit and cost
criteria, respectively. Then A∗
and A−
are equal to:
A∗
= (μA∗W (xj), vA∗W (xj))
and
A−
= (μA−W (xj), vA−W (xj))
where
μA∗W (xj) = ((max
i
μAiW (xj)|j ∈ B),
(min
i
μAiW (xj)|j ∈ C))
vA∗W (xj) = ((min
i
vAiW (xj)|j ∈ B),
(max
i
vAiW (xj)|j ∈ C))
μA−W (xj) = ((min
i
μAiW (xj)|j ∈ B),
(max
i
μAiW (xj)|j ∈ C))
vA−W (xj) = ((max
i
vAiW (xj)|j ∈ B),
(min
i
vAiW (xj)|j ∈ C))
(9)
In the case problem, B = {IGLM, IE, PP1, PP2, PP3,
PC1, PC2, PC3, PT1, PT2, AC} and C = {PO, CC}.
To obtain IFPIS and IFNIS, Eq. (9) was applied on the
IFNs of the AWIFDM decision matrix. The IFPIS and
IFNIS were determined as follows:
A∗
= ([0.599, 0.304, 0.097], [0.547, 0.351, 0.102],
[0.667, 0.289, 0.044], [0.692, 0.215, 0.093],
[0.667, 0.235, 0.099], [0.602, 0.307, 0.090],
[0.564, 0.334, 0.102], [0.532, 0.378, 0.090],
[0.657, 0.244, 0.099], [0.641, 0.288, 0.072],
[0.562, 0.338, 0.100], [0.476, 0.437, 0.087],
[0.446, 0.459, 0.095])
A−
= ([0.517, 0.390, 0.094], [0.395, 0.512, 0.094],
[0.485, 0.429, 0.086], [0.536, 0.372, 0.092],
[0.614, 0.284, 0.102], [0.539, 0.373, 0.088],
[0.424, 0.481, 0.095], [0.445, 0.468, 0.087],
[0.525, 0.377, 0.097], [0.513, 0.391, 0.096],
[0.435, 0.468, 0.097], [0.613, 0.296, 0.091],
[0.605, 0.293, 0.101])
Step 6: Calculate the separation between the alterna-
tive PPMIS
Next, the separation measures Si∗ and Si− can be
calculated for each candidate system Ai from the IF-
PPIS and the IFNIS, respectively. As a distance mea-
sure, the normalized Euclidean distance was adopted,
since it has been proved to be a reliable distance
measure that takes into account not only membership
and non-membership but also the hesitation part of
IFNs [28]. For each alternative system these two sepa-
ration values can be calculated as follows:
S∗
=
1
2n
n
j=1
[(μAiW (xj) − μA∗W (xj))2
+(vAiW (xj) − vA∗W (xj))2
+(πAiW (xj) − πA∗W (xj))2
]
S−
=
1
2n
n
j=1
[(μAiW (xj) − μA−W (xj))2
+(vAiW (xj) − vA−W (xj))2
+(πAiW (xj) − πA−W (xj))2
]
(10)
By utilizing these Eq. (10), the positive and nega-
tive separation measures for the five alternative PPMIS
were calculated. These are shown in columns (1) and
(2) of Table 9.
14. V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems 103
Fig. 3. Screenshots of the method implementation in spreadsheets. (Colours are visible in the online version of the article; http://dx.doi.org/
10.3233/IDT-120153)
lows:
Ci∗ =
Si−
Si∗ + Si−
(11)
where 0 Ci∗ 1.
Equation (11) was used to calculate these coeffi-
cients (final scores) listed in column (3) of Table 9. The
alternative PPMIS were ranked in a descending order
of these scores as A3 > A4 > A1 > A5 > A2, from
where it can be deduced that alternative A3 is the most
dominant PPMIS for the present case study.
Step 8: Sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analysis is concerned with ‘what-if’ kind
of scenarios to determine if the final answer (ranking)
is stable to changes (experiments) in the inputs, either
judgments of alternatives or weights of criteria. In the
present case, sensitivity analysis was first performed
by examining the impact of criteria weights (i.e., the
weights of users’ requirements from a PPMIS) on the
final PPMIS ranking. Of special interest was to see if
criteria weights’ changes alter the order of the alter-
natives. 18 experiments were conducted in a similar
way with the approach presented in [5]. The details
of all experiments are shown in Table 10, where w1,
w2, . . . , w13 denote respectively the weights of crite-
ria IGLM, IE, PP1, PP2, PP3, PC1, PC2, PC3, PT1,
PT2, AC, PO, CC. In Exps 1–5, weights of all criteria
were set equal to [0.10, 0.90], [0.25, 0.70], [0.50, 0.45],
[0.75, 0.20] and [0.90, 0.10], respectively. These IFNs
correspond to the linguistic terms VU, U, M, I and VI,
respectively (see Table 2). In Exps 6–18, the weight of
each of the 13 criteria was set equal to the highest IFN
[0.90,0.10], one by one, and the weights of the rest of
criteria were set all equal to the lowest IFN [0.10,0.90].
The results show that PPMIS A3 remains the domi-
nant alternative in 14 out of the 18 experiments (this
represents a clear “majority” equal to 77.77%). PPMIS
A1 was first in 2/18 experiments, namely in Exps 10
and 17, where the highest weights were assigned, re-
spectively, to criterion PP3 (project planning) and cri-
terion PO (total price for purchasing/ownership). Sys-
tem A2 had the highest score in Exp. 6, where the high-
est weight was assigned to criterion IGLM (Idea Gen-
eration/Lead Management), while system A4 had the
highest score in Exp. 13, where the highest value was
assigned to the weight of PC3 (portfolio controlling).
Further sensitivity analysis on the final ranking can
be performed by changing the IFNs presented in Ta-
ble 2 and Table 3. For example, we can notice (in Ta-
ble 4) that decision makers have utilized specific lin-
guistic terms (i.e., VVH, VH, H, MH and M) to ex-
press their judgments on the performances of the al-
ternative PPMIS with respect to the evaluation criteria.
Table 11 shows 13 additional experiments applied to
study the sensitivity of the final ranking with different
values of IFNs for the utilized linguistic terms (VVH,
VH, H, MH and M). Each experiment is associated
with a different degree of hesitation. Table 11 presents
the rankings finally produced by: i) considering that
hesitation degrees are all equal to zero (Exp. 1), ii) in-
creasing gradually the hesitation degrees and consider-
ing that hesitation is subtracted from non-membership
(Exps 2–7), iii) increasing gradually the hesitation de-
15. 104 V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems
grees and considering that hesitation is subtracted from
membership (Exps 8–13). From Table 11, it can be
seen that the “best” and “worst” PPMIS are not sensi-
tive to changing hesitation degrees. PPMIS A3 was the
most preferable alternative in all experiments, while
PPMIS A2 was the least preferable alternative in 12
out of the 13 experiments. Thus, by applying sensitiv-
ity analysis we can conclude, with a high confidence,
that system A3 is the most suitable PPMIS.
Generalization and further validation of the pre-
sented approach require the use of a fully parame-
terised form of the hesitation degree. This can be per-
formed in two ways: i) by asking users/evaluators (de-
cision makers) to express also a different hesitation de-
gree for each assessment, based on either a Positive-
Confidence or a Negative-Confidence approach [33]
or ii) by asking users/evaluators to express their judg-
ments by utilizing interval-valued intutionistic fuzzy
numbers [23]. We have plans to investigate these two
solutions in a future research. In addition, we intend
to apply the decision making approach in software se-
lection problems which involve large number of stake-
holders and decision makers.
7. Conclusions
The paper presented, through a case study, the ap-
plication of a group-based multi criteria decision mak-
ing (MCDM) method for the evaluation and final se-
lection of an appropriate Project and Portfolio Man-
agement Information System (PPMIS). The applied
method jointly synthesized intuitionistic fuzzy sets and
TOPSIS. The benefit from this combination in a PP-
MIS selection approach is twofold: First, the approach
actively involves decision makers and PPMIS users
in the decision making process and aggregates their
opinions to support agreement upon the final selection.
Second, the approach considers that they both express
their judgments under inherent uncertainty. More sig-
nificantly, the approach handles adequately the degree
of indeterminacy that characterizes both decision mak-
ers and users in their evaluations. This is very impor-
tant when an organization needs to decide upon the se-
lection of any new, multi-functional information sys-
tem, as in our case is a suitable PPMIS, since decision
makers often cannot have full knowledge of the extend
that each candidate system will (or will not) support
the user requirements. System users, on the other hand,
can be unfamiliar with the processes supported by the
required system, and thus, they cannot judge with cer-
tainty the importance of their needs.
The presented approach not only validated the me-
thod, as it was originally defined in [7], in a new ap-
plication field that is the evaluation of PPMIS (where
other MCDM approaches are rather limited in the lit-
erature), but also considered a more extensive list of
benefit and cost-oriented criteria, suitable for PPMIS
selection. In addition, final results were verified by
applying sensitivity analysis. We should mention that
the method underlying computations are not transpar-
ent to the problem stakeholders which utilise linguis-
tic terms to state evaluations/preferences. Actually, we
implemented the method in a spreadsheet program that
helps to effectively and practically apply the approach
with a variety of inputs. Example screenshots of this
spreadsheet are shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3(a) presents
an excerpt of user opinions on the importance of the
criteria (an excerpt of the input data shown in Ta-
ble 6). Figure 3(b) presents an excerpt of the criteria
weights (an excerpt of the data shown in Table 7). Fig-
ure 3(c) presents excerpts of: i) the aggregated intu-
itionistic fuzzy decision matrix (Table 5), ii) the ag-
gregated weighted intuitionistic fuzzy decision matrix
(Table 8), iii) the intuitionistic fuzzy positive ideal and
negative ideal solutions (step 5 of the method).
The approach raises several issues that could spark
further research. For example, an interesting idea could
be to validate the approach applicability in address-
ing the selection of other types of software packages.
We are now investigating the selection of e-learning
management systems for the case organization (i.e., the
Hellenic Open University). In addition, treating more
with uncertainties would further strengthen the pro-
posed approach in deriving more precise results. We
have also plans to examine the utilization of more pow-
erful methods in the same domain, such as the interval-
valued intutionistic fuzzy sets [12,23].
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the anonymous re-
viewers for their helpful suggestions, as well as Ilias
Maglogiannis, Lazaros Iliadis and Harry Papadopou-
los for their kind invitation to participate in the special
issue of the Intelligent Decision Technologies Jour-
nal. This paper is an updated and extended version of
an article presented in the 12th EANN/7th AIAI 2011
Conference. The research presented in this paper has
been co-financed by the European Union (European
Social Fund) and Greek national funds through the
Operational Program “Education and Lifelong Learn-
ing” of the National Strategic Reference Framework.
16. V.C. Gerogiannis et al. / Evaluation of project and portfolio Management Information Systems 105
In particular, the research work has been co-financed
by the funding program “MIS 296121 – Hellenic Open
University” and the R&D program “SPRINT SMEs –
ARCHIMEDES III”.
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